a 2-D vLEWEN4 Me Graphics packag a allsws % User te spech tulhtan pow of o daftnad pievre fo ba A&played. & urhere Wat powt ts Ge be plated on tha device, for OQ 2D Wetowe , Oo view fe selathed by sbectfyt @ avborwa qf “the otal prdvre area. 5 Feattirg the Viewty Pipe Une The obyeutd are plated tht the acene fro a Mastery Coord. Sytem Known as World (pord. System. A worl Coord olraa -selactad fay chitplay % Called W fide» LT The edges posallel G that x] Wes. Wy arta on a display Ceviie f& whith a windm’ A wrapped & Knmon ag a Viewport- fe The wofadao daltwes what fs te +e displayed 4a Mewport defines where Ge ts TB be disblyad. Window 4 viewport ave redangles wth he eda peal te ha toord anas. : he Veewwtog, Coord Systew & alvo Whrodurad Se sinv- tate Hhe™ effect af” cmeving | BURG Gomera, Maw he cmonttoy sizes Ayer trom one aystem Yo anothey, We want te trhodow” a device frdebedt ent deol. desuthe the dfs play area. /h’s fs Catled a Novmolized Device Coo System CNDCS) he Procaas that tanterts the abfedd In wes --Naes fs tallad wird vtewhort mapping or Nevmalintion Qyersbyetionse RA Weg Ay Window 1 view port — > d > wee. Nocs he mapbing of & port of a world Wooral scenes device toowds 12 refermd th as viewing tronsfermatin x winder -t- viewport tiansformaton. GS Gayton atromblishad tr following abeps :- Ewe consturk @ atene In the world Word. B wa «eb upa ves, 4 dajine a window in Ves. : 3 we afta Q@ viewport tm NCS Cin the vonge from o-b-)) SU the ports of the piatore that tie outstcle the utew- port axa dipped. £ the tontents @ tha viewport Ore tromajened Gr tha Des. window Viewwpo rt case, yud omy) Wyran. t 2 " Loteden- View port mobbing A wirdew fs shed fied bby Hts Miners Ym» Y Wana Htewport fs abertprad by rvantn, Aman, Uminy YVwan. She obje Be We ven vs to convert the werd Loods Hw, Yoo) of Bn ovbitrory pont to ths Cocreap oroling Normalized device Loos Cav, Yv): fo matetegn the dame velosive Plrumant Pr viewport OS fn re wrndsw, We require tn AN = Win, aw — AWmin Wrran AVentn Awan — XWin N= Yvnss s Yw — Win Wena — BV min YW yma = YWentin Wy HN 2 Nt + CWI Aan) CW nae = Vent) MUI man — %MUWOmin Yves ymin + w= Yunrtn) C4vnan — YVenin) YwWran — Ywmin Wa wn alto write Ho tn follwing way. DV 2 Naat + CMD = AWG) Se Yue Yntn (YW = Ywanin? SY uh axe zs Why — min Yvman = YVenin Sne Sy 12 may — Aynin IF Geman — Ywntna Is Conver sfen ts performed with fotloustry dayvent of trams format? ong. L Perform a scaltrg tonaformation be a fined potnt Donne ales the widow aver T the Alize J the viewport. (AX Framslote the Avled Wind no oxen te the poston vt the viewport. 3 2 n [33] aaa et (there = | U2) we (A= Wa a °) ie b ws ae ae 6 inf, © Wrenn wins 1 0 ~ awe oN Yuan MUO a \ a \ \ce Point Cy pbing 2 Tout cb bing is essentially the evalwaten af e- Xmen : Min SX S xmax J Yrs YS Yman ® potktn,4) fs Gnddered taida the window 14 The ty eqvalsited ova true. Bnd window defined by Camtay Yoitn) Cama Ymar) Line, Uspbing "nas that do nob Yntexsect the Utping twindme: are ofthat Completely fnstde ox oYsatds. window he Cchen- Sutherland Alyori thm. A Ene golle ths ona of the Jollee cng Ccbogertar 2: VE&ibIA = Bothy: end phe a Lene Le within the wind Wok ViblO- Une Ses curstde the window vi Mer Ma 2 nen + Neda > enn Hy Ua. < Amin Mita < 4 & Cspping Cardidater the Sine diag neither in category ror ww catagory @. te come porttes 6] the J os fnetde He widow 4 fome Les outside “he window. And the Une. fntersedn athe window ot a point.AB- vietbk GH, TT) KL Fhe aloe? jim emp! the Category 5 cS : Aastan a 4 bet yegfon ce rae. deperds on me 1 lool ' Loco See al iS e00| | 0000 me Sart one Yontn ine. Te Unsict 36D 4 EF > Pnvietble ~ CBB Eng — Canatdates. Pa re a Procedure pce lode ty 20ch endpt of Gra, following 4 reg fon cola t 1 1010 0010 !ouo ' Aman(2.9) les or the Lutmost bit eoub bet & 3 ° ovading te the Jollrwing Achaea Bik | t- PE. ts above the wih = 8% nm Cy- yma Bre 22 PA ts belan the win = Sign (ymin yp Bre Br- Pe fs tH he int §) win = Sty n© A Amand Btt 4- Pk fs te the =e g] wine an untae 7 yah + 7 sq & ve wa ee Sign la 4H a a ey Visible 14 both neater todas ave O000- ble yah] atk wrsa Logtal AND not 0000- i tondidate Rt the bitwss< 23> Bre . > rks act vist whe toda ts > oe is a asppt Logics AND of he region © Berg. ene 6). lotagor 3 we abro find the fever Whe U Une Wait one the edocs of the CEPR IY window: “his means wae Sele” an aotanded boundory Hine by ebserv Re Gres thet ove “ands clatas dov intarse ui athis Rartersect with Une Y= ymax an FS OCT Tbe l.& |, ay bre 8 fe 1,’ twtarcet with Une ¥ = Ymi OB) meat U INerseur wtih Une Lee »@ * The polydtne connetting he <29,U.2nce Contd, Se veferved wb as He 1 ot gate \ tontrol polygon or Charather fete Polygon. \ or ah es NS p. P ee (ee: ; g UT a ae oN ‘ “<_ 6 stp “Posrametyic Conctinui ty Condi H ons they are used te ensure a amouth anche from one cen gy a wre to another. LAK, coun Aeon spline be deactbad fh the Jetlowing — ponamente coord. quacks :- A= als) 5 yey) 5 2220) Qsgus Yo va set the bovamebyic Lon ty matching the . dex votives 4 ad joining aang’ att thet? foranon -bourdoxy - L Zero- Order Foramedic Continut ty Ge Tr aimply means that +Hhe tovve mats he the voles 4 GY, 2 evaluated ot Up toy he diet aeion com 2yual 2 she value 4 = , avalached ck je the next «edion.Ss v 4 Ba oder tremedte torfrurty- et © Dk maoms he T devivatwes Y the Word function {oe 2 weeBWe uw Ri Nay eae Ved Aecdeng are eqyvah at they & Setond- Order Cramete Conctnutty = _C™ D means that oth the T4 TT derivatives 6 the Q wrtve £ecHons ore tama at the wntavserbion prt GeoMET RIC Condinurty Conti ons AEOMET RIC CONTINUATY COND ONS Here we rege the paramehic devwatves the 2 seins tb be bro! sonal, ty 2adh ot They Common choundaley ) trstead qf baiy qual J Zero Order, Geomevie Continuity ~ Ge Rre 2 are dections must shove the dame toordirata position at the boundary pomt- 2) Fst -Ordex Gaomedie Continut ty -G) Are TD davivatves 5] the 2 wrve Becions avr Proper Hong at thet Srtesection. 4 Setond - Dede feomebic Cantiautty- 6 2 Mere, Goth the TD 2% To devdativea Q UVR maidens axe properttoral ot Ahaty “boundsriat-x BEzTER CURVES % bertax curve Con ba fithed t any No. a Control Pofwts, the no- Of lontre Pointe be APP ap wh matbod determine the degren o the Geziex folynomial. We ane given N+\ Control pont, posit¥ons Px = Ce, Gz) » OS KEN, Gn be blended t produce Pasion ve dow ne, Which desevibes the both an abbrox trating, phely neental bho oy q P PW) = . u z Px 682, Cv) 3 Ogueg S$ | where: 662, = C(n,K)U veut ‘ + iain Polynomfals Bezier Blending ferdien ts. Aefinad “Rwrsively 36m, Ce) = Cv beR, Oo) + uBe2 (ud. N>K> | Where BED, > UM K re 4 geez, 2 Ci-0) Set J 3 ears for tradi dual coordtnabes axe 28 Jolles n aly) = By Bez, Cv) YW) = 2 8rz, ,(v) = A 2b) > $2, erz,,,(0)A Ge NOTE!