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    Physics Faq

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    Reethu Gopakumar

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    PHYSICS: CLASS-XII REVISION UNIT-1-ELECTROSTATICS 1. (@) Name any two basic properties of electric charge. (b) What does q, + q2 = 0 signify in electrostatics ? CBSE(F)-2003,(AIC)-2001 Ans. (a) () Quantization of charge (i) Conservation of ‘charge (@) It signifies that charges are algebraically additive and here 4, & 42 are equal and opp 2. Two point charges having equal charges separated by 1m distance experience a force of 81. What willbe the force experienced by them, if they are held in water, at the same distance ? (Given : Kyaser = 80) CBSE (AIC)-2011 TANS. Fer = “2 = % = 0.1 3. Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a charged conductor be normal to the surface at every point ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2015,2002,(F)-2014,(AIC)-2002 Tans. EF. dr = dV but at the surface of a conductor V = constant & F.dF=0 © Edrcose@=0 > 6= 90° 4, Name the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is JC~?. Is it a scalar or vector quantity ? CBSE (AI)-2010 Ans. Potential, itis @ scalar quantity 5. Define electric flux. Write its S.1. unit. CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012,2008,(F)-2006,(D)-2007,2006 [ Ans. Electric flux :Itis defined as the total rumber of electric lines of force passing normally through a given surface c= $F ds Tys SZ. unit is Nne/c 6. Consider two hollow concentric spheres, S; & Sp, enclosing charges 2Q & 4Q respectively as shown. (I) Find out the ratio of the electric flux through them. (ii) how will the electric flux through the sphere S, change, if a medium of dielectric constant €,. is introduced in the space inside S; in place of air? act Deduce the necessary expression. = 20440 _ 6g . eoK Ever 7.(i) Define an equipotential surface ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2002,(D)-2003 (il) Write any two properties of an equipotential surface. [ Ans. (i) Equipetential surface : A surface drawn in on electrie field at which every point hes the same potential, is known as equipotential surface (id Properties : (@) No works done in moving a test charge from one point to another over an equipotential surface (©) Electric field is always normal to the equipotential surface at every point (©) No two equipotential surfaces can intersect each other (4) Equipotential surfaces are closer in regions of strong field and farther in regions of weak field ‘8, Draw an equipotential surface and corresponding electric field lines for a single point charge (i) +q (q > 0) (ii) -q(q < 0). ans.) q>0 Gi) q<0 CBSE (AT)-2016,(F)-2006,(D)-2001 PHYSICS CLASSI REVISION 9. The graph shows the variation of voltage V across the plates of two capacitors A and B versus Increase of charge Q-stored on them. Which of the capacitors has higher capacitance ? Give reason for your answer. CBSE (D)-2004 [ Ans. B has higher capacitance Reason: C a v If V = constant then © « q I . AS qu> a, > Cy>Cy qa 10. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and separation d is filed with dielectrics of dielectric constants K and as , shown in the figure. Find the net capacitance of the capacitor. CBSE (F)-2011 Aytl tb yt any a G, Kitod " Rzto4 ~ yep © Kato aj a2 ay a (Kite = (Kak —* 4 Gta)-maGke) 2% ¢-GHA)e af 11. Two dielectric slabs of dielectric constants K, and K, are filled in between the two plates, each of area A, of the 2eoA parallel plate capacitor as shown. Find net capacitance of the capacitor. CBSE (AI)-2005,(F)-2011 . w kgea A/D Kytydl2 daha tae. Cn, + AA yA SILT} @ catty ot (ASE) = ASS) 6 ra 12, (i) An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field. Using suitable diagram show that it does not undergo any translatory motion. Derive the expression for the torque acting on it. (li) What would happen ifthe field in non-uniform ? (ii) What would happen if the external electric field & is increasing (2) parallel to p” and (b) anti-parallel to py ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2008,(F)-2016,(DC)-2015 [ Ans. (@) Let an electric dipole of dipole moment "is placed in a uniform electric field F'as shown in figure. Force : Forceon +a, Fi = aE Force ona, Fz = ~aE Hence net force on the dipole F=qk aE =0 Torque :Two equal and opposite forces — gE and +08 Forms a couple which tries to rotate the dipole, Torque due to this couple ither force X 4 distance = qE x 2asind = gE x 2asind 2 pE sind =p XE (i) Tf the electric field is non-uniform, the net force on the dipole will not be zero hence there will be the translator motion of the dipole. (iii) (2) Net force will be in the direction of increasing electric field. (b) Net force will be in the direction opposite to the increasing field PHYSICS CLASSI REVISION 13. . Derive an expression forthe electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial ine of an electric dipole of dipole moment 7° and length 2a. What is the direction ofthis field ? CBSE (D)-2017,(AI)-2016,2013,(F)-2015,2009 [ Ans. Let, Fy ond B; be the electric field intensity at ot P due to ~q & +9 charges respectively, then f|-2+ —_, ‘nea ((einat) Fl=lE|<2.—#£ © [Et] = lEa|= ane era fel a) On resolving E; and; in horizontal and vertical components, resultentelectrie field intensity |E | =F, cos@ + Ey cos@ = 2 E, cosd Flap a ee 9 TEL = 2 recat eae O88 Te FI 2a ° l= ae aay ® Fl=aa mae [ep =2qa} © wreey Fa Obviously, if r >> a, then direction of Fis opposite to that of dipole moment * 14. (i) Derive the expression forthe potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole moment p” placed in a uniform electric eld. i) Find out the orientation of the dipole when itis in (a) stable equilibrium (b) unstable equilibrium. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2012 [ Ans. ()) Two equal and opposite forces — gE and +qE forms a couple. which tries to rotate the dipole, Torque due to this couple 1 = either force X 1 distance = gE x 2asin@ T E sind Work done in rotating the dipole through an angle. d@ dW = 1 d@ = pE siné do ow Se pE sind d9 = pE {," sind dé = pe [—cos0]¢ > W = pE (cos, — cos 62) —(1) When 0,= 90° and 0,=0, then W =U => —_U= pE (cos90°— cos) = pE (0 — cos@) = — pE cos@ 2 10=TE (i) @) When 0 = 0°, U =~ pE cos0 = ~ pe In this case PE. is minimum hence it is the orientation of stable quilibrium, (&)When @ = 180°, U = ~ pE cos 180= +pE In this case PE. is maximum hence itis the orientation of unstable equilibrium. PHYSICS CLASSI REVISION 415, Using Gauss's law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to an infinitely long, straight wire of linear charge density 4 C/m. BSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2007,2006,2005,(D)-2009,04 [Ans. Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface, q = Al At the part I and II of Gaussian surface F and ft ‘are 1, so flux through surfaces T and IE is zero, By Gauss's lw, §E. ds = 2 &> §£ds cos = + > Efds=% > E(2nrl) = x a Bneor > E= 416. . Using Gauss's law, obtain the expression for electric field intensity at a point due to an infinitely large, plane sheet of charge of charge density « C/m?, How is the field directed if the sheet is (i) positively charged (i!) negatively charged? CBSE (AI)-2015,2010,2005,2004,(D)-2012,2009,06,(DC)-2002,01,(F)-2003 [ Ans. Let us consider a Gaussian surface as shown. ‘At the curved part of Gaussian surface F and ft are 1, s0 flux through curved surface is zero, By Gauss's law, fE. ds => gBds cos) = 2 2e0 Direction of field : (i) If the sheet is positively charged the field is directed away from it (id) If sheet is negatively charged the field is direct towards it 17. What is a capacitor? Deduce an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with air as the medium between the plates. CBSE (F)-2017,2006,(AI)-2003,2001,(DC)-2005,2004 Ans. Capacitor ‘Tt is an arrangement required to increase the capecity of a conductor so that a large amount of charge can be stored in it without changing its dimensions Capacitance of || plate capacitor + let us consider a parallel plate capacitor filled with a medium of dielectric constant K es shown Electric field between the plates =%=--t Bao DKA 7 => potential difference between the plates ia aa VaEd= se a tod = ga = Kr ioKA Tf air is as the medium between the plates then, K PHYSICS CLASS-XIl REVISION 18. Using Gauss's law, deduce the expression for the electric field due to uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of radius R at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside the shell, Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r > Rand r< R. CBSE (AI)-2015,2013,2007,2004,(D)-2011,2009,2008,2006,2004 LAns. (i) Outside the shell (r > 8) Let us consider the Gaussian surface as shown by aussslw, $F. ds = £ => §£Edscosd a > Egds a a 2 Fday=t (id Inside the shell (F< R) Let us consider the Gaussian surface as shown By Gauss's law But, charge inside the spherical shell, ie, q=0 © — §Edscos0=0 = E=0 19. A dielectric siab of thickness °Y is introduced without touching between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor separated by a distance ‘d’ (t < d), Derive an expression for the capacitance of the capacitor. [ Ans. Electric field between the plates in air CBSE (AIC)-2005,2001 fy = fina +s es Electric field in dielectrie slab TT? _ oe > B= bp Fon RA an eines © potential difference between the plates « Eaginyee} V=&(d-1)+ B= B[a-H+ 7 7 7 12 a vy yy a ey Zeno] 8 wo «I =_f0A “oe PHYSICS CLASS-Xi REVISION 20. Prove that the total electrostatic energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor is > C V*. Hence derive an expression for energy density of the capacitor. How does the stored energy change if air is replaced by medium of dielectric constant ‘K’ ? CBSE (AI)-2015,2012,2008,2002,(F)-2013,2006,(D)-2006,2002 [ Ans. Energy stored in a capacitor : When a capacitor is charged by a battery, work is dane by the battery at the expense of its chemical energy. This work done is stored between the plates as electrostatic potential energy ‘Small work done in giving a charge da dW =VXdq=dq 10 2 => Total work done in giving a charge Q to the capacitor : 1 /@ usteyk? y ) 21. Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the vertices of an equilateral triangle of ide 10 cm as shown in figure. Here q = 1.6 X 107, CBSE (AI)-2016,2013, (D)-2008 [ Ans. Required work done = — potential energy of the system efit + Seon , ac Volume ‘ ude 4 Mat 4 0% Ma Tan Ma 19 10x (1.6 10720)" “it =j a => w= 9x109 SAT 2.304K10°8 J 4h ¥ PHYSICS CLass-xil REVISION 22, 14. Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the same area of plates and same separation between them. X has air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium 4r——F ‘O 18V i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance of the combinatior Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and Y, is 4 pF. Estimate the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y ‘The capacitance of two capacitors are c= Sh = chap) Ce Sur = GaCesuF Ga Bhasc foam 7 acti =F} x2=1) 1 ee Gye AF epsaces estection ++ For series combination 2) + Charges. were c= OS = Gn x 15 = 60 nC Gee, «Same Charge i. 60 yC Hon each oxy Capacitor being in series combination. 7 Co" Gey +: Potential difference across C, aac _sc PHYSICS CLASS-XIl REVISION UNIT-2-CURRENT ELECTRICITY 23, The figure shows a plot of terminal voltage 'V’ versus the current of a given cell. Calculate from the graph (a) emf of the cell and (b) internal resistance of the cell. CBSE (AIC)-2017 [Ans. (2) V= E-Ir ¥ When vere ” > Bp6v @) F=VtIr & 6=441xXr > or 20 24, Find the resistance of the following carbon resistors. CBSE(AIC)-2010,NCERT-2017 ans. () R=47 X10" £5.% 0 nachrr gona Jc. -OByE- \, 25. A 10 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V battery and a resistance of 38 Q as ‘shown. Find the value of the current in the circuit. V_ 200-10 tans. CBSE (D)-2013 26. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms of relaxation time of electrons. Ans. Expression for drift velocity : ‘CBSE(AI)-2016,2015,2009 Let a potential difference V is applied across the ends of conductor, then each free electron will experience a force ek FS ‘Average of all random velocities under this acceleration is the drift velocity > m= HR GiB) GG +Fas — i+w) o +H yg (etait) 2 2 m= St 27. Deduce the relation between current I flowing through a conductor and drift velocity 7 of free electrons. [ Ans. Relation between current and drift velocity + ‘CBSE(AIC)-2015,(AI)-2013,(D)-2008 Let a potential difference V is applied across the ends of a conductor = : 1s shown. If n be the number of free electrons per unit volume then charge crossing area A in time At AQ = Ne = (nAvg At) e 4Q _ neAvg at a ae => 1=nedvg & L_ neavg neva PHYSICS CLASS-XIL REVISION 28. Deduce Ohm's law using the concept of drift velocity. CBSE(AI)-2013 OR On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for resistivity of a conductor in terms of number density of free electrons and relaxation time. CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2012 Ans. Let a potential difference V is opplied across the ends of a conductor as shown. v ne Electric field produced, & E 2 wake 2 L=neAvg = 2 Taam () 0 Tf the physical conditions of conductor such as temperature etc, remains constant then SE (4) = constant =z 2) > from) 2=R > VaR Now, R= 2 © from (2) p = Ze 29, State Kirchhoffs rules in electrostatics and explain on what basis they are justified ? CBSE(AI)-2017,2015 [ Ans. Kirchhoff's Rules: (@ Junction rule :The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at any junction in an electric circuit is zero. ie, Seo “ = hth=btiy ths fom ‘This rule is based on the conservation of charge. Gi Loop rule : In any closed mesh of an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the products of the currents and the resistance in each part of the mesh is equal to the algebraic sum of emf's in that mesh. ie, DER=DE 7 Tnmesh (1), ee iy Ry ~ by Ry = Ey ~ Ey Galo) Similarly, in mesh (2) ft , in Re + (a+ be) Rs = By Thisrul is bated en the conservation of energy Ca enO- 30. Answer the following + (CBSE(D)-2016,(AT)-2014 1. Why is potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for comparison of emf. of cells ? Ans. because a potentiometer does not draw current for any measurement unlike a voltmeter 2. (i) Define potential gradient. Write its S.I. unit. Obtain an expression for potential gradient in terms of the resistivity of the potentiometer wire. CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2014,2006,(F)-2009 (ii) In a potentiometer experiment, if the area of cross section of the wire increases uniformly from one end to ‘another, draw a graph showing how potential gradient would vary as the length of the wire increases from one end ? [ Ans. Potential gradient : Potential drop per unit length of the wire carrying current is called potential gradient : 33.Two cells of emf 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistances 0.20 and 0.30 respectively are connected in paralle!. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell. CBSEPM nase rar Ans. Given : Ey=15V, EB; =20V,ry = 020, 72 = 030, Bey =? & roy Tt sen ats BERHAFA Hy 2x03 _ 906 — a 9202 m8 9320) Le & PHYSICS CLASS-XIl UNIT-3-Moving Charge and Magnetism 35. Write the expression, in vector form, for the Lorentz magnetic force F' due to a charge moving with velocity 7 in a ‘magnetic field 5°. What is the direction of the magnetic force ? ans. F'= q(0'XB") REVISION CBSE (D)-2016,2014,2008 The direction of magnetic force is perpendicular to the plane containing velocity and magnetic field vectors 36. Under what condition isthe force acting on a charge(or an electron) moving through a uniform magnetic field maximum ? [Ans. When it moves perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field CBSE (D)-2007 Reason: F = Bqvsind <> when 90°, F = Far 37. Under what condition is the force acting on a charge moving through a uniform magnetic field minimum ? Ans. When it moves parallel or antiparallel to the direction of magnetic field CBSE (D)-2007,(AI)-2005 Reason: F=Bqvsind © when 0=0° or = 180°, F 38, State the condition under which a charged particle moving with velocity v goes undeflected in a magnetic field B. Lans. Fy = 4(0XB) CBSE (F)-2017 The charge will go undeflected when F,, = 0 i.e, If "is parallel or antiparallel to B’, i,e, either 0 = 0° or 0 = 180° Fin 39, State Biot — Savart law and express this law in the vector form. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016 [ Ans. Biot-Savart's law : It states that magnetic field dl’, due to a current element, 1d’, at a point, having a position vector * relative to the current element, is found to depend ( directly on the current element, (B « | 1a) (inversely onthe square ofthe distence, (B & (ii) directly on the sine of angle between the current ‘element and the position vector #*, (Be sin 6) ie dB a se = ap =Miisnt iy (1 XP) an 8 Invector form, dB” 40, State Ampere’s circuital law. CBSE (AI)-2016 [ Ans. Ampere’s circuital law: * The line integral of the magnetic field, around a clased loop, equals jp times the total current passing through the surface enclosed by that loop.” ie, §E =p PHYSICS CLASS-xXIl REVISION 41. 