FIR Filter

Advantage of Linear Phase Filters

• Frequency Response of LPF,
 Advantage of Linear Phase Filters
• Output of LTI system for LPF,

• DTFT is given by,

• Therefore,

• Inverse DTFT

• Output of the Linear Filter is input dealyed by α

 Condition for Linear Phase Filter
• Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Linear
Phase Filter are filter should
– Have finite Duration of N
– Be Symmetric or Anti-Symmetric about midpoint

h(n) symmetric about midpoint

 Symmetric FIR Filter (N-Even)
h(n)Causal Finite duration Impulse Response

Let m=N-1-n be dummy variable

Considering
 Symmetric FIR Filter (N-Odd)

Let m=N-1-n be dummy variable

Considering
Anti-Symmetric FIR Filter
 Filter Design by Windowing
• Simplest way of designing FIR filters
 
 
Hd e   hd ne
j  jn
hd n 
1
 

j jn
Hd e e d
n   2  
• Method is all discrete-time no continuous-time involved
• Start with ideal frequency response
hd n 0  n  M
hn  
 0 else
• Choose ideal frequency response as desired response
• Most ideal impulse responses are of infinite length
• The easiest way to obtain a causal FIR filter from ideal is

1 0  n  M
hn  hd nwn where wn  
0 else
• More generally
 Windowing in Frequency Domain

• Windowed frequency response He j

1
2 
Hd e  
j
W e 
j   
d

• The windowed version is smeared version of desired response

12

• If w[n]=1 for all n, then W(ej) is pulse train with 2 period

1  e jM1  jM / 2 sinM  1 / 2
   e
M
j  jn
We   e
n0 1  e j sin / 2
 Properties of Windows
• Prefer windows that concentrate around DC in frequency
– Less smearing, closer approximation
• Prefer window that has minimal span in time
– Less coefficient in designed filter, computationally efficient
• So we want concentration in time and in frequency
– Contradictory requirements
• Example: Rectangular window
 Types of window
• Rectangular
• Hanning
• Hamming
• Blackman
• Bartlett (Triangular) Window
• Kaiser window
Rectangular window
Bartlett (Triangular) Window
Hanning window
Hamming window
Blackman window
Summary of window function
characteristics
Gibbs Phenomenon
 Steps of Design Procedure
• Given: Digital Filter specification As,𝜔𝑝 and 𝜔𝑠
• Step 1: Select the window type from the list such that
stopband band attenuation exceeds As
• Step 2: ∆𝜔 = 𝜔𝑠 -𝜔𝑝
2𝜋
• Step 3: Choose N ≥ 𝑘
∆𝜔
• Step 4: Specify the ideal or desired frequency response,
𝐻𝑑 (ω)
sin[𝜔𝑐 (𝑛−𝛼)]
𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 ,𝜔 < 𝜔𝑐 ,𝑛 ≠𝛼
𝜋(𝑛−𝛼)
• Step 5: 𝐻𝑑 (ω)=  ℎ𝑑 (n)= 𝜔𝑐
0, 𝜔𝑐 < |𝜔| < 𝜋 ,𝑛 = 𝛼
𝜋
• Step 6: h(n)= ℎ𝑑 (n)w(n)
 Frequency Sampling Method
• Sampled version of DTFT is considered.i.e. DFT

• To maintain symmetric ,
– NOdd
– N Even
• Taking Z-Transform,
 IIR Realization: Direct Form-1
• IIR Filter,
 IIR Realization: Direct Form-2

• With H1(z)

• With H2(z)
 Direct Form-2
• Biquadratic Equation
 IIR Cascade Realization

Cascade Realization of Biquadratic

FIR Direct Form-1
FIR Cascade
Linear FIR Filter
N Even

N Odd
FIR: Lattice Structure
M Stages Lattice Structure
IIR Lattice Structure