> Bertey Wrve fe a po momsah one Less tha the, a 2 controll d yeh. pie raed . 3 pha Janerate Q@ Poxabola 4 pe 3 Ay Se ture 4+ Som Fooberttes sc] Bezier Curve. & Adways posses tru TD -& Loxt control pdr ie" | Pld eh? = PLD = By 2 whe BT dextvatvec ot the end prs ave caluotett PO -rpo try 3 POs-—Pb FM, fhe W dexivattes are Colwlated a4 e'(o)= nen-d fle -p> - CR-Po)_] PO) = mG CORI Prd — CPee 7 Pad J 2 TX Bes within the conver Hull of the * cortvol pts. Aha, dlanding func™ ome AUL tvs. A thety sum is aluaye V- = A Zz Bez, Co) ell When Lompuitated corves one te ba genevated, dhey Gn be formed -by Piecing seared, se cons ol degran tegether Tt al ques bettey Control over the shabe Of the Gorve fn mall ~eqfonsBy When 2 Curve sethons have the aor ne, of tontrol ‘pots, We sbtoin < Continuity ued Choosing the DL Untvol pr gf The news ae *he Last Control pt of the Previous sector Cvugic BEZIER CURVES poe age een whey One Qevervated With 4 tntot pte. we SbbsHtut n=3. Sha 4 bland ing one’s we. BER, w= dvs Gz, Wi) = 3u Gud" Be, @) = 30 G-v) 3 ez, aC) sie .0 The Paramebere Te deyvivakves axe as folleus; ~ Pod = 30 h- 2p) 3 PUD= 3(Ps-p)D Poramebic To dervivatves are as follows:- Po) = 6( by 2b +2) ; P= CCh- 24, 44) Bezter Pot func” Gn be written in matric germ PW) = Cod ut u 1+ Meee t/ bo hare ; Epa =! ao! 3 -3 Meer = | 3 © t °o oo dw coon- SPLEN a 8- SPLINE CURVES 2 _ SORA ces @ B-SPUN® hog 2 advantages Over Reza, f wo he deg yae 8- SpUne polynomial can be set inde pendent! a no Control pts. (9 Te allows Local control a} the apGne B- Splina Cor ves over the ahapo Worve. or Surjace. SE ON be wrrtken an GoUtrw tng manner !~ n oto) > = Pe Oyyl0d 5 Use, SU S Umax 2 where AU = dhe teal dw adfatent: knot = Value. =)ee Cobic Pextodfe B-SpUnes: Pextod fc. Splines are used for generating Closed Curves. 4 p. fis : 4 R. eet St wn be Generated by 4 or 6 Control pte TY any 3 Consecutive Control prs are flentral Be Gurve passes thru coordinate past tin. for cube, Ask C deques dels 4-1 = 3) $ zath blinding Junction spans 4 subinteu ake of the total conge ef O: 34 wa have 4 Control pts , chen the Knot ved Aros 8 chaments C4440 © © £4 2,3, 4 86,79 Cubs& spline fs deftnad by 4 Gntvel pombe, ve the Wort Segment QF fe defined by pte Pes, Pra, Cer, Pe Shug the spine Grometry veuor fe Given by. 8 es | fe, 7 [te 3 when de ntl ( degesa nomial ts n) o «| oth The Knot volusa oe knot vers fo,0,0,.0,1,1,1, 1] i | day tubte @spline t fess doaGa Soma important points !- ¥ he polmomial wnye tov an eben Q-spline Poses thru first 4 last Control points. \w the Slope at he T lontvol pt fe parallel Line Connecting the first 2 lentol pts. \e Bhe slope at the tgat control ptf parallel Une tonnecting “the last 2 Control pts. Non - Unijorm &- Splines . WI auch B- splines we @Nn Unocse multypls. Internah Knot valves 2 unequal spacing bw then. : 2 Eq:- 0,22, 3364 foo O6, 064,104 they provide fnexeased dloubilty fh Gntrolling A Wes hope. St weduur he tontnurty by | «Yee Aah ore yoo parttwlar value. *s 4 d eo fen a set ef KH Lontrol pts we set the dear UY He polyne mial A select Knot valog. Shen Vsing the yvelorrance yelations , we ww etter obtoin the «et af bland ing qenctions or evaluote Core post}ons BFeathy dor the dishay of the core: