Study On Solar Power Plant

Solar Power Plant 2022
CONTENTS
1. Introduction ...............................................................................
2. Solar Technologies.................................................................
 Photovoltaic cells
 Concentrated Solar Power
3. History of Solar Development ……………………………
4. Solar power in India………………………………………

5. Installations by region……………………………………..
6.Typical steps for developing a solar project………………
7. How to Build PV Solar Plant………………………………
8. Environmental impacts…………………………………….
 land use, Section
 human health and well-being, Section
 wildlife and habitat, Section
 Geo-hydrological resources, and Section
 Climate and Greenhouse gases.
9. Advantage &Disadvantages of Solar Energy.
10. Results & Conclusion
11. Reference
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Introduction
Solar power is the conversion of renewable energy from sunlight into electricity, either

directly using photovoltaic (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a
combination.
Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic

effect. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to
focus a large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to drive a steam turbine.
Photovoltaic were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized
applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by
an off-grid rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first
developed in the 1980s. Since then, as the cost of solar electricity has fallen, grid-
connected solar PV systems have grown more or less exponentially. Millions of installations
and gig watt-scale photovoltaic power stations have been and are being built. Solar PV has
rapidly become a viable low-carbon technology, and as of 2020, provides the cheapest source
of electricity in history. As of 2021, solar generates 4% of the world's electricity, compared
to 1% in 2015 when the Paris Agreement to limit climate change was signed. Along
with onshore wind, the cheapest lively cost of electricity is utility-scale
solar. The International Energy Agency said in 2021 that under its "Net Zero by 2050"
scenario solar power would contribute about 20% of worldwide energy consumption, and
solar would be the world's largest source of electricity.
Solar Technologies
Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into
their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an
increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on
expensive imported fuels(see solar power by country). Long-distance transmission allows
remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants
use one of two technologies:
 Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in ground-mounted solar
farms, converting sunlight directly into electric power.
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 Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as "concentrated solar thermal") plants use
solar thermal energy to make steam, which is thereafter converted into electricity by a
turbine.
a. Photovoltaic cells
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current
using the photovoltaic effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Frits in the
1880s. The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who
recognized the importance of this discovery. In 1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange
developed a photo cell using silver serenaded in place of copper oxide, although the
prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following
the work of Russell Ohm in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl
Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954.
These early solar cells cost US$286/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. In 1957,
Mohamed M. At all a developed the process of silicon surface passivation by thermal
oxidation at Bell Labs. The surface passivation process has since been critical to solar cell
efficiency.The array of a photovoltaic power system, or PV system, produces direct current
(DC) power which fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually
requires conversion to certaindesired voltages or alternating current (AC), through the use of
inverters. Multiple solar cells reconnected inside modules. Modules are wired together to
form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for
AC, the desired frequency/phase.Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid
wherever available, especially in developed countries with large markets. In these grid-
connected PV systems, use of energy storage isoptional. In certain applications such as
satellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries,batteries or additional power generators are
often added as back-ups. Such stand-alone powersystems permit operations at night and at
other times of limited sunlight.
Schematics of a grid-connected
residential PV power system
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b. Concentrated solar power
Concentrated solar power (CSP), also called "concentrated solar thermal", uses lenses or
mirrors and tracking systems to concentrate sunlight, then use the resulting heat to
generate electricity from conventional steam-driven turbines.
A wide range of concentrating technologies exists: among the best known are the parabolic
trough, the compact linear Fresnel reflector, the dish Starling and the solar power
tower. Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light. In all of these
systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for
power generation or energy storage. Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24-HOUR
electricity generation.
A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a
receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned along
the focal points other linear parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid. The reflector
is made to follow the sun during daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. Parabolic
trough systems provide the best land-use factor of any solar technology. The Solar Energy
Generating Systems plants in California and Acetone’s Nevada Solar One near Boulder
City, Nevada are representatives of thistechnology.Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are
CSP-plants which use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate
sunlight onto two tubes with working fluid. This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be
used which is much cheaper than parabolic mirrors, and that more reflectors can be placed in
the same amount of space, allowing more of the available sunlight to be used. Concentrating
linear fresnel reflectors can be used in either large or more compact plants. The Starling
solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Sterling engine which normally
drives an electricgenerator. The advantages of Stifling solar over photovoltaic cells are
higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime. Parabolic dish
systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies. The 50 kW Big Dish in
Canberra, Australia is an example of this technology. A solar power tower uses an array of
tracking reflectors(heliostats) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop atoner. Power
towers can achieve higher (thermal-to-electricity conversion) efficiency than linear tracking
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CSP schemes and better energy storage capability than dish stirlingtechnologies. The PS10
Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology.
A parabolic collector
concentratessunlight onto a tube in its
focal point.
History of Solar Development
The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an
expectation that coal would soon become scarce, such as experiments by Augustan Mooches.
[31] Charles Frets installed the world's first rooftop photovoltaic solar array, using 1%-
efficient selenium cells, on a New York City roof in 1884.[32] However, development of
solar technologies stagnated in the early20th century in the face of the increasing availability,
economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.
 Mid-1990s to 2010
In the mid-1990s development of both, residential and commercial rooftop solar as

