ABSTRACT

It works on the principle that when light falls on the solar cell, electron -hole pairs are created in
the n-type emitter and in the p-type base.The generated electrons (from the base) and holes (from
the emitter) then diffuse to the junction and are swept away by the electric field, thus producing.
Certain modules are selected and worked out to suitable specifications.The development of solar
charger goes from the fundamental level like soldering lamination and making the panel etc. The
developed charger is planned for 6 Volts with ma capacity at bright sunlight and step down to
5Volts using regulator.In the report, the detailed experimental characteristics of mobile charger.
Solar energy is the energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the
Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process . The process creates heat and
electromagnetic radiation. Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the
Earth. The radiation that does reaches the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of
energy used today .
 INTRODUCTION

Given the current energy crisis and increasing need for sustainable energy, we endeavored to
Create a cost-effective. small•scale electrical generator which could be used to power consumer
electronics. Solar energy has proven its worth as an alternative energy source because it low-impact
and emission-free. It has been implemented with much SUccess for power grids with hundreds of
aeres of enormous solar eoneentralors. In the small-seale, solar energy has [Ren harvested through the
use photovoltaic (PV) panels and have been used to power anything from an iPod to a residential
Although PV systems are considered part of the green energy revolution, materials uiilizvxl for its
constructiOn (like silicon) are extremely dangerous to the environment and much enre must be taken
to ensure that they are recycled properly„ PV cells also only utilize the energy stored in specific
wavelengths or light and therefore have an approximate efficiency between 14-19%. Sunlight,
however, produces immense amounts of heat which only serves to heal up the surface of solar cell,
Although there are some PV cells that have reached effieieney levels over (world record is
they are enornwusly complex and expensive.
Concentrated solar power (CSP) works differently because it focuses solar energy in its
entirety rather than absorb it, Ultimately, Our group will be designing and producing n Solar.
Powered Battery Charger

Figure I Salar Panel

The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek (photo) means "light". and "voltaic", means electric
the name of the Italian physicist "VOLTA "after whom a unit of electro-motive force, the volt is
named. The sun is a star nulde up of hydrogen and helium gas and it radiates at' amount Of
energy every second , A photovoltaic cell an electrical device (hal convert the encrgy or light directly
into electricity by photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to
the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light. though it is often
used specifically io refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight, Cells can be described
photovoltaic even when the light source is not necessarily sunlight (lamplight. artificiål lighl, etc.). In
such cases the cell is used as a photodctcctor (ror example infrared dctcc'tofsedetccting
light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity,

generating either electron-hole pairs or The separation pf charge carriers ofopposite types. The
separate extraction ofihose carriers to an external circuit. In contrast. a solar therTnal colleelor
collects heat by absorbing sunlight. for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power
generation. "Photoelectrolytie eel"' (photoelectrochemical cell), on the other refers either a type
ofphotos•oltaie ( like that developed by AVE, Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells ov a
device that Splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar
illumination„ Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar
cells containing a photovoltaic material, Materials presently used iOr photovoltaies include
ntonocr»talline silicone polycrysiallinc silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, andcopper
indium gallium selenidelsulfide_

Due 10 the increased demand for renewable energy sources the tnanufåeturing of solar cells and
photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years, Solar photovoltaies is a
By the J, a been to
generate TWh{ycar.And by end of 2012, the 100 GW installed capacity
milestone was achieved. Solar photovoltaics is now; after hydro and wind power,
the third most important retewable energy source in terms of globally installed
eapueity_ More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-
mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and

grazing) or built into the roof or walls ora building (either building-integrated photovoltaics or
simply roofl op).
Driven by advances in technology and increases in nunuracturing scale and sophistication. the cast of
photovoliaics 'llas declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured, and the levelised
cost ofelectricity (LCOE) from PV is compet itive with conventional electriCily sources in an
expanding list of geographic regions, Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-
in tariffs for solar-gener*led electricity, supported PV installations it) many countries.With current
technology, photovoltaics recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in 3 to 4 years. Anticipated
technology would reduce time needed t" recoup the energy to I io 2 year.
Solar energy is the energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the Earth.
Thesun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process The process creates heat and
eleetrornagnetie Only a very small fraction Of the radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation
that does reaches the Earth is the iruiircet source of nearly every type of energy used today

