layáhar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)

FRY was implemented by Rajeev Gandhi on 28th April 1989. It aims at reaching every single
Panchayat. The central state assistance was 80:20 percent respectively.
30 percent of the employment created is to be provided to women. It employs one member in a
BPL family for 90 to 100 days a year. National Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programmes were merged with the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana in the year 1989 NRLEG
2. Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)
NRY was started in 1989 and it aims to benefit poor urban people by creating employment
opportunities.) That is, NRY is an urban employment-generating
Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PRY)
puRY was started in 1993, basically for the urban poor, then it extended for the Fural poor
people, it aims to generate new employment opportunitie it is a seA. employment scheme meant
for the educated unemployed youth, t is meant o. poor families having an income of less than Rs.
25,000 per annu. fach educaten unemployed youth is eligible for a loan of Rs. 1 lakh to start a
small business.
4. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)
JCsY was started on 1° April 1999 to create rural infrastructure, like roads, bridges, etc. The main
objective was to crgate wage employment for the unemployed rural Youth. The expenditure was
shared between centre and state in the ratio of 80:20.
sho
5. Sampooma Gramin Rojgar Yojana (SGRY)
This scheme was started in September 2001. The main objective of this scheme was to provide
gainful employment and food security to villager® Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) have been merged in this scheme because both have the
same objectives
6. MGNREGA
2006
2009
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is a flagship programme of the
government of India launched on February 2, 2006. Later it was renamed as MGNREGA on
October 2, 2009. It is a job ensuring programme to the rural community whose adult member is
willing to do unskilled manual works. It guarantees 100 days of employment for job card holders
from the Panchayath. Refer to the previous section of this module for its detailed explanation.
7. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gramin Kaushal Yojana (DDU-GKY) 2 0 14
The government launched DDUGKY on 24 September 2014. It aims to target youth, under the
age group of 15- 35 years and is aimed at enhancing the employability of rural yauth,)DDU-GKY
is a part of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (RI.M), tasked with the dual objectives of adding
diversity to the incomes of rural poor families and cater to the career aspirations of rural youth.
Skill India
Current Challenges Facing The Indian Economy
(sell India 15 a campaign launched by Prime Minister Narondra Modi on 15m july 3015 with an aim
to train over 40 erores (900 mil lion people in Lite in liferent skills by 2022) It includes various
intiatives of the government like vational Skill Development Mission", "National Policy for Skil
Development and
«kill Loán Scheme."
,,Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM)
SPMRM is a scheme launched by the Government of India on 16 September 2015 to deliver
integrated project-based infrastructure in the rural areas, which will also include the
development of economic activities and skill developmend The objective of this scheme is to
stimulate local economic development, enhance basic services, and create well-planned Rurban
clusters.
10. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendra Programme (PMKK) *
The Union Budget 2018-19 proposed that the Government is setting up a model aspirational skill
centre in every district of the country under Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendra Programme. This
scheme comes under the "Skill India Mission." The main objective of the programme is to make
candidates eligible for full-time jobs, through short-term, job-oriented training and certification
programmes.
The focus is on drawing employable youth from rural and urban areas into the workforce and
providing those already in the workforce with re-skitting and up-killing support. 306 Pradhan
Mantri Kaushal Kendra have been established for imparting skill training through such centres.
and cultural activities
1. Training for Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) TRYSEM wasimplementedin 1979. This
program provides
employment opportunite
2. Tor siral people, particularly thosé people. who live below the poverty line me Scheme also
aimed to provide basic technical
and entrepreneurial skills to the Fural poor in the age group of 18-35 years enable them to take
up income generating activities (self/wage employment). The scheme had been merged into
Swarnajayani Gram Swaroigar Yojana (SGSY) with IRDE, DWCRA, etc. from April 1999.
3. Twenty Point Program (TPP)