well as utility-scale photovoltaic power stations began to accelerate again due to
supply issues with oil and natural gas, global warming concerns, and the improving
economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies. In the early 2000s, the
adoption of feed-in tariffs—a policy mechanism, that gives renewable priority on the
grid and defines a fixed price for the generated electricity—led to a high level of
investment security and to a soaring number of PV deployments in Europe.
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700
600
500
400
300
200
100
2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
Worldwide deployment of solar power
Growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1992

by technology since 2006
Solar PV CSP
l Solar thermal
 2010s
For several years, worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment, but
then shifted to
Asia, especially China and Japan, and to a growing number of countries andregions all over
the world. The largest manufacturers we relocated in China. Although concentrated solar
power grew more than tenfold it remained a tiny proportion of the total
 2020s
Despite the rising cost of materials, such as polysilicon, during the 2021–2022 global energy
crisis; the cost of some other energy sources, such as natural gas, rose more thus making
utility scale solar the cheapest energy source in many countries. However growth continued
to be hindered by fossil-fuel subsidies.
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Current states
Most new renewable capacity between 2021 and 2026 is forecast to be solar. Utility scale is
forecast to become the largest capacity in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. According to
a 2021 study global electricity generation potential of rooftop solar panels is estimated at 27
PWh per year at cost ranging from $40 (Asia) to $240 per MWh (US, Europe). Its practical
realization will however depend on the availability and cost of scalable electricity storage
solutions. A forecast done by EPIA / Green peace, shows that in the future, the most
enterprising outlook for the increased use of solar technology depends on existing market
support continuing to rise and grow, and the encouragement of the addition of other market
support mechanisms towards the growth of solar PV. This positive outlook could take the
capacity of solar PV to 1845 GW by 2030. If less political support exists in the future, the
outlook would still be near1000 GW by 2030. Another joint study done by Greenpeace
International and the European Renewable Energy Council, estimates that by 2050 solar PV
growth could hit 2033 GW.
Solar Power In India
Solar power in India is a fast developing industry

as part of the renewable energy in India. The
country's solar installed capacity was 56.951 GW
as of 1 June 2022. The Indian Government had an
initial target of 20 GW capacities for 2022, which
was achieved four years ahead of schedule. In
2015 the target was raised to 100 GW of solar
capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by
2022, targeting an investment of US$100 billion. India has established nearly 42 solar parks
to make land available to the promoters of solar plants. The Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy had stated that a further 36.03 GW (as of January 31, 2021) of solar projects are
under various stages of implementation and 23.87 GW are in the tendering process.
Rooftop solar power accounts for 2.1 GW, of which 70% is industrial or commercial. In
addition to its large-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) initiative, India is
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developing off-grid solar power for local energy needs. Solar products have increasingly
helped to meet rural needs; by the end of 2015 just under one million solar lanterns were sold
in the country, reducing the need for kerosene. That year, 1,18,700 solar home lighting
systems were installed and 46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided under a
national programme; just over 14 lakh (1.4 million) solar cookers were distributed in India.
During 2010-19, the foreign capital invested in India on Solar power projects was nearly 20.7
billion US$. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), proposed by India as a founder member,
is headquartered in India. India has also put forward the concept of "One Sun One World One
Grid" and "World Solar Bank" to harness abundant solar power on global scale.
Installations by region
Installed cumulative state-wise capacity