BACKGROUND
LITERATURE SURVEY ;
The current market leadct in emcicnt Solar energy oxidulvs is Sun Power. whose solar panels
have a conversion ratio of 19.3%, with Sanyo having the most efficient n«ldules at 20.4%. l•lowever,
a whole range of other companies Sun, Gamma Solar. Nano Iloriions) are emerging which are also
offering new innovations in photovoltaic nwdules, with a conversion ratio or around 18%, These new
innovations include power generation on the front and back sides and increased outputs; however,
nwst of these companies have not yet produced working systems from their design plans, and arc
nwstly still actively improving the technology.
Hardware Components
Solar panel
2, voltage Regulator
3. Resistors
4. Switch
 5, Output jack

Solar panel :
A solar cell is a device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricityby
photovoltaic effect, Sometimes the tenusolar cell is reserved for dcviCes intended Specifically to
capture ctnrgy from Sunlight such as Solar panels and solar Cells. While the term photovoltaic cell is
used when the light source is unspecified„ Assemblies of cells an used to make solar panels, solar
luM]ules, and photovoltaic arrays. Photovoltaic is the field ofieehnology and research related to the
application of solar cells in producing ity for practical An alternative chaegec circuit is also provided
to charge the mObite by house hold general purpose 230V in the absencc of the Sun light. he solar
panel can bc used as a Component Of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supplyeleclricity in
commercial and residential applications, Each module is rated by ifs dc output power under standard
test conditions (STC). and typically ranges from i 00 to 320 watts.

History :
The term Upholovoltaie" comes from the Greek vög (phäs» nuaning "light", and "voltaic",
meaning electric, from the name of the Italian physicist Volta, afier whom a unit of electro-motive
The is natt'i•ed, The "photo-voltoic i' has been in use in English 1849.

The photovoltaic effect was first recognized in 1839 by French physicist A. Becquerel.
However; it Was not until 1883 that the first solar cell Was built. by Charles Fritts. Who coated the
Semiconductor selenium with an extremely illin layer ofgold to form the junctions. The device was
only around 1% efficient, Subsequently Russian physicist Aleksandra Stoletov built the first solar cell
based on the outer photoelectric effect (discovered by Heinrich Ilerlz earlier in
ISS7), Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect in 1905 for which he received the Nobel
the
1946, which was discovered while Working on the series of advances that would lead to the
transistor, The highly efficient solar cell was fir-st developed by Chapin, Fuller and Pearson in 1954
using a difiilsed silicon p-n junction, In the past four decades, remarkable progress has been made,
with Megawatt solar power generating plants having now been built.
A solar panel (photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged interconnected
assembly ofsolar cell, also known as photovoltaic cell. The solar panel is used as a component in •a
larger photovoltaic system to offer electricity for commercial and residential applications.

Because u single solar panel eun only produce a limiied amount of power, ninny installations
contain several panels. This is known as u photovoltaic array, A photovoltaic installation typically
includes an array of solac panels, an inverter, and interconnection
 Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as a module. Photovoltaic
modules often have a sheet of glass on the front up) side, allowing light to pass while protecting the
semiconductor Wafers from the elements (rain. hail. etc.). Solar cells are also usually connected in
series in modules, creating an additive voltage. Connecting cells in parallel will yield a higher current.
Modules are then interconnected, in series or parallel, or 10 Create an array with the desired peak DC
voltage and current,
The power output afa solar array is measured in waits or kilowatts. In order io calculiile the
typical energy needs of (he application. a measurement in wan-hours, kilowatt-hours or kilowatt-
hours per day is onen used, A common rule of thumb ig that average power is equal to 20% Ofpeak
power, so toot each peak kilowatt Of solar array output power corresponds to energy production
Of4„S kWh per day (24 hours * I kW x kWh).

To nuke practical use of the solar-generated energy. the electricity is nwpst onen fed into
electricity grid using inverters (grid-connected photovoltaic systems)'. in stand-alone systems.
batteries are used to store the energy that is not needed immediately.

Solar cellk can also be applied to Other electronics devices to nuke it self-power susqainablv
in the sun. There are solar cell phone chargers. solar bike light and solar camping lanterns that people
can adopt for daily use.