TP was first initiated by Indira Gandhi in(1975. Revised this program and again introdliced in 1982
and 1986)It aims to provide a better condition of living for the less privileged sections) The
Government had restructured the TPP-1986 in 2006 to manage the challenges of the 21 Century
with particular reference to the ongoing process of economic reforms, liberalization,
privatization, and globalization of the Indian Economy.
14. Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)
It is a program launched to eradicate poverty and unemployment. IRDP was introduced on 2nd
October 1980. The scheme targeted poor people by providing means of Lying, employment
opportunities, and adequate training.
5. National Rural Employment Program (NREP)
REP was started in 1980, during the Sixth Five-Year Plan in India. It was implemented as a
centrally sponsored program with 50 percent central assistance.
This was viewed as a major step towards poverty alleviation., The NREP replaced the Food for
Work (FFW) programme. Its main obiectives include:
a Generation of additional gainful employment for unemployed and under employed persons
(both men and women) in rural areas. © Creation of productive community assets for direct and-
continuing benefits
to the poor.
© Improvement in the overall quality of life in the rural areas.
Module /V
6. National Social Assistance Program (NSAP)
NSAP was introduced on 154 August 1995 as a 100 percent centrally sponsored scheme for
social assistance benefit to poor households affected by old age, death of primary bread
earners, and maternity care. )Currently, this scheme has five components; namely:
© Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS)- 1995
• National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) - 1995
~ Annapurna Scheme - 2000
~ Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS) - 2009
© Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme - 2009
7. Mid-Day Meal Scheme
It was started in India on 15 August 1995 under the name of National Programme of Nutritional
Support to Primary Education (NP- NSPE)? In October 2007, NP-NSPE was renamed as 'National
Programme of Mid-Day Meal in Schools,' which is popularly known as the Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
It is the world's largest school meal programme aimed to attain the goal of universalization of
primary education.
It ensures nutritional support and thereby address hünger and malnutrition.
8. Swarna Jayanti Shahar Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
SISRY was initiated in 1997, meant for urban and semi-urban areas, Its main aim was to improve
the living standard of urban poor people. The following are the components of SISRY:
© Urban Self Employment Program (USEP)
2 Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas (DWCUA)
9. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojna (PMGY)
PMGY was introduced in 2000-01 with the objective of focusing on village-level development in
five critical areas; namely: health, primary education, drinking water, housing, and rural roads by
providing or generating new employment opportunities.
10. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
AAY was launched in December 2008. It covers the poorest of the poor families from amongst
the BPL families covered under the Targeted Public Distribution

India and 11th Five Year Plan

India has recorded an average annual economic growth of 8 percent during the 11th five year
plan (2007-2012) compared to the targeted 9 percent. The shortfall in achievement of (various
growth targets) can be attributed both to internal and external factors viz. global slowdown,
fluctuations in international prices, strong inflationary pressures and negative growth in
agriculture due to drought like situation. India's annual average economic growth rate remained
at 8 per cent compared to the targeted 9 per cent for the 11th Plan. Besides the farm sector grew
at an average rate of 3.7 per cent as against 4 per cent targeted in the five year policy period.
Indian Econome Develonment
School of Distance Education
As against an annual average growth of 10-11 per cent envisaged for the industryduring the
period, the actual annual average growth stood at 7.2 per cent during the planperiod. Services
sector grew at an average rate of 9.7 per cent per annum compared to thetargeted 9-11 per cent
in the five year period, he said in the reply. In its advanceestimates, Central Statistics Office
( CSO) has pegged the economic growth in the currentfiscal at 4.9 per cent which would be
slightly higher than 4.5 per cent achieved in 2011-12. The Approach to the 12th Five Year Plan
(2012-17) had envisaged 9 per cent annualaverage economic growth rate which was later fixed
at 8 per cent by the NationalDevelopment Council (NDC) in December 2012 while approving the
five year policy.These growth targets for the 12th Plan would be reassessed in the midterm
appraisal of thefive year policy in 2014-15.
In the backdrop of lower economic growth rates of 4.5 per cent in first year of 12th Plan
(2012-13) and 4.9 per cent in second year (2013-14), the annual average economic growth rate
target for the entire five year policy could be revised downwards, it is felt.

RENDS IN EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN KERALA

pcording to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) conducted by NSO national Statistical
Office) from July 2018 to June 2019, unemployment under usual satus for persons of age 15
years and above among the major States, Kerala has an employment rate of 9.0 percent as
against the all-India level of 5.8 percent.
As per the Usual Status approach for persons of age 15 years and above, Daman and Diu has
zero unemployment rate. Among the States, the lowest unemployment rate is estimated in West
Bengal (1.8 percent).
• Trends of Employment and Unemployment Rate in Kerala
Indeed, work/employment enables people to earn a livelihood and be economically secure) It is
critical for equitable economic growth, poverty reduction, and gender equality. It also allows
people to fully participate in society while affording them a sense of dignity and worth. In
essence, the term employment is defined as the activity for income. Let us discuss the trends of
employment and Unemployment Rate in Kerala:
1 Workforce and Sectoral Contributions in Employment
Based on estimates from the Periodic Labour Force Survey carried out in 2017-18 and the
Census of India, the size of Kerala's workforce was 127 lakhs as on January 1, 2018. This
comprised 93.7 lakh male workers and 33.4 lakh female workers8. Workers as a proportion of
population or workforce participation rates were 50.5 percent for men and 16.4 percent for
women in Kerala.
Of the total workforce in Kerala, 21.3 lakh workers (or 16.9 percent of the total) were engaged in
agriculture and allied activities (primary sector).
© The proportion of the workforce engaged in agriculture and allied activities is much less (16.9
percent) in Kerala compared to the national average (41.8 percent).
© The secondary sector employed 40.1 lakh workers (31.5%) in the State.
© The largest source of employment in Kerala is the services sector, which employed 65.6 lakh
workers (51.6 percent of the total workforce).
2012
grow
• Employment in the Organised Sector
In Kerala, employment in the organized sector has remained more or less stagnant, showing only
a marginal increase from 10.8 lakh in 2012 to 12.5 lakh in 2020 (March 31, 2020). Che organized
sector comprises private and public sectors and it is noteworthy that private sector employment
is slowly increasing from 2012 onwards.
In 2020, out of 12.5 lakh persons employed in the organized sector 5.5 lakh (44.2 percent) are in
the public sector and 6.9 lakh (55.8 percent) are in the private sector.
As compared to 2019, public sector employment has shown a significant increase in 2020.
& Employment in Unorganised Sector
A high proportion of socially and economically weaker sections of society are engaged in
unorganized economic activities in India and Kerala. Employees of enterprises belonging to the
unorganized sector have lower job security, lack of job contracts, and no social protection. In
Kerala, the Directorate of Employment is the nodal department entrusted with the responsibility
to take measures to reduce instances of unfair practices existing in the unorganized sector.
~ Job Seekers in Kerala
© The analysis of District-wise job seekers in Kerala shows that Thiruvananthapuram District
ranks first in the number of job seekers in general and professional technical categories as of
July 31, 2020.
© The total number of job seekers in Thiruvananthapuram district is 5.3 lakh; of which 3.4 lakh
are women and 1.9 lakh men.
© The second-largest number of job seekers is in the Kollam district with 3.7 lakh