1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a cyclotron. State the underlying principle of a cyclotron, Show that time period of ions in cyclotron is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of circular path, Also obtain an expression for maximum kinetic energy gained by the particle. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2014,2013,2009,2007,(D)-2011,2009,2008,2004,2001,(F)-2006,2003 [ Ans. Cyclotron : It is a device used to accelerate charged particles or ions to very high energies. Principle : A charged particle can be accelerated to very high energy, by making it to pass through a small region of. oscillating electric field again and again with the help of a strong perpendicular magnetic field. Working Due to electric field particle enters in a Dee where it moves apa bet et eee pa along a circular path due to normal magnetic field. At the moment oe particle comes out of a Dee, polarities of the Dees get reversed and particle is further accelerated to enter in another Dee and follows a circular path of larger radius with higher speed. This process goes on continuously, till the particle acquires sufficient speed and is taken out with the help of a deflection plate Bqv= ™ we > = re = 2 2m she ee > oe qe fea iz 2am Hence, time period or cyclotron frequency is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of circular path ‘Maximum K.E. : for maximum velocity we have, Bqvy= BE > v= Bq mm ‘ 208 2 Exnae = 4mvg =2m(B q ro/ m)? =" i. Explain clearly the role of crossed electric and magnetic field in accelerating charge in a cyclotron, CBSE (AI)-2013 [ Ans. Electric field : It is used to accelerate the charged particle Magnetic field : It is used to restrict the particle to move in circular path ii, Where do the electric and magnetic fields exist in a Cyclotron. Write about their nature. CBSE (AI)-2016 [ Ans. Electric field: It exists between the Dees and it is alternating oscillating in nature Magnetic field : It exists both inside and outside the Dees and it is constant/uniform in nature What is resonance condition in a cyclotron ? How is it used to accelerate charged particles ? CBSE (AI)-2009 [ Ans. Resonance condition : "The frequency of oscillating electric field must be equal to the frequency of revolution of charged particle” Due to it, charged particles remain in phase with frequency of the applied voltage and accelerated to high speeds iv. What is the requirement of the frequency of the applied voltage so as to ensure that the fons get accelerated across the gap of the Dees in a cyclotron ? CBSE (F)-2008 Ans. "The frequency of oscillating electric field must be equal to the frequency of revolution of charged particle” vv. In a cyclotron, the time period of ions is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of circular path. What is the significance of this property ? CBSE (AIE)-2016 {Ans. It helps in achieving resonance condition/Due to it, particle remains in phase with frequency of the applied voltage vi. Is there an upper limit on the energy acquired by the particle ? Give reason. CBSE (D)-2011 [ Ans. When the charged particle moves in a path of radius equal to that of Dees, it gains maximum speed and hence ‘maximum energy which cannot be further increased . Hence, there is an upper limit on the energy acquired by the charged particle in.a cyclotron Can we accelerate neutrons by a Cyclotron ? Give reason to your answer. CBSE (AIC)-2010 [ Ans. No, neutrons cannot be accelerated by using Cyclotron Reason : Being neutral, neutrons will not experience electric or magnetic force PHysics CLASS-xIL REVISION 42, A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform magnetic field going into the plane of the paper as shown. Trace their paths in the field and justify your answer. CBSE (D)-2016 Ans. Justification : wena v\e oes Direction of force experienced by we elt al a * 7 = |- the particle will be according tothe Fleming's ro oe left hand rule wehbe ss 43. A proton and an « — particle move perpendicular to a magnetic field, Find the ratio of radii of the circular paths described by them when both (i) have equal momenta, and (ii) were accelerated through the same potential CBSE (F)-2017 difference. me _ > 1 ns. Qr=2=Z @ rat Cans. r= ae ret @ratas ee 44. A proton and an = partite move penokn ‘a magnetic field. Find the ratio of radii of the circular paths described by them when both () have equal velotles, and (I) equal netic ener CBSE (F)-2017 a, m ta Mey do = Mey 2p 2 Cans. r= so reR op Ba Tey fen Tey Me qr ay mE, 2 Bou fe 2s Fre ia seals 45. Two identical coils P and Q each of radius R are lying in perpendicular planes such that they have a common centre. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the common centre ofthe two colls, if they carry currents equal to I and v5 I respectively CBSE (F)-2016 ans, Bp = 22! & By = test sg > a= foe +ae = [ay + (BVv5) ° > B=BTES=2x Mt fet lo4r> 2e Be U tan =a ie > 9 = 30° with By PHYSICS CLASS-XIl REVISION 46. Using Biot-Savart law, deduce the expression for the magnetic field at a point (x) on the axis of a circular current carrying loop of radius R. How is the direction of the magnetic field determined at this point ? [ Ans. Magnetic field due to a current carrying loop at a point on its axis + ‘CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016 ‘According to Biot-Savart's law the magnetic field at P due to current element I dl’ at C ap = fa Lalsingo® = Melat = d= BS Resolving dB in to horizontal and vertical Components, resultant magnetic field at P B= JdB sing Jett sing = p=#4 &) nk) For acoil of N tums ° x oN TR? 2 (R24 2 Direction of this magnetic field can be determined by the right hand thumb rule 47.Two identical circular loops (1) and (2)of radius R and carrying the same current are kept in perpendicular planes such that they have a common centre at P as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the net ‘magnetic field at the point P due to the loops. CBSE (F)-2014,(D)-2008,2005 1 ans. By = By = 8a a(R > p= VBP F8F =9,\7 = RE © = GA 1 2(R2+x207 t 7 a% } tno == 1 > 9 = 45° with either B, o By oh O} PHYSICS CLASS-xII 48, conductors. Hence define S.I. unit of current, REVISION Derive an expression for the force per unit length between the two infinitely long straight parallel current carrying CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2016,2015,2012,2010,2009 [ Ans. Magnetic field due to conductor’ at any point on conductor 2" Hols amr = By right hand rule B; will act perpendicular to conductor '2' and into the plane of the paper Due to this magnetic field force on length t of wir Fay = BIg sing = (44) Ig © Fy = be Similarly, Force on length of wire'L Faz = Bel 1 singo = (22) 41 = 9 Py ah. = SRB Hence force per unit length iol nr E _ tolls fe Tar (1) By Fleming's left hand rule Fj; will act towards conductor ‘I’ and Fiz will act towards conductor Obviously the two conductors will attract each other Tf the currents are in opposite directions, then there will be repulsion between the two conductors ‘One Ampere is the current which when flowing through each of the two infinite long ln i I » a mi straight parallel conductors placed one meter apart from each other in free space will exert a force of 2X 10-7N per meter of their length PHYSICS CLASS-XIl REVISION 49. How is a galvanometer converted into a voltmeter and an ammeter ? Draw the relevant diagrams and find the resistance of the arrangement in each case. Take resistance of galvanometer as G. CBSE (AI)-2016 Ans. (i) Conversion of galvanometer in to Ammeter = ‘A galvanometer is converted in to an ammeter by connecting a very small resistance (I-1,) X S=1g XG led shunt) in parallel with it 1gXG an) Effective resistance of ammeter 2a242 > R= te mosta sa Ra G always mE 1 i. An ammeter of resistance 0.8.9 can measure current up to 1.0 A. CBSE (D)-2013 (i) What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to measure current up to 5.0.4 ? i) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt ? 1gXG _ 1X08 SG _ 02x08 Cans. S=ETS= Ea 02M R= RG = Tyg = OOM ii A galvanometer with a col of resistance 12.9 shows ful scale deflection fora current 2.5 m4. How will you convert the meter in to : NNCERT-2017, CBSE (D)-2005 () an ammeter of range 0 to 7.5 4 (ji) a voltmeter of range 0 to 10.0 ¥ 50.Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. CBSE (AI)-2008 Ans. Magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the product of current (I) and the area (A) enclosed by the current loop ie, M=IA 51. Write two properties of a material suitable for making (a) a permanent magnet, and (b) an electromagnet. [ Ans. (a) For making permanent magnet CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,(D)-2010,(F)-2009 (High retentivity (ii) High coercivity (ii) High permeability (b) For making electromagnet = (High permeability (i) Low retentivity (ii) Low coercivity . Draw the magnetic field lines distinguishing between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials. Give a simple explanation to account for the difference in the magnetic behaviour of these materials. [Ans. CBSE (DC)-2017,(F)-2016,(AI)-2015,2014 aS 4 (@ Diamagnetic i) Paramagnetic Explanation : When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atoms acquire net magnetic moment opposite to field, and material acquires a slight magnetism in the opposite direction of field. Hence, magnetic field lines are repelled or expelled. When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atomic magnets align themselves ‘along the field direction and material acquires a slight magnetism in the direction of field. Hence, magnetic field lines are attracted PHYSICS CLASS-XIL REVISION 52-1, Name the three elements of Earth's magnetic field. CBSE (F)-2011 [ Ans. Elements of Earth's magnetic field : ( Magnetic declination (0) Gi) Angle of dip or magnetic inclination (6) Gii) Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field (By) 2. What is the angle of dip at equator ? CBSE (AIC)-2010 Ans. zero (0°) 3. What is the angle of dip at magnetic poles ? CBSE (AIC)-2001 [ Ans. 90° 4, How does angle of dip varies from equator to poles ? CBSE (F)-2009,2003 Ans. angle of dip increases from zero to 90° on moving from equator to poles 5. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip zero ? CBSE (AI)-2011 [ Ans. At equator 6, Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip 90° ? CBSE (AI)-2011 [ Ans. At poles 7. Where on the Earth’s surface is the value of angle of dip () minim um (il) maximum ? CBSE (D)-2003 [ Ans. (j).at equator (5 = 0°) (i) At poles (5 = 90°) 8. Where on the surface of Earth isthe vertical component of Earth’ s magnetic field zero? CBSE (AI)-2011,2003,(F)-2010 LAns. At equator , Reason: At equator, 6= 0° > B,=8, sind =B, sind=0 9. What will be the value of the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field at the Earth’s geometric pole ? Ans. Zero Reason : At poles $= 909, © By =B, cosd =B, cos90°=0 10, A small magnet is pivoted to move freely in the magnetic meridian. At what place on the surface of the earth will the magnet be vertical ? CBSE (F)-2012 Ans. At poles 11, A magnetic needle, free to rotate in a vertical plane, orients itself vertically at a certain place on the earth. What are the values of (i) angle of dip at this place, and (ii) horizontal component of earth's magnetic field CBSE (F)-2012 Ans. (i) 90° (li) By = B, coss =B, c0s90" 12, The horizontal component of earth's magnetic field at a place is 8, and the angle of dip is 60°. What is the value of vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at equator ? CBSE (D)-2012 Ans, Zero, Reason : at equator, § = 0, $0 By = By tan@= By tan0 =O 13, What Is the angle of dip at a place where the horizontal and vertical components of the earth's magnetic field are equal ? [Ans. As By=B, > tnd= a1 > §= 45° CBSE (F)-2012,(AI)-2011 14, Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is VJ times the vertical component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place ? CBSE (DC)-2007 LAns. As By =V3B, > tand=St=1WV3 o> 5= 30° 15, The vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is VJ times the horizontal component, What is the value of angle of dip at this place ? CBSE (D)-2006 [Ans As 5p =VEBy tnd=B=V3 > 5 = 60° 16, Ata place the horizontal component of magnetic field is B and angle of dip is 60°, What isthe value of horizontal ‘component of the Earth’s magnetic field at equator ? ‘CBSE (D)-2017 Tans. Given : In first case, By =B, 5 = 60°, By = 8, cosd B= =F =O als cosé ~ cose? 1/2 In second case, at equator, 5 = 0° © By =B, cos6 = 2B cos0?=28 CLASS-XiL REVISION UNIT-IV-EMI&AC 53 State Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, [ Ans. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic Induction : () Whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf is induced in the circuit. The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues. (ii) The magnitude of induced emt ina circuit is equal to time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the cireuit. PHYSICS CBSE (F)-2017,2009,(AI)-2016,2015 54.1, Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described below : CBSE (AI)-2017,2011 [ Ans. A- positive B- negative 4 2. A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD. Predict the direction of the induced current in each coll. CBSE (AI)-2017,2012 pp—— yp D L@Jt Let [ Ans. Q to P through ammeter and D to ¢ through ammeter (Alternatively: Anticlockwise as seen from left in coll PQ clockwise as seen from left in coll CD 3. The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction from B to Ais decreasing. Find out the direction of the induced current in the CBSE (AI)-2014 ‘metalic loop kept above the wire as shown. [Ans. Clockwise © 4, A conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire PQ ’as shown in the figure. Depict the direction of the current induced in CBSE (AI)-2014 the loop when the current in the wire Q ‘is constantly increasing. [Ans. Clockwise © Estat tore 5. A conducting loop is held below a current carrying wire PQ ’as shown in the figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in CBSE (AI)-2014 the loop when the current in the wire Q ‘is constantly increasing. r—>+—>—2 Ans. Anticlockwise 6. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 when current I in the wire is increasing steadily ? [ Ans. Clockwise in loop 1, anticlockwise in loop 2 CBSE (AI)-2017 is moved in to a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the plane of the paper as CBSE (F)-2012 7, The closed loop (PQRS) of wire shown in figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in the loop. [Ans. Anticlockwise PHYSICS CLASS-xII REVISION 55. 1, What are eddy currents ? How are they produced ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009,(F)-2009,(AIC)-2006 [ Ans. Eddy currents : The induced circulating currents produced in the bulk piece of a conductor, when itis subjected ‘to. changing magnetic flux, are known as eddy currents Eddy currents are produced when a bulk conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field 2. Give two uses of eddy currents. CBSE (AI)-2009 Ans. (j) magnetic braking in electric trains (ii) to produce heat in induction furnaces (ii) electro magnetic damping 3, Why eddy currents are considered undesirable ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009 [ Ans. Because (i) they heat up the metallic core and dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat. (ii) they always oppose the motion, 4, How are eddy currents minimized ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009 [ Ans. ()) using laminating iron core (il) using slotted iron blocks 56. Figure shows an inductor L and a resistor R connected in parallel to a battery through a switch. The resistance R is same as that of coll that makes L. Two identical bulbs are put in each arm of the circuit. CBSE (AT)-2003 () Which of the bulbs lights up earlier when S is closed ? Will the two bulbs be equally bright after some time ? Give reason for your answer. Ans. () Bulb B, lights up earlier Reason : induced emf across L opposes growth of current in By Gi) yes, after some time both bulbs will be equally bright Reason : after some time current reached its maximum value in L ‘nd self-induction plays no role 57. 1. What is meant by mutual induction ? [Ans. Mutual induction : When a changing current is passed through a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coll due to change in magnetic flux passing through it. This phenomenon is called mutual-induction. 