Simple explanation
l. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, Such as
silicone
2- Electrons (oegatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to now
through material to produce electricity, Otte to the special composition of solar ceils. the
clecttons arc only allowed to move in a single direction.
3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable anwunt oidireet current (DO electric
ity.
Photo generation ofeharge carriers

When a photou hits a piece of silicon, one of three things can happen:

l, the photon can pass straight through the silicon — this (generally) happens for lower ellergy
photons,
2. the photon can reflect off the suriåce.
 3, The photon can be absorbed by the silicon, if the photon energy is higher than the silicon band
gap value. This gencraics an electron-hole pair and sonwtimes heat' depending on the hand
structure.
When a photon is absorbed, its energy is given to an electron in the crystal lattice, Usually this
electron is in the valence band. and is lightly bound in covalent bonds between neighboring atoms,
and hence unable to nuwe far, The energy given to it by the photon "excites" it into the conduction
band. Where it is free to move around Within the semiconductor, The covalent bond that the electron
was previously a purt of now has onc fewer electron — this is known asa The presence Of a
missing covalent bond allows the bonded electrons of neighboring atoms to move into the 'thole,"
leaving another hole behind, and in this way a hole can rmve through the lattice. Thus, it can said that
photons absorbed in the semiconductor create "While electron. hole pairs.

A photon need only have greater energy t]un that of the band gap in order to excite an
electron from the valence band into the conduction band, However, the solar frequency spectrum
approximates a body speetrum at —6000 K, and as such, mueh Of the solar radiation reaching the
Earth is composed of photons with energies greater than the hand gap of silicon. These higher energy
photons Will be absorbed by the solar cell but the difference in energy tk'twecn these photons and the
silicon band gap is wnverted into heat (via lattice vibrations — ealled phonons) rather than into usable
electrical energy

Charge carrier separation

There are two main rmdes for charge carrier separation in solor cell:

l, Drift of carriers, driven hy an eleclroslalic field established across device

2. Diffusion of carricrs from zones pf high carrier concentration to zones of low carrier
concentration following a gradient of electrochemical potential).
In the p-n junction solar cells the dominant mode of charge is by diffusion. However. in thin films
(such as amorphous silicor» the nuin mechanism to move the charge is the electric field

driii orcarriers.
Main articles : semiconductor and p-n junction
most comrnorgly known solar ceil is configured as a large-area p.n junction
made from
Silicon. As Sitnplification. one imagine bringing a layer Of n-tyvc Silicon into direct contact

7
with a layer ofp-lype silicoTV In practice p-njuvu.•tions of' silicon solar cells are not made in this
way, but rather by di fising an Il-type dopant into one side ofa p-type wafer (or vice versa),

If a piece p•type silicon is placed in intimate contact will' a piece of n•type silicon', then a
diffusion of electrons occurs from the region of high electron concentration (the n-type side the
jutwtion) into the region of low electron eoneenlration (Il-type side the junction). When the electrons
diffuse across the p.n junction, they recombine with Boles 00 the p.typc side: The diffijsion Of
carriers does not happen indefinitely. because eliarges build up on either side of the junction and
create an electric field. The electric field creates a diodethat promotes charge flow. known as driii
current. that epposes and eventually balances out the diffusion oteleelron and holes. This region
where electrons and holes lurve diffused across the junction is ealled the depletion region because it
no longer contains any mobile charge carriers. It is also known as

Theory
Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electriCity through the
photovoltaic effect (this is the photo-electrie effect), The structural (load carrying) member a module
ean either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer (substrate). The majority of modules use
water-based crystalline silicon ceils or a thin-film cell based on cadmium telluride or silicon.
Crystalline silicon. Which is eotnmonly used in the form in photovoltaic (PV) nwnlules, is derived
from silicon, a commonly used semi-conductor, With pencil, try this example to know the two types
Ofenergy, Put the pencil at the edge of the desk and push it the floor, The moving pencil uses kinetic
energy Now, pick up the pencil and put it back on the desk. You used your own energy to lift and
move the pencil, Moving it higher than adds energy to it. AS it rests on the desk. the pencil has
potential energy. The higher it is. the further it Could fall. That means pencil has more l»tential
energy

Fig I Solar panel 6 volt,2 watt,

In orderlo use The cells in practical applications; they must be :

 Connect'€l electrically to one another and to the rest of the system Protected from mechanical
damage during manufacture, transport, installation and use (in particular against hail impact, wind
and snow load" This is especially important for wafer-based silicon cells which are brittle-

Proceeted ltwisture, which corrodes eonlaels and interconnects, (and for thin-film cells the transparent
conductive oxide layer) thus decreasing performance and lifetime. Most modules are usually rigid*
but there are some flexible modules.vailable, based on thin-film cells,
Electrical eonneelions are rude in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel
to provide a desired amount of current source capability,