DECENTRALISED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF KERALA

We know that the 73rd and 74* Amendments in the Indian Constitution, 1992 put forward the
objective of democratic decentralization These amendments granted constitutional status to
local self-governments of the country and periodic elections to them mandatory. ACthree-tier
system was recommended for rural areas in states with the grama panchayath at the village level,
the intermediate panchayath at the block level, and the district panchayath at the district level.
Given India's diverse and segmented social structure, the rights of vulnerablé sections can be
best assured by giving voice to the least advantaged. "Planning from below" and contextualized
resource allocation for basic services would be more cost-effective and produce better
outcomes.
Over the last two decades, Kerala's experience in decentralization has been accepted globally as
one of the most significant institutional reforms in public governance. Kerala adopted a big bang
approach to decentralization with the launch of the People's Plan Campaign on 17h August 1996.
The process of decentralized planning was launched in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, consequent to
the enactment of the Kerala Panchayati Raj Act (1994), and Kerala Municipality Act
(1994), and the constitutional amendments.
Under the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the decentralization programme in Kerala was restructured and
named the "Kerala Development Plan" (KDDy. In the 11t Five-Year Plan period, the entire process
was revamped by giving stress to the concept "People's Planning," focusing on the completion of
the institutionalization of decentralized government) The 124 Five-Year Plan approach enfisaged
some concrete steps to strengthen the planning process with the use of information technology,
The thrust in the 13th Five-Year Plan period is on second-generation social and economic issues
confronting the State. The second phase of decentralized planning aims at solving these
second-generation problems with genuine people's participation backed by strong
administrative and political measures.
RECENT SEN-BHAGAWATI DEBATE ON KERALA MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT VS GUJARAT
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
The publication of two famous books; namely: 'An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions'
by A.K. Sen and Jean Dreze and 'India's Tryst with Destiny' by Jagdish Bhagwati & Arvind
Panagariya invited hot debates on growth, development, and public actions)A.K. Sen and Jean
Dreze hailed the Kerala Model of Development while Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya
focussed on the Gujarat Model of Development, The economists and policymakers from different
parts of the country involved in the debates and the central theme were growth and development
and its ways to attain sustained and inclusive growth.
A.K. Sen highlighted the factor of enhancing human capabilities, especially in the matter of
improving people's status with respect to poverty, inequality, health and education; which are the
priority items on India's development agenda - that the state has an active interventionist role to
play in securing these aspects of human capability for its citizens. They pointed out the
examples - Kerala, Sri Lanka, Cuba & Costa Rica. They added that democracy is important, both
intrinsically and instrumentally, for human development
Jagdish Bhagwati & Arvind Panagariya under the subtitle "in Why Growth
Matters: How Economic Growth in India Reduced Poverty and the Lessons for Other Developing
Countries" 7 hold up growth as the panacea for all of India's ills or backwardness. Bhagawati
tries to position himself as a proponent of growth that would benefit the poor through later
redistribution. They portrayed the Gujarat
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION OF KERALA
* sire, structure, a nd disaribution) lie population has a transion In pet hanses in ortily, mortalty,
and migration. The below section is devotees gunns the demographic Transition of Kerala:
ye theory of demographic transition postulates three different stages of yes birth and death rate
in connection with economic development; namely.
. Figh birth rate and high death rate
. High birth rate and low death rate, and
. Low birth rate and low death rate.
noda is now in the second stage of demographic transition where it has been At to reduce the
death rate considerably but facing a tardy fall in its birth rate. sowever, different states of the
country passed through the second stage of demographic transition. For instance, Kerala was
the first state to enter into the lit stage vin 1988, Tamil Nadu in 2002, Karnataka in 2007, and
Andhra Pradesh nanuary 2009. Ansley J. Coale and Edgar M. Hoover have developed the theory
didemographic transition. In 1958, Cole and Hoover published the famous book Population
Growth and Economic Development in Low-Income Countries."
1 The State of Kerala: Demographic / Population Profile
that, Kerala is a unique state in terms of demography, the pattern of social enelopment, and
natural resources. Let us point out the vital demographic I ansition or features of Kerala:
lite of Population of the State of Kerala
lording to the Census of India 2011, the population of Kerala was 33,406,061, or
'percent of India's population. Out of the State's total population, 48 percent del Alison Cal
(1917-2002) and Edgar M. Hoover (Bon in 1907 are two Americas foremost demogapies Coal
specialyinfuental for his work on the demographic transtion and leadership of the Furopean
Ferlily Profect
199

Source: Economic Review 2020, Kerala State Planning Board

A Population Growth
© The percentage decadal growth rate of Kerala's population during 2001-2011 was (4.9
percent, the lowest among the Indian States.
& Among the Districts of the State, Malappuram has the highest growth rate (13.4 percent), and
Pathanam thitta has the lowest growth rate (-3.0 percent. Idukki also has seen a decline in
population with a negative growth rate (-)1.8 percent.
W Kerala's total child population (0-6 years) in 2011 was 34,72,955 (10.3 percent of the total
population) as against 37,93,146 (11.9 percent of the total population) as per the 2001 Census
data. The 2011 Census data shows an absolute decline in the number of children (0-6 years) in
the State.
© In absolute number, Malappuram District is reported to have the highest child population
(5,74,041) and Wayanad District with a child population of 92,324 15
having the lowest number of children.
~ Urbanisation: Profile of Rural and Urban Population
© In the first Census of 204 century (1901), the State had a population of 6.4 million g which 5.9
million (92.9 percent) were living in rural areas.

Literacy Rate in Kerala: An Overview

Literacy and education are important indicators of development in a society and play a central
role in human development Kerala has the highest proportion of literate persons in the population
among the Indian States) The effective literacy rate is 93.91%. Literacy was 90% at the Census
of 2001 The national literacy rate is 74.01% as per the Census Report, 2011.
8 Among districts. Kottayam tops in the literacy chart with 97.2% and Pathanamthitta is just
behind with 96.5%.
® Wayanad has the lowest literacv rate of 89% and Palakkad is just above with 89.3%.
© Even the lowest literacy rate of Wayanad (89%) is higher than national rate of literacy.
° ildistricts have a score- above 90% except Palakkad (89.3%) and Wayanad (899).