Bathymetry

1. Sounding Method

Sounding is a process and activity that is shown to obtain a description of the surface
topography of the seabed surface. The process of depicting the bottom of the waters from
measurement, processing to visualization is called a bathymetric survey. (Bambang
Triatmodjo, 1999).

Sounding is done by profiling the depth measurement. Sounding line can be in the form of
straight lines, concentric circles, or others according to the method used to determine the
position of the sounding fix points. Sounding line are designed in such a way as to allow
detection of more extreme depth changes. For this reason, the design of sounding line must
pay attention to the trend of the shape and topography of the coast around the waters to be
surveyed. In order to be able to detect more extreme depth changes, the sounding line is
chosen in a direction that is perpendicular to the trend in the direction of the shoreline.
(Bambang Triatmodjo, 1999).

Sounding fixed position accuracy in a survey using a singlebeam echosounder is transducer

position accuracy. Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the most widely used
positioning systems in hydrographic surveys.

2. Tidal Wave

Ocean tides are the phenomenon of the rising and falling sea levels periodically caused by
the gravitational effects of celestial objects especially the moon and sun. The gravitational
influence of celestial bodies on the earth not only causes sea tides, but also causes changes
in the shape of the earth (bodily tides) and the atmosphere (atmospheric tides). The term
tidal is the movement of rising and falling sea level with an average period of about 12.4
hours or 24.8 hours. Another phenomenon related to tides is tidal currents, which is the
movement of water bodies towards and leaving the coast during high tide and low tide.
(Bambang Triatmodjo, 1999).

The phenomenon of tidal generation causes differences in sea level at certain positions of
the earth, moon and sun. During spring, which is when the sun's position is in line with the
earth-moon axis, there will be a maximum tide at a point on the earth's surface which is on
the axis of the relative position of the earth, moon and sun. This time occurs when the new
moon and full moon. The tidal phenomenon in such a position is called a spring tide or a
neap tide.

During neap, which is when the sun's position is perpendicular to the earth-moon axis, there
is a minimum tide at a point on the earth's surface that is perpendicular to the earth's axis.
This occurs in the first quarter and last quarter. The phenomenon of tidal in such position is
called neap tide or dead tide. Range tidal (vertical distance of the highest and lowest water
level) when the spring is greater than during the neap.

3. Design of Sounding Line

Sounding is done by profiling the depth measurement cut. Sounding line can be in the form
of straight lines, concentric circles, or others according to the method used to determine the
position of the sounding fix points. Sounding line are designed in such a way as to allow
detection of more extreme depth changes. For this reason, the design of sounding line must
pay attention to the trend of the shape and topography of the coast around the waters to be
surveyed. In order to be able to detect more extreme depth changes, the sounding line is
chosen in a direction that is perpendicular to the trend in the direction of the shoreline. (Eka
Djunasjah, 2005).

4. Single-Beam Echosounder

Single-beam echosounder is a water depth measuring device that uses a single beam as the
sender and transmission of sound wave signals (Parkinson, 1996). The single-beam
component consisting of the transceiver (transceiver and receiver) is attached to the hull of
the vessel. This system measures the water depth directly from the survey vessel. The
transceiver sends high-frequency acoustic pulses contained in the beam (sound waves)
down the bottom of the water column. The acoustic energy reflects up to the ocean floor from
the vessel and is received back by the transceiver. Transciever consists of a transmitter that
has a function as a control for the wavelength of the pulses emitted and provides electrical
power for a given frequency. The Single Beam Echosounder is relatively easy to use, but it
only provides depth information along the track line the vessel is traversing.

According to MacLennan and Simmonds (2005), echosounder generally have 5 main parts.
The parts of the echosounder are:

a. Time base
The time base functions as a marker for electrical pulses to activate the emission of
pulses to be emitted by the transmitter through the transducer. A command from the
time base will give the time when the pulse generator works on the transmitter and
receiver units.
b. Transmitter
The function of the transmitter is to generate pulses to be emitted. A command from
the pulse trigger box on the recorder will notify when the pulse generator works. The
pulse generated by the oscillator is then amplified by the power amplifier, before the
 pulse is transmitted to the transducer. The oscillator itself is a circuit that produces an
output electric pulse whose amplitude varies periodically with time.
c. Transducer
The main function of the transducer is convert electrical energy into sound energy,
when the sound will be emitted into the water medium, and transforms sound energy
into electrical energy when the energy received from the target. In addition, another
function of the transducer is to concentrate the reflected sound energy as a beam.
d. Receiver
The receiver function to receive pulses from an object and display or recorder as
recording the results echo. The weak electrical signal generated by the transducer
must be amplified several thousand times before being transmitted to the recorder.
During the reception, the transducer receives an echo from the target, where the
target detected by the transducer is located from the center of the sound pulse and
the echo from the target will be returned and received by the transducer at the same
time.
e. Recorder
The recorder functions to record or display echo signals and also acts as a regulator
of the work of the transmitter and measures the time between transmitting sound
pulses and receiving echo or the recorder provides a signal to the transmitter to
generate pulses and at the same time the recorder also sends a signal to the receiver
to reduce its sensitivity.