Diodes are included io avoid overheating of cells in case of partial shading. Since cell heating
reduces the operating efficiency it is desirable to minimize the heating. Very fcn.v
incorporate any design features decrease temperature; however installers try to ptovide good
ventilation behind the
NCH*' designs of module include eonecntrator nwdules in which the light is concentrated by
an array oflenses or mirrors an array of small cells, This allows the use of cells a high-cost pet
unit area in a cost-competitive Way.
 Depending an consuruc1iOn. the photovoltaic can cover a range of frequencies of light and
can produce electricity iiorn them, bul sometimes cannot cover the entire solar spectrum
(specifically, ultraviolet, infrared and low or diflilsed light). Hence much of sunlight energy
is wasted When used for solar panels, although they can give far higher efficiencies ifilluminatcd
with monochromatic light. Another design concept is to split the light into different wavelength
ranges and direct the beams onto different cells tuned to the appropriate wavelenglh ranges, This is
projeeled to raise efficiency by 50%. Also, the use of infrared photovoltaic cells can irk-retase the
efficiencies, producing power at night
To make sure we have plenty ofenergy in the future, it's up to all of us io use energy wisely.

Wc must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It's also up to those who will create the new'
energy technologies orthe future.
All energy sources have an impact on environment. Concerns about the greenhouse efTect and
global warming, air pollution. and energy security have led io increasing interest and more
development in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power and
hydrogen-but we'll need to continue to use fossil fuels and nuclear energy until new, cleaner
technologies can replace them. One Ofyou Who is reading this might be another Albert Einstein or
Marie Curie and find a source ofenergy. Until then. up to all us.

The future is but We need energy to get there, Energy causes things to happen around Look gui
the window.

During the day. the gives light and heat energy, At night. street lamps use electrical energy light our
way. When car drives by. it is l.wng powered by gasoline, a type of stored energy.The food we eat
contains energy. We use that energy to work and play.

10
VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Figure 2 : Voltage Regulator

The Digi lab board can use any power supply that creates a DC voltage between
6 and volts. A SV voltage regulator (7805) is used to ensure that no more than 5V is
delivered to Digi lab regardless of the voltage present at the J 12 connector
(provided that voltage is less than 12VDC). The regulator functions by using a diode to
clamp the output voltage at SVDC regardless of the input voltage - excess voltage is
converted to heal and dissipated through the body of the regulator. if n DC supply of
greater than 12V is used, excessive heat will bc genetatcd. and the board may be
damagcd. If a DC supply or than SV is used. insufficient voliuge will be present at the
regulators output.

Ifa power supply provides voltage higher 7 or $ volts, the regulator must
dissipate significant heat. The "fin" on the body (the Side that protrudes upward beyond
the nüin body of the part) helps to dissipate excess heat nwre eniciently. If the board
requires higher currents (due 10 the use of peripheral devices or larger breadboard
circuits), then the regulator may t'k•ed to dissipate more heat, In this ease, the
regulator can he secured to the circuit board by fastening it with a screw and nut (see
below). By securing the regulator tightly 10 the circuit board, excess hex be passed io
the board and then radiated away.

11
Features
Output current in excess ofOSA

2. NO external components
3. Internal thermal overload protection
4, Internal short circuit current-limiting
S. Output transistor safi'-area compensation
6. Available in TO-220, TO-gq, and TO-2$2 D.PAK packages
7. Output voltages OfSV. 12V' and ISV

DESCRIPTION:-
The 7805 is VOLTAGE REGULATOR. It looks like n transistor but it is actually an integrated circuit
with 3 lcg;s. Tum it into a nice, smooth 5 volts DC.

OUT'PVT

You need to iced it at least 8 volts and no more than 30 volts io do this. It can handle around S io .75
amps, but it gets hot. Use n heat sink. Run off ors volts, It can take a higher, crappy ['C voltage and
Use it to power circuits than need 10 use or run off of 5 volts. The LM341 and I-MI*MXX series of
three-tenninal positive vo Etage regulators employ built-in current limiting, therm,ql shutdown, and
sore-operating protection Which them virtually immune 10 damage from output ads.

12
With adequate heat sinking. they can deliver in excess of OSA output current. Typical applications would include
local (on-eard) regulators which eau eliminate the no and degraded perforrnanee associated Wilh single-point
regulation.

The 7805 is VOLTAGE REGULATOR.

It looks like transistor but it is acqually an integrated circuit With 3 legs. Turn it into nice; smooth 5 volts DC.
You need to feed it at least 8 volts and no nujre than 30 volts ta do this, It can handle around io amps, hut it geis
LJSe a heat sink, Run offof5 volis„ It can take a crappy DC voltage and Use il circuits than need to use or
run volts.