2. Define Mutual inductance of a coil. Write its S.1. unit. CBSE (AI)-2015,2005,(D)-2009,(F)-2009 Ans. Mutual inductance : Mutual inductance of two coils may be defined as the total magnetic flux linked with one coil, when unit current flows through the other col Its S.I. unit is Henry (H) 58. L.A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an a.c. source. What happens to the brightness of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside the inductor ? Explain. CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016 [Ans. Brightness decreases lamp Reason : When iron rod is inserted, inductance L increases © X, =o & Z= (RF + Xf also decreases and current increases Hence brightness (I22) increases © 2. A bulb is connected in series with a variable capacitor and an a.c, source as shown, How the brightness of bulb changes on reducing the (a) capacitance and (b) frequency ? Justify your answer. CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2010 Ans. (@) Brightness will decreases Reason : When copacitance is reduced, reactance (i: = +) increases Oy Bulb © Z=/RF+AF also increases and current decreases ut Hence brightness (122) decreases -O- (©) Brightness will decreases Reason : When frequency is reduced, reactance (Xc = =) increase. © 7= VRE WHE also increases and current decreases Hence brightness (82) decreases PHYSICS CLASS-XI REVISION 59. 1. Define quality factor (Q-factor) and give its significance. What is its $.. unit ? CBSE (D)-2016,2013,(AI)-2015 TAns. Quality factor: It is defined as the ratio of resonant frequency to the frequency band width of the resonant curve. lar egestas E Significance : It gives the sharpness of resonance. For larger value of Q, resonance will be sharper and consequently the circuit will be more selective. Unit : Tthas no unit 2. Name the factors on which Qualty factors depends. [Ans. Resonating frequency (0) and band width (240) CBSE (D)-2009 3. Why should the quality factor have high value in receiving circuits ? CBSE (D)-2016,2013,(AI)-2015,(DC)-2014 Ans. For high value of Q, resonance will be sharper and consequently the circuit will be more selective 4, Define the term ‘sharpness of resonance’. Under what condition, does a circuit become more selective ?. CBSE (F)-2016 [Ans. Sharpness of resonance : The ratio of resonant frequency to the frequency band width of the resonant curve is the measure of sharpness of resonance (called Q-factor) and is given by mae = @ For high value of Q, resonance will be sharper and consequently the circuit will be more selective 60.1. Define the term power factor. State the condition under which itis (i) maximum and (ii) minimum. CBSE (D)-2010 [ Ans, Power factor : It is the ratio of resistance to the impedance of an ac. circuit ie, cosp=R/Z @ when, Z = R, cos = R/Z = 1 = meximum i.e, when the circuit is purely resistive, power factor is maximum (i when, R= 0, cos = R/Z = 0 = minimum i.e, when the circuit is purely inductive or copacitive, power Factor is minimum ] 2. Define the term 'Wattiess current’ CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2011 [ Ans. Wattless current : The current which flows in a circuit without consuming any electrical power is called Watt less current Ina purely inductive or capacitive circuit, cos = R/Z = 0 => P= Vims X Inms X.cos0 = 0 3, The power factor of an a.c. circuit is 0.5. What is the phase diference between the voltage and current in the circuit ? [Ans. 60° Reason : cos =05 © $= 60° CBSE (AI)-2016 4. In a series LCR circuit, V, = Vc # Vq. What is the value of power factor ? CBSE (AI)-2015 ans. Vi =Ve 2 IX, = Ie X, = Xe > Z=JRF FOC KE=R > Power factor, cos = R/Z =1 5. Inn a.c, circuit, the instantaneous voltage and current are V = 200 sin 300 ¢ Volt and = 8 cos300 t Ampere respectively. Is the nature of the circuit is capacitive or inductive ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2015 [ Ans. Capacitive, Reason : Given, V = 200 sin300t &/=8cos300t © 1 =8sin(300¢ +n/2) ‘As the current leads voltage by phase angle 7/2. Hence the circuit is Capacitive 6. Can the voltage drop across the inductor or the capacitor in a series LCR circuit be greater than the applied voltage of the a.c. source ? Justify your answer. CBSE (D)-2005,2002 [ Ans. Yes, because in series LCR circuit, V, or Ve are not in same phase, hence cannot be added like ordinary numbers PHYSICS CLASS-XIl REVISION 61.1.What is motional electromotive force (motional emf) ? Arod of length 1 is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity ‘v’ in a direction perpendicular to its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced across the ends of the rod, CBSE (D)-2014,2013 [ Ans. Motional emf : The emf induced across the ends of « conductor due to its motion in a magnetic field is called motional emf Expression for motional emf = ker ee x ‘Magnetic flux enclosed by loop PQRS eke @ = BA=Blx I * ‘Since X is changing with time, the rate of change of megnetic flux will ee x fe induce an emf given by ‘| xox ole x tb x 4x a ae woe xd x > e=-S(plx) = Bl. > e=Blv where v=—, because velocity vis in decreasing direction of x 2. Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQSR in which arm RS of length 'U' is movable. The loop is kept in @ uniform magnetic field '3" directed downwards perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS is moved with a Uniform speed 'v’. Deduce the expression for the : CBSE (AT)-2009 (a) emf induced across the arm ’Rs’ xe x wk x ge (b) external force required to move the arm, and he oh (©) power dissipated as heat. be fx x x xf [ Ans. (i) Induced emf = x fx x x xe Wapeit aer tue! ey apres Pheer = BA=Blx nQu ox x x * ‘Since X is changing with time, the rate of change of magnetic flux will induce an emf given by 6 cay — wp (42 lel = = 2 ly) = 1 (4) at at) > |el=Blv (ii) External force required to move the arm RS: Induced current, I= £ = 22 ROR Bry PHYSICS CLASS-XIL REVISION 62.1. Derive the expression for the self-inductance of a long solenoid of cross sectional area A, length 1, and having n turns per unit length, CBSE (AIC)-13,(AI)-2005,(D)-2012,2009,2008 Ans. Self inductance of a long solenoid = Let a current Tis flowing through a long solenoid, then magnetic field at its centre B= pion[ = Nt vast] > magnetic flux linked with each turn of the solenoid be BoB (wis cma a HOE a PAL T Tf we fill the inside of the solenoid with a material of relative permeability 4, then L = fg Hp M2AL = flo ftp M2077L 2, Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a circular aired coil. Name the three factors on which the self- inductance of a coil depends. CBSE (AI)-2015 [Ans. Self inductance of an aired coil : magnetic field at the centre of circular coil Ba bol ar =} magnetic flux linked with each turn of the coil = BA = (Y) ar? = Eg Nir © Self inductance of the col b= MN Cygne) = Luger Factors on which self inductance of a coil depends : (0) the number of turns inthe coil (b) the area of cross section of the col (©) the permeability of the core material 3. (i) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over the other. CBSE (AI)-2017,2014,2009,(D)-2015,2012,2005,(F)-2013,2011 (li) Write the factors on which the mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids depends. CBSE (AI)-2015 [Ans, Mutual inductance between two co-axial long solenoids of same length wound over the other = ‘Magnetic flux linked with each turn of inner solenoid S; = B Aya(Uo2le) 4. a HNstaay a 1 = By Ay=(2) a, = Hot Hence mutual inductance cy HoNalzAy Ho Na NoAy 2 Maa Seat ee) = Ho (at) (nad 1E My = LoD aD nang PBL v Similarly, May = Ho MM. 7L > Myz = May =M = po myn 77L Tf a medium of relative permeability is filled in between the solenoids then M = Uo Mp ™4Ng HPL Factors on which mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids depends : () umber of turns and separation between two solenoids (ii) relative orientation of two solenoids PHYSICS CLASS-xII REVISION 63. Obtain an expression for the energy stored in an inductor/coil/ solenoid of self-inductance ‘L’ when the current through it grows from zero to "'. [ Ans, Eneray stored in an inductor/coil/solenoid : When a current flows through an inductor/solenoid, work is done against back emf ( e = ~L), which is stored as magnetic potential energy. Rate of work dene, when @ current Tis passing through the inductor a tai (18)! ow furar=1 [5] = LP 1pp us gue But fora solenoid, L = “oA = 2 (woN7A) yo oun i(a)r CBSE (AI)-2017,2015,2011,2008 PHYSICS CLASS-Xi REVISION 64. A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source having voltage V = V sin wt. Using phasor diagram, derive expressions for impedance, instantaneous current and its phase relationship to the applied voltage. Also draw graphs of V and / versus «wt for the circuit CBSE (AI)-2016 [ Ans, AC through LER circuit = We have the applied ac. voltage 4 V=%psinat ) From phasor diagram V = WWE We Vi = JOR) + Uke — 1) = IVR? Oe oie! IR? (eK)? Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known as impedance is given by Z= VRP + =X Obviously, lo Sin(wt +p) ----(2) Where, tang VR Ik OR @ ota (EGR) Fram 0) & (2) we conclude thet current inthe crt Iu he veltogenghese by. 65. A voltage V = Vo sin wt is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive the expression for average power dissipated over a cycle. Under what condition is - (i) no power is dissipated even though the current flows through the circuit, Gi) maximum power dissipated in the circuit ‘CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2014,(D)-2016 [ Ans. We have the opplied voltage ® V=Vosinwt & 1=Ipsin(wt +4) Where, g =tanm* X*t) a > P=VXI=V sinwt X Ip sin(wt +9) . © P=Vp Igsinat X (sinwt cos +cos wt sing) acter 2 P= Volo [sinzwt cosp + Fsin2ut sing] ‘Average power per cycle P= 2 ff Pae= 22 Vols [sintot cos dsin2at sing ae Fx Mle 88 pinta de + OEM fF inaue ae 2 p= bulee Tg [> Rsntot ae =2 & ('sin2ue de =o ate y 2 cos = 2x EX cosg 2 P Vems XIrms Xeos | Where, cos = R/Z_ is called power factor (0 Fore pure inductive or copactvecrcut, p = © P= Vine X Ins Xcos Which shows that, no power is dissipated even current flows through the cireuit at resonance when X, = Xo, = 0 Vims X Irms X C080 = Vms X lrms = maximum Which shows thet at resonance max power is dissipated PHYSICS CLASS-XIL REVISION 66. Draw a schematic diagram of a step up/step down transformer. Explain its working principle, Deduce the expression for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number of turns in the two coils. In an ideal transformer, how is this ratio related to the currents in the two coils ? CBSE (F)-2017,2012,2009,(AI)-2015,2010,(D)-2016 [ Ans. Transformer : It is an electrical device which, which is used to increase or decrease the voltage in a.c. circuits. Principle : tis based on the principle of mutual induction, i.e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil Working When an alternating voltage is dif 4 ‘applied to the primary, magnetic flux linked with Secondary é Secontry it changes which links to the. secondary and rf 7 induces an emf init due to mutual induction Back emf induced in Primary ao Sptp Taser Sipfom Tae Similarly, emf induced in the secondary e,=—N, nit Penney) | rene > So ia lM core, Np oll) —— a & — Np ae As the primary has negligible resistance, ey = Vp and if secondary isin an open circuit then e, = V,, Then from (1) we have fou Ye Np r 2) TaRNONGER HAASPORER Ns Where, r = “5, is called transformation ratio Np Now, if the transformer is ideal, then power input = power output > WXh= UXi eo &ubiM_ by Tr shows that when voltage is stepped-up, the current is correspondingly reduced in the same ratio, and vice-versa (i) Describe briefly any two energy losses, giving the reason of their occurrence in actual transformer, How are these reduced ? CBSE (D)-2016, (AI)-2015, 2010, (F)-2012, 2009 { Ans. Energy losses in a transformer : (©. Copper less : Energy loss as heat due to resistance of primary and secondary is called copper loss and can be minimized by using thick copper wires (ii) Tron loss : Energy loss as heat due to eddy currents in the iron core is called Tron loss and can be reduced by using a laminated iron core (lid) Hysteresis loss: Magnetisation of iron core is repeatedly reversed by the alternating magnetic field ond energy is lost in the form of heat in the core. This is called hysteresis loss and con be minimized by using core of a material havin low hysteresis lop. ((¥) Flux leakage + There is always some flux leakage; ie, all of the flux due to primary does not passes through the secondary. It can be minimized by winding primary and secondary cols one over the other (i) How is the transformer used in large scale transmission and distribution of electrical eneray over long distances ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2010,2008,(AIC)-2014,(F)-2009 { Ans. (a) output voltage of the power generator is stepped-up so that current is reduced and as a result, ine loss T?R is also reduced (0) It is then transmitted over long distances to an area sub-station, where voltage is stepped down, (€)Itis further stepped down at local sub-stations and poles before a power supply of 220 V reaches our homes PHYSICS CLASS-xII REVISION 67. 1. () Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle and working of an ac generator and obtain expression for the emf generated in the coll. Draw a schematic diagram showing the nature of the alternating emf generated by the rotating coil in the ‘magnetic field during one cycle. CBSE (AT)-2016,2015,2011,(F)-2012,2009,(D)-2010,2007 [ Ans. AC generator : It is a device which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy. Principle : tis based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, i.e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the coil Working = ‘When the armature coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, effective area of coll (A cos) changes continuously due to which ‘magnetic flux linked with it changes. Hence an emf is induced in the circuit and a current flows through the coil ‘At any instant the magnetic flux linked with the coil =BAcosd =BA cosut © Induced emf in the col “yt e=-n = -wA(BAcosut) e = —NBA (—w sinwt) = NBA w sinat Obviously, when sinat =1 max = & = NBA @ > e = ey sinwt & 1225 2sinwe = Ip sinwt 2. Ina series LCR circuit connected to an a.c. source of variable frequency and voltage = Vp sin «wt, draw a plot showing the variation of amplitude of circuit current with angular frequency of applied voltage for two different values of resistance R, and R, (R, > Ra). Write the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs. ‘Answer the following using this graph: CBSE (F)-2016,(AI)-2015,(DC)-2014,(D)-2013 (a) In which case the resonance is sharper and why ? (b) In which case the power dissipation is more and why ? (c) Which one would be better suited for fine tuning in a receiver set ? [Ans. Resonance condition : X1.= Xe or Vi.= Ve (@) Sharper for R, Reason : Sharpness of resonanc (©) More power dissipation for R: Reason : At resonance, power dissipation= vat er Ecc ® (for samev) #2 c 3), resonance willbe sharper hence circuit with resistance R, would be better suited for tuning the } receiver set (©) for larger value of Q 3. Ina series LR circuit X, = R and power factor of the circuit is P,. When capacitor with capacitance C such that X, = X¢ is put in series, the power factor becomes P,. Calculate P,/P2. CBSE (D)-2016, (AI)-2015 [ Ans. For LR circuit power factor Pata Fs Rigel “=, * la? + xf +R RVR V2 When X, = Xc is put in series, for LCR circuit power factor R R Pr _ an See 1 oo BiWeLy Pe Ry Pt ] pis PHYSICS CLASS-xI REVISION UNIT-V-ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE 68.1. What are electromagnetic waves ? Are these waves transverse or longitudinal? BSE (AIC)-2011,(AI)-2001 [ Ans. The waves produced by accelerated charged particles, in which there are sinusoidal variations of electric and magnetic field vectors at right angles to each other as well as at right angles to the direction of propagation of wave, are called electromagnetic waves . em waves are trans verse in nature 2. (i) How are electromagnetic waves produced ? Explain. CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016,2015 (ii) What is the source of energy of these waves ? [Ans.(i) Production of em waves : em waves are produced by accelerated/ escillating charges ‘A charge oscillating with some frequency, produces an oscillating electric field in space, which produces an oscillating magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field, which in turn is a source of electric field, this process goes on repeating, producing em waves in space perpendicular to both fields. Gi) Source of energy of em waves is the energy of accelerated/ oscillating charge 3, What oscillates in electromagnetic waves ? CBSE (DC)-2010 [ Ans. Electric and magnetic vectors oscillates in an em wave 4, What is the phase relationship between oscillating electric and magnetic fields in an em wave ? CBSE (AIC)-2010 [ Ans. They are in the same phase '5. What is the frequency of em waves produced by oscillating charge of frequency ? BSE (AT)-2015,2010 [ Ans. Frequency of em wave = frequency of oscillating charge = v 6. When can a charge acts as a source of em wave ? CBSE (D)-2013,2005,(AI)-2012,(AIC)-2004 [ Ans. when charge is either accelerated or oscillating 7. Write the relation for the speed of electromagnetic waves in terms of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields. [ Ans. Speed of em waves is given by the ratio of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic field vectors. CBSE (AI)-2017 c=2 8, Write the expression for speed of electromagnetic waves in a medium of electrical permittivity € and magnetic permeability 12 1 1 as. ¢= = CBSE (F)-2017 c Vie ~ Trantor bas 9, What is meant by the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015 [ Ans. Transverse nature means,’ & B’ are 1 to each other as well as 1 to the direction of propagation of the wave 10. How are the directions of the electric and magnetic field vectors in an em wave are related to each other and to the direction of propagation of the em waves ? CBSE (F)-2012 [ Ans. F'& B ore 1 to each other as well as 1 to the direction of propagation of the wave 1. In which directions do the electric and magnetic field vectors oscilate in an electromagnetic wave propagating along the x-axis? [ Ans. F along y-axis and B” along z-axis CBSE (AI)-2017 (Alternatively F along z-axis and B” along y-axis 112, Write mathematical expression for electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating along z-axis. Lans. E,=Eo sin (Kz-wt)i & By =By sin (Kz- wt)j 13, Draw a sketch of linearly polarized em waves propagating in the Z-direction. Indicate the directions of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2010,(F)-2014,(D)-2009 [ Ans. 114, Write the expression for the energy density of an electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. CBSE (AI)-2015 . 