Figure 1 Single-Beam Echosounder Process

5. Sources of Error and Calibration

Almost all sources of error are systematic errors, so a way to solve it can be designed to get
the correct measurement result. An effective way to maintain sounding accuracy is to
perform a calibration using the tera chakra (bar check). This calibration is very helpful in
getting the correct depth measurement due to several sources of error at once. Bar checks
are made of a circular or rectangular metal plate suspended from a scale rope or chain and
placed under the transducer. A scale rope or chain is used to compare the measurement
results with an echo sounding device. Comparison of depth measurements is made for each
change in depth, from a depth of 0 to the maximum depth that will be summarized at 1
meters intervals.

Calibration with a bar check is carried out after the initial zero pulse setting is carried out (the
stroke when the stylus pen gets an electric current from the emitting wave is adjusted on a
scale of 0) and starts from the depth of the rope on the bar check scale of 1 meters. After
that, the position of the check bar is lowered by one meters to the maximum depth of the
area to be sounding. Furthermore, from the maximum depth, the bar check rope is pulled
with a 1 meters hose until it returns to the 1 meters position. Calibration with a bar check
should be done immediately before and after the sounding is done in one session or one day
sounding. Prior to sounding, a relatively calm and deep water area was selected with the
vessel stopping for the initial calibration. The selection of the location of the bar check in
calm water is done so that the metal plates do not drift due to the current, so that they remain
under the transducer. The depth of the calibration site is also important for obtaining the
maximum calibration depth. Depth measurement data that has been corrected by calibration
using a bar check can be considered free from sources of error due to the nature of wave
propagation in the sea water medium. In addition to calibration with a bar check, the data
from the depth measurement results must be corrected for errors due to:

a. Loaded transducer, by measuring the position of the vertical distance of the

transducer surface to the surface of the sea.
b. Settlement and squat if considered significant, by comparing the vertical position of
the transducer to the water surface when the ship is running.
c. Tide, with instantaneous sea level correction sounding datum to the height of the
vertical reference plane (MSL and chart datum) obtained from processing tide
observation data.

6. Depth Accuracy Indonesian National Standard 7646: 2010

The following is a table of depth accuracy listed in the Indonesian National Standard.
 Tabel 1 Accuracy of measurement of hydrographic survey parameters
(SNI 7646-2010- Hydrographic)
Class
No Description
Spesific Orde Orde 1 Orde 2 Orde 3
5 m +5% of 20 m + 5% of 150 m + 5%
1 Horizontal Accuracy 2m the average the average of the average
depth depth depth
Fixed navigation aids
2 and navigation related 2m 2m 5m 5m
displays
3 Shoreline 10 m 20 m 20 m 20 m
4 Floating navigation aids 10 m 10 m 10 m 20 m

5 Topographic feature 10 m 10 m 20 m 20 m
a = 0,5 m a = 0,5 m a = 0,5 m a = 0,5 m
6 Depth accuracy
b = 0,0075 m b = 0,0075 m b = 0,0075 m b = 0,0075 m

7. Standard Deviation Results

Standard deviation of the overlap data obtained from the sounding process. There are 43
overlap points where at each ovelap point there is a difference in depth that is tolerated in a
specific orde. The standard deviation formula is as follows:

± √ a +(bxd )
2 2

With:
a = independent error (fixed number of errors).
b = dependent depth error factor (number of errors that are not fixed).
d = the depth measured
(b x d) = dependent depth error (sum of all dependent depth errors).

The following is a picture of sounding line that overlpas:

Figure 2 Overlap of sounding points

In the picture above it is located on line 1 and line 5 sounding. Then the following are the
overlapping sounding points that have been calculated the standard deviation:

No. Validation Point Pair Average Difference SNI SD Information

Depth in Depth Accuracy
1 827 827A 1,248 0,048 0,250 Accepted

2 828 828A 1,3 0,144 0,250 Accepted

From the data above, the minimum difference is 0,048 meters, the maximum difference is
0,144 meters, the average depth difference is 0,096 meters, and the SNI standard deviation
is 0,250 meters. The standard deviation of SNI is obtained from variables a and b in a
specific orde where a = 0,25 meters, and b = 0,0075 meters.

8. Tide Observation Results

From observations made for 10 days, it was found the water level elevation in normal water
conditions and when the water conditions were high. When the water is normal, the average
water level and high water are at an elevation of 3,008 meters and 3,142 meters. When the
water is high, the average water level and high water are at an elevation of 3,595 meters and
3,664 meters. The low water elevation is 2,949 meters.

Figure 3 Observation result of water level fluctuation

9. Conclusion

The conclusions on this work are as follows:

a. Based on the standard deviation of the sounding points, the measurement results at
the sounding location are in a spesific orde.
b. The Mean Sea Level (MSL) value obtained from the tide measurement of 1 Kuala
Tanjung in the waters of the Kuala Indah River is 3,008 meters. Where the highest
water level occurs with a value of 3,664 meters and the lowest elevation occurs with a
value of 2,949 meters. The average depth of the audits carried out on the Kuala
Indah river is 1,070 meters.