The LM341 and LM'*MXX series of three-terminal positive voltage regulators employ built-in current limiting,
ilærmal shutdown, and safe-operating area protection which nuke them virtually i datnage from output overloads,

With adequate heat sinking, they can deliver in eseess of O,SA Output current. Typical applications would
include local (on-eard) regulators which can el iminate the noise and degraded performance associated with
single-point regulat ion,
These regulators are rugged, provide over-eurrcm shut down, and will give a constant 6 volts output for
currents from 0 io i amp. They are good for running low current (i-volt things like gauges, If your entire gauges
draw a total of over about O,7$amps, itfs o good idea to use than Ota: regulator With one Ot two gauges
connected on regulator; OR use an output transistor to boost current. (Yeah. we'll get illat ia a minute) When
using the 7806, it's a good idea io connect a snull capacitor from the ii1pL11 pin io ground and another from the
output pin to ground. The value of the capacitors is fairly non-critical and any value from OnluF to IOuF' (thuds
micro-Varads) @ 2Svolts or nujre will work just fine. The capacitors help protect the regulator from electrical
noise' and to stabilize tiw- output under certain load Conditions. My favorite caps forthis are I LiF. 35v.

Resistors
In general.a resistor is used to create a known voltage-to-eurrenl ratio in an electric Circuit. lithe current in a
circuit is known, then a resislor can be used to create a potential differervee proportional to that current.
Conversely, if the potential difference between two points in circuit is known. a resistor can be used to create a
known current proportional to that difference.
Current-limiting, By placing a resistor in series another component. such as a light-emitting diode the
current through that component is reduced to a known safv value
2. An attenuator a network oflwo or more resistors (a voltage divider) used 10 reduce the voltage of a
signal.
Ali resistors dissipate heat Thi* is the principle behind electric heaters

13
One of the common ways to reduce the voltage is by using resistor, A resislor reduces voltage by an nmount
proportional to the value ofthe resistor (in Ohms) times the current flow through resisqor. The (Ohms law) is:
V x Rw where V is the voltage dropped across the resistor, I the current through the resistor in amps and R is the
value ofthe rcsistor in ohms.

At the early stages of project, it Was thought that a mobile phone charging algorithm •would to be
implemented. Early reseatch indicated that mobile phone charging algorithm is emplpyed on the phone itself and
io charge a mobile phone it is just amatier orsupplying the correct voltage 'he charging input ofihe phone. It was
decided ihai the best way to verity the operalion Ota nwbile phone charger was to reverse engineer a eonunercial
charger,

For example

You have 0 6 volt radio that draws 3 amps; You Want run it on 12VOltS, YOur 12 sysiem actually is
at abs»ui 13.*v with the motorrunning and you wani the radio to get about 6.8 volts. which is roughly what the
system voltage would be on a ruming 6 volt system. So.,v

You've got I .8.Sv. but you wam on a device that draws amps. - 6.8v so you need 10 drop 7 volts across the
resistor al 3 anips„ Since V I R. il follows R V and ifwe plug our numbers in wc get R 7 3, orR 2.33 ohms to get
6.8 volts on a radio that draws 3 amps, 233 Ohms is kind Ofan Odd value. and you Will probably have 10 use 2.5
Ohms, Which would give 6.3 volts instead.

The power drop across the resistor causes it to heat up, so we need nuke surc the resistor can handle the
power load Without buming out, That'S What the Wattage rating is all about. In our example; we dropped 7 volts
across the resistor at 3 amps, and since W V I. our resistor will convert 21 watts of power inio heat. That means
our resistor must be rated for an •absolute minimums of21 A larger wattage resistor will run eooler_ and its good
practice to use a resistor rated for at least SOY. higher wattage than you expect to handle. For our radio example. t
would use a resistor to do the job. watts is quite a bit of he-at„, thinking al»ut how lnuch heat a
25-wait light bulb mak•s! Make sure that you nwuni voltage dropping resistors where they can't a fire hazard, or
bake any nearby plastic or rubber parts,

SWITCHES
In electronics, is an electrical component that break an electric-al circuiL interrupting the current or
diverting it from one conductor to another. The familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical
device with one or nwre seis of electrical ean1ae1s_A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a

14
control signal 10 a sy•slem; such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in circuit, such as a
light switch.
Automatically-operated switches be used to control the nn•tiOtÄS Of

Solar
RegulatorCharger
Panel
OUT PUT JACK.
Output jack is used to collcct the output ofour circuit. bit give an output 0[3.6 volts, output jock is connected to
mobile iör the purpose ofcharging ii

WORKING
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3" Circuit Diagram

CIRCUIT WORKING :
The working Ofthe circuit i;ssimplc. The Of the solar is fed Via diode I NS402 which as a polarity guard and
protects the solar panel. An ammeter connected in series between diode DI and iilse to measure the current
flowing during charging of the batteries, As in fig.. We have used analogue mulli meter in _fOOMa range,
Diode 02 ids used for protection against reverse polarity in case Of wrong Connection Of the lead-acid battery.
When you connect wrong polarity, the fuse will blow up.