1g 4 (Ans, u= tig up = 5 69 BP + = PHYSICS CLASS-xII REVISION 69. 1. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which- CBSE (AI)-2016,2005 (i) are used in satellite communication/in radar and geostationary satellite CBSE (D) -2010, 2004 (ii) are used for studying crystal structure of solids CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2012,2005 (ii) are similar to the radiations emitted during decay of radioactive nuclei CBSE (AI)-2005, (AIC)-2005 (iv) used for water purification/ are absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2005 [ Ans. (i) microwaves (li) x-rays (til) y~ rays (iv) UV rays 2, Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which- CBSE (AI)-2016,2005 (i) has its wavelength range between 390 nm to 770 nm CBSE (AI)-2005, (AIC)-2005 ) produce intense heating effect/ used in warfare to look through fog CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2005 (lid) are used for radar systems used in aircraft navigation (CBSE (D)-2015,(F)-2012,(AI)-2007 [ Ans. (i) visible light (ii) Infrared rays (il) microwaves 3, Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which- (i) are adjacent to the low frequency end of electromagnetic spectrum CBSE (F)-2010 (ii) produced by nuclear reactions/used to destroy cancer cells/treatment of cancer CBSE (F)-2010 (i) produced by bombarding a metal target by high speed electrons. CBSE (AT)-2016, (F)-2009 (iv) maintains the earth’s warmth/ used in remote sensing CBSE (F) -2012 (AI) -2007 Cans. (i) microwaves (i) y-rays (li) x-rays (iv) Infrared rays 4. Which constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum is used - CBSE (F)-2004 (in Radar (ii) in photographs of internal parts of human body/as a diagnostic tool in medicine CBSE (D) -2015, (ii) for taking photographs of sky, during night and fog conditions. CBSE (D)-2004 (iv) has the largest penetrating power CBSE (D) -2010, 2004 Give reason for your answer in each case. [ Ans. (i) microwaves because they go straight and are nat absorbed by the atmosphere (i) x rays because they can penetrate light elements (Flesh) (ii) Infrared rays, because they penetrate fog and are not absorbed by the atmesphere (v) rays 0s they have the highest frequency and hence highest energy 5, Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths- CBSE (Sample Paper)-2009 (i) A are used to treat muscular strain CBSE (D) -2015 (li) 22 are used by a F.M. radio station for broadcasting (il) 25 are used to detect fractures in bones CBSE (D) -2015 (iv) 2, are absorbed by ozone layer of the atmosphere CBSE (D) -2010, 2004 Identify the name and part of electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiations belong. Arrange these wavelengths in order of magnitude, [ Ans. (i) Infrared rays (i) radio waves (li) x-rays (iv) UV rays, Aa.> Au, 24> Ay 6. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength vary as and also write one use for each. CBSE (AI)-2017 () 10°? m sinr=Z sini sinr r ve — => ve sinr [= angle of incidence is same But i.) 3. Name one phenomenon which is based on total internal reflection. CBSE (AI)-2016 [ Ans. Mirage/ sparkling of diamond/ optical fibre/ totally reflecting prisms 4, Can total internal reflection occur when light goes from rarer to a denser medium ? CBSE (D)-2007 Tans. No 5. Define critical angle. What is the relation between refractive index & critical angle for a given pair of optical media ? [Ans. Critical angle : The angle of ‘incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90° is called critical angle. CBSE (AI)-2009 Relation © == 6. When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, why does the critical angle of incidence depend on the colour/wavelenath of light 2 CBSE (AI)-2015,2009 = = sin1(2 tim tee zat) As = a+ 2. Hence critical angle would also be different for different colours/wavelengths of light 7. What isthe critical angle for a material of refractive index V2 ? BSE (AI)-2010 oa ene las. sinig=2=5 > i, = 45 8, Velocity of light in glass is 2 X 10® m/s and in aris 3 X 10° m/s. Ifthe ray of light passes from glass to air, calculate the value of critical angle. CBSE (F)-2015 ¢ 3x10 tine. w= §= Fie = S we wt ()= int (2) = 41.00 9. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30° CBSE (AI)-2012,2010 = am Now, w=£ > £ = S40" = 15.x10° m/s 10. In the following ray diagram, calculate the speed of light nthe liquid of unknown refractive index. CBSE (AIC)-2017 I Lid 111, Draw a ray diagram to show how a right angled isosceles prism can be used to- CBSE (AI)-2015,(DC)-2001 (D deviate a light ray through (i) 90°, (jl) deviate a light ray through 180°/ to obtain the inverted image (iil) to invert an image without the deviation of the rays ? [ Ans. iii) las = ey tovot_| bist eee ob PHYSICS CLASS-xil REVISION 73. 1. Why does a diamond sparkle ? CBSE (D)-2009,2002 Ans, The brilliance of diamond is due to total internal reflection of light Refractive index of diamond is very large (2.42) so its critical angle is small (24.4°), The faces of diamond are cut in sucha manner that light entering diamond from any face suffers multiple total internal reflections and ‘remains within the diamond but it comes out through only a few faces. Hence the diamond sparkles. 2. Find the relation between critical angle and refractive index. CBSE (AI)-2016 Ans, By Snes lov, 2 =i But when i= ic, r= 90° sinte 1 singe ne 3. What is an optical fibre ? Name the phenomenon on which working of an optical fibre is based. Give any two uses of optical fibres. CBSE (AT)-2016,(D)-2011 [Ans. Optical fibre : An optical fibre isa fine strand of quality glass/quartz surrounded by a glass coating of slighty lower refractive index called cladding Phenomenon : Total internal reflection of light Uses : (@) in transmission of optical signals (b)as light pipe in medical examination of stomach etc 4, Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre. Explain how light propagates through the optical fiber. Ans. Phenomenon : Total internal reflection CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2011 Werking tog ‘When a signal in the form of light > enters at one end of the fibre at suitable angle, it undergoes repeated total internal reflections ‘and finally comes out at the other end, aa 74.1. What is scattering light ? What is the condition for Rayleigh scattering to occur ? CBSE (AIC)-2010 Tans. Scattering of light : This is the phenomenon in which light is deflected from its path due to its interaction with the particles of the medium through which it passes. Condition : size of scatterer a > fe Hence, focal length of objective should be large, while focal length of eye piece should be small 5, State the condition under which a large magnification can be achieved in an astronomical telescope.CBSE (F)-2017 = (By increasing f, /decreasing for fy fo (i) Distonce between two lenses L> fo + fo 6. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to [ Ans. () Objective of larger focal length increases magnification (m [Ans. m= construct an astronomical telescope ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2017,(D)-2009 Lenses | Powwer(D) | Aperture (em) L 3 8 ly 6 1 le 10 a [Ans Objective lens + Lens Ly & Bye piece : Lens Ly Reason : m= — © for higher magnification & brighter image, objective should have large aperture and large focal length & eye piece should have small aperture and small focal length 7. You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D,4.D and 10D to design a telescope. Which lenses should you use as an objective and eyepiece of an astronomical telescope ? Justify your answer. CBSE (AI)-2016 Ans, Objective lens + & Eye piece Justification | m_ © for higher magnification, objective should have large focal length & eye piece should have small focal length 8, Write two main limitations of refracting telescopes. Explain how these can be minimized in a reflecting telescope. [ Ans. Limitations of refracting telescope CBSE (F)-2016,2015,(AI)-2013 (Suffers from spherical aberration . It can be corrected by using parabolic mirror objective i) Suffers from chromatic aberration. It can be corrected by using mirrar objective instead of spherical lens Gi) Tmage is less bright/ small magnifying power/small resolving power Tnreflecting telescope image is bright due to reflection and has high resolving power due to large aperture 9, Give two reasons to explain why a reflecting telescope is preferred over a refracting telescope. CBSE (F)-2017 OR State the advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,(D)-2016,2009 [ Ans. (()No_chromatic/spherical aberration as mirror is used as objective in reflecting telescope (ii) Brighter image/ high resolving power as mirror of large aperture is used as objective in reflecting telescope PHYSICS CLASS-xII REVISION 6. A concave mirror produces a real and magnified image of an object kept in front of it. Draw a ray diagram to show The mage formation and use it to derive the mirror equation. [ Ans. Derivation of mirror formula: CBSE (AI)-2015, ‘ABC and a4’B’C are similar | BiAt _ BIC _ PC~ PBr * Ba ~ ce ~ PB-Pc o ‘ABP and A4’B’P are also similar Bear _ PB’ oa 7 Pe = from equation (1) and (2) Pc- PB) _ Per PB 2uf + 2uf Dividing by 2wvf on both sides we get, 28% = 22 2uef ~ 2uwh Fenty DS wn 2uf = 2vf ww zur. 2uvy 77.4 point object O on the principal axis of a spherical surface of radius R separating two media of refractive indices ‘H and p,forms an image 1’ as shown in the figure. CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2015 Prove that we [ Ans. By Snell's law, For small angles, 2 mis mer In OAC and A TAC, =aty & y= 2 from), Hy (@ + Y) = be YB) Me + He B= (He —)Y (2) let the aperture of the surface is also very small then we have AM amt & yxtany = ata from equation (2) m (8) +e (F) = @-m &) ce Hy te am) Ta + ey = aR Or 2 _ i _ Wem) 7 vow R Sis Rie PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION 78.Derive expression for the lens maker's formula using necessary ray diagrams. CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2012,2011 7 =U -D(E-H) Also state the assumptions in deriving the above relation and the sign conventions used, I Ans. For the refraction at the interface ABC, Bai (a) For the refraction at ADC, image 1, will act as an imaginary object and if the lens is very thin, then wom) > © Te @) cm ading (1) & (2) we get 8-4 =(,-m)( 2 i-tat 1 (2 2 1 2 5- -o-#) Butwhen U=—00 then v= f 14 : 2 b-Leom (2 z toon -1) ‘Assumptions used : (@ lens used is very thin (i) Aperture of the lens is very small (ii) Object is a point object placed at the principal axis (iv) All the rays ore paraxial New Cartesian sign conventions used : (i All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens (i) Distances measured in the direction of incident ray are positive (i Distances measured in the opposite direction of incident ray are negative. 79 « (i) Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope. State the advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope. (ii) What is ts magnifying power ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,(D)-2016,2009 [Ans. Advantages of reflecting telescope Tye (No chromatic aberration (ii)No spherical aberration Gi Brighter image (iv) large magnifying power (¥) High resolving power angle subtended at theeye by image ‘angle subtended at the eye by object PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION £80. Two thin convex lenses L, and L, of focal lengths f, and f, respectively, are placed coaxially in contact. An object is placed at a point beyond the focus of lens 1. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation and hence derive the expression for the focal length of the combined system. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,2014 [ Ans. For the refraction by lens L, we have ary 2ltlk ty 3-i55 41) For the refraction by lens La, Iwill act as an imaginary object, 2 owe (On adding equation (1) and (2) we get Tea ria ° nih Let F be the focal length of this lens combination then we have 4) From (3) and (4), peayd FTA h 81. Draw a ray s(t) CBSE (F)-2017,(AT)-2016,(D)-2016 [ Ans. Refraction through a glass prism Let a light ray is incident on the principal section ABC of a glass prism as shown In quadrilateral AQNR, ZA+ 90° + ZONR + 90° = 360° > 2A + cQNR = 180° Tn triangle QNR, rtm, + 2QNR = 180° ~ From (1) and (2) nensd Now, total deviation b= Gn) + e-m = +e) —(h +) > ssite-A (4) But when => from (3), From (4), 5, > I= A+ d_)/2 “Angler incidene 0) Be Sine ~~ sina/2 PHYSICS CLASS-xII REVISION 82. 1. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment. (ii) Define magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment (ie, when the final image is formed at infinity). (il) Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment, [ Ans. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,(F)-2016,2009 ‘Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object, when both are at infinity tang _ a’ /e0 08 _ fey ah tana BVA//0B! EB fo fe ars 2. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final_ image is formed at least distance of distinct vision. (li) Define its magnifying power and deduce the expression for the magnifying power of telescope. CBSE (F)-2015,2014,(AI)-2013 [ Ans. f ut conecmetens D4 ‘Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image at the least distance of tthe distinct vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the object at infinity, when seen directly tan _ A’Bi/EB _ OB! -(1) @ tana AvB//OB! EB m But for eye lens, 2odlt oe ie 0 ae : 1 4h oe z0+8 a (4 4 fe © from (D, m=-£(1+4) 3. Write the main considerations required in selecting the objective and eye piece lenses in order to have large magnifying power and high resolution of the telescope CBSE (AI)-2014 > ma (i) tohave large magnifying power fo >> fe Hence, focal length of objective should be large, while focal length of eye piece should be small ‘to have high resolving power D should be large. Hence aperture of objective should be large Can. m=— 2 & RP, PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION 83. 1. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope when image is formed at least distance of distinct vision. Define its magnifying power and deduce the expression for the magnifying power of the microscope. CBSE (AI)-2016,2010,(F)-2015,2013,(D)-2014 Ans. ray diagram of a compound microscope when the final image is at least distance of distinct vision: ‘Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object, when both lie at the least distance of distinct vision ~ fn Mallen (HAY) (Bt) BA tana BA/EB vel) But for eye lens, 1 er, i) Define magnifying power of a compound microscope in normal adjustment and derive an expression for it. [ Ans. ray diagram of a compound microscope in normal adjustment CBSE (D)-2017,(AI)-2015 rep Ans. Magnifying power : Magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle subtended (at the un aided eye) by the object xy m= mgX m= When the object is very close to f, and the image formed is very close to eye lens, then PHYSICS. CLASS-xII REVISION 84.1. Three rays (1,2,3) of different colours fall normally on one of the sides of an isosceles right angled prism as shown. ‘The refractive index of prism for these rays is 1.39, 1.47 and 1.52 respectively. Find which of these rays get internally reflected and which get only refracted from AC. Trace the path of rays. Justify your answer. [Ans, For TIR, i> te CBSE (F)-2016,(AI)-2011,(D)-2009 7 sin > sinic as i mi>t Le : > 2 omit met ie od 3 > p>vz=1414 o 7 0 © Hence rays (2) & (3) will go TR 2. A ray of light incident normally on one face of a right isosceles prism is totally reflected as shown. What must be the minimum value of refractive index of glass ? Give relevant calculations. CBSE (D)-2016 [Ans, For TR, i= ic oO © sini > sinic > singszt & #e @ Wsu O wevr ‘A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam 12 cm from P, At ‘what point does the beam converge if the lens is CBSE (AI)-2015,NCERT-2017 (i) a convex lens of focal length 20 cm, Gia concave lens of focal length 16 cm ? [Ans. u=+i20m, f =+20cm hus t2an—4 + 2am, f =—16

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