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Rice University
April 21, 2000
Multilevel Coding
A number of parallel encoders
The outputs at each instant select one symbol
q1 K1 N x1
E1 (rate R1)
data bits
from the q2 K2 N x2 Signal
information E2 (rate R2)
M-way Mapping Point
source Partitioning (to 2M-point
of data constellation)
qM KM N xM
EM (rate RM)
M M
1
R Ri K i bits/symbol
i 1 N i 1
Distance Properties
• Minimum Hamming distance for encoder i: dHi ,
Minimum Hamming distance for symbol
sequences
d H min (d Hi )
i1,, M
1 1
Pe (ci , c j ) L
E N0
L
d k2 (c i , c j )
s
k 1
4
2
d k 0
max min d H (c i , c j ) L
{c1 ,c 2 ,,c n } i, j
d P (ci , c j ) d k2 (ci , c j )
max min d P (c i , c j ) k 1
{c1 ,c 2 ,,c n } i, j d k2 0
L
min | k |2 d k2 ( ~
y, ci ) where ~
yk yk k
i
k 1
I (Y ; A) I (Y ; X1 , X 2 , , X M )
I (Y ; X 1 ) I (Y ; X 2 | X 1 )
I (Y ; X M | X 1 , X 2 , , X M 1 )
X̂ M
Decoder DM
...
Y Decoder Di X̂ i
Pr{a}
M i ( xˆ1 , , xˆi 1 , xi ) fY | A ( y | a)
aA i ( xˆ1 ,, xˆi 1 , xi ) Pr{b}
bA i 1 ( xˆ1 ,, xˆi1 )
X̂ M
Decoder DM
2
Capacity (bits/symbol)
1.5
0.5
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20
SNR (dB)
R
i
i I (Y ; X 1 , , X M ) I (Y ; A)
R1
I(Y;X1) I(Y;X1|X2)
3
2.5
2
Capacity (bits/symbol)
1.5
C
0.5
C1
C2
I(Y;X1|X2)
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20
SNR (dB)
C
C1
2.5 C2
I(Y;X1|X2)
I(Y;X2|partial X1)
2
Capacity (bits/symbol)
1.5
0.5
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20
SNR (dB)
2
Capacity (bits/symbol)
1.5
0.5
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SNR (dB)
-2
Error Probability
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SNR per Bit
-2
10
Error Probability
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR per Bit
-2
Error Probability
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR per Bit
-2
Error Probability
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
SNR per Bit
-1
10
Error Probability
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR per Bit
-1
10
-2
Error Probability
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
SNR per Bit
-2
10
-3
10
Error Probability
-4
10
TCM, 8-PSK
2-level, 1-iteration, 16-PSK
2-level, 2-iteration, 16-PSK
-5
10
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SNR per Bit
Conclusion
• Using iterative MSD with updated a priori
probabilities in the first iteration, a broader
subregion of the capacity region of MLC scheme
can be achieved.
• Lower complexity multilevel codes can be
designed to achieve the same performance.
• Coded modulation schemes with constellation
expansion ratio greater than two can achieve better
performance for fading channels.
Coding Across Time
• If channels are encoded separately, assuming
– A slowly fading channel in each frequency bin, and
– Independent fades for different channels
(interleaving/deinterleaving across frequency bins is
used)
Es h 2
Pr c cˆ | h exp c
2
n cˆn
4 N 0 n
1
Eh Pr c cˆ | h
Es
cn cˆn
2
1
4N0 n
Coding Across Frequency Bins
• If coding is performed across frequency bins,
assuming independent fades for different
channels (interleaving/deinterleaving across
frequency bins is used)
E 2
Pr c cˆ | h exp s n n n n
2
h c cˆ
4N0
1
Eh Pr c c | h
ˆ
n 1
Es 2
cn cˆn
4N0
0
10
Accross time, 1-iteration
Accross time, 2-iteration
Accross frequency, 1-iteration
-1 Accross frequency, 2-iteration
10
Error Probability
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR per Bit