15
For charging a lead-acid battery. Shift switch Sl to •on' position and use connector After you connect the battery,
charging starts from the solar panel via diode DI. multi meter and fuse, Note that pulsating DC is ille best for
charging lead-acid batteries,
Mobile phones' becoming the major source of business'pcrsonal Communication. the mobile phone business is
currently worth bil lion of dollars. and supports millions of phones. The need to provide a public charging service
is essentiali Many critics argued that a public nwbile phone charging service is a lucrative business because users
can charge lhei:r phones at home, in their ofiiee or in their ears. Coin Operated Mobile Phone Charger is a new
business milestone because many are attending business conventions and forgetting tl'teir Charger at home Of in
hotel rooms. Students and many that Lusc the public transportation that dent know that their level of their battery
is low are prospective customers for coin operated nwhile phone charger service, Recommended locations
include: Hotels, coniérenee centers. exhibition halls, servieed oilieess exchange halls, motels, leikure centers,
health clubs, training centers, golf clubs, retail outlets, shopping Internet cafes, universities; colleges, hall of
residence, airportsq train etc.. SO that tlw mobilc phone can reactivate a JOW Or dead battery by Simply
plugging in and charging for one rupee. Here is a design based on ATMEL S9cS a 40-pin micro controller
does the countdown liming for a period of 3 mints with LCD displays showing the actual time left. During the
timing period a relay output is latched and a flashing led indicates timing in progress.

The solar panels produce sane direct current we cannot be used in household appliances, The solar panel system
will power the load whenever sun is shining strongly enough and the Will Stop When it is not. sunny
weather solar pane' supply so electricity to the battery that it overcharges. When this happens. ihe acid and Water
mixture in the battery decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen. Reducing the acid level and eventually destroying
the battery if not slopped, On the olher hand ifthcre is nol much sun or we have been 100 ambitiOus for
electricity, 11K•re will be drawn from the battery then the solar panel capable of replacing. This makes the
battery go flat, The battery no longer electricity supply we recharge. In simple sysqelil cither overcharge or
flaitcn the battery• both reduce the battery life. TO solve this problem, we add a package Of electronics known as
charge controller. This controller prevents the solar panel from overcharging the battery during 'he sunny weather
as well as protecting the battery from going flat; it tan protect the battery in this way by disconnecting the
read from battery, Systems as in above figure but including Charge controller eati work and have been used in
ntany opplicatiotis„

16
Applications :
Relatively small Sib: allows rvwbiie (ideal for eamping and Other recreation)

2. System requ no electrical start-up power

Salar concentrator can be used with any heat source

4. Higher eilieieney than photovoltaic (PV) systems of the sarne scale

5, Ability to recharge AA batteries anytime and anywhere there is sunlight

6, and power source

Features :
Versatile and effective solar concentrator (numerous available heat sources)

Charges standard capacity AA Nickel-metal hydride cell hours

Outputs eonstant tate Of charging current

Intelligent battery charging

17
 CONCLUSION
To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up ta all of us to use energy w Esely,

2. wc must all COOScrVC enctgy and it efficiently, It' also up to those Who Will create the new energy
technologies of the future,
3, All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the greenhouse effect and global
warming, air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest and development in renewable
energy sources such as wind, geothermal. Wave power and hydrogen
4, In solar charger ripples will not there as we use DC power directly to charge the mobile.
5. Battery life is more as high voltages are nat developed,
6, Versatility of Solac mobile charger is high-

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 REFERENCES
Rhodes, Christopher J Solar Energy Principles and Possibilities.

2. Higgins, James M .SOlar Energy May Soon Power Our Homes, Offices Buildings,

Automobiles, and iPods.

Childress, Vincent W Solar Power the Solution,

4, Marshall Cavendish Science and Technology.

5.ZehnCr _The Dirty Secrets ofClean Energy and the Future of Environmentalism.

6.David Elliott ,Technology for a Sustainable Futule.

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