Sta 31 Dec 2016 31 Mar 2017 31 Mar 2019 31 Mar 2021
te
Rajasthan 1,317.64 1,812.93 3,226.79 5,732.58
Punjab 545.43 793.95 905.62 959.50
Uttar Pradesh 239.26 336.73 960.10 1,712.50
Uttarakhand 45.10 233.49 306.75 368.41
Haryana 53.27 81.40 224.52 407.83
Delhi 38.78 40.27 126.89 192.97
Jammu & Kashmir 1 1.36 14.83 20.73
Chandigarh - 17.32 34.71 45.16
Himachal Pradesh 0.33 0.73 22.68 42.73
Gujarat 1,158.5 1,249.37 2,440.13 4,430.82
Maharashtra 430.46 452.37 1,633.54 2,289.97
Chhattisgarh - 128.86 231.35 252.48
Madhya Pradesh 840.35 857.04 1,840.16 2,463.22
Dadra and Nagar - 2.97 5.46 5.46
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Haveli
Goa - 0.71 3.81 7.44
Daman and Diu - 10.46 14.47 40.55
Tamil Nadu 1,590.97 1,691.83 2,575.22 4,475.21
Andhra Pradesh 979.65 1,867.23 3,085.68 4,203.00
Telangana 973.41 1,286.98 3,592.09 3,953.12
Kerala - 1,844.20 161.057 257.00
Karnataka 327.53 1,027.84 6,095.56 7,355.17
Puducherry - 0.08 3.14 9.33
Bihar 95.91 108.52 142.45 159.51
Odisha 77.64 79.42 394.73 401.72
Jharkhand 17.51 23.27 34.95 52.06
West Bengal 23.07 26.14 75.95 149.84
Sikkim 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.07
Assam 11.18 11.78 22.40 42.99
Tripura 5.02 5.09 5.09 9.41
Arunachal Pradesh 0.27 0.27 5.39 5.61
Mizoram 0.10 0.10 0.50 1.53
Manipur 0.01 0.03 3.44 6.36
Meghalaya 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.12
Nagaland 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00
Andaman and 5.10 6.56 11.73 29.22

Nicobar
Lakshadweep 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Others 58.31 58.31 0.00
Total India 6,762.85 12,288.83 28,180.66 40,085.37

(MW)
Total India 6.7 12.2 28.1 40.0
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(GW)
Karnataka
Karnataka is the top solar state in India exceeding 5,000 MW installed capacity by the end off
inancial year 2017–18. The installed capacity of Pavagada Solar Park is 2050 MW by the end
of year 2019 which was the world biggest solar park at that time.
Typical steps for developing a solar project:
• creating a concept;
• finding a plot of land;
• detailed prefeasibility study;
• feasibility study of the project;
• obtaining permits and contracting;
• engineering and construction;
How to build PV Solar Plant
I.dentifying the location.

1. Determining the grid connection point.
2. Pre-construction documentation & negotiations.
3. Infrastructure (roads, fence, security)
4. Purchase of equipment & logistics.
5. Mounting of the supporting structures.
6. Solar panels and inverters installation & connection.
Environmental impacts
To identify the environmental impacts due to installation and operation of large-scale solar
power we reviewed the published
science literature and sought expert opinion. We organized our findings into 32 impacts,
which are described in the following subsections:
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 land use, Section
 human health and well-being, Section
 wildlife and habitat, Section
 geo hydro logical resources, and Section
 climate and greenhouse gases.
Each subsection holds a table that lists relevant impacts. the second column of these tables a
description is given of the physical effect on the measurable impact indicator that arises from
solar power displacing U.S. traditional power. In the third column each impact is appraised in
comparison to impacts from traditional U.S. electricity generation, e.g., 45% coal, 23%
natural gas, 20% nuclear, 7% hydro, 1% petroleum, and 4% other renewable . This appraisal
classifies the impact from solar power as beneficial or detrimental. The justification for a
comparative method is that solar electricity generation capacity will displace traditional
generation capacity. A comparative approach was also used by the International Energy
Agency’s assessment of renewable energy technologies and the National Research Council’s
assessment of wind energy environmental impacts . The fourth column lists a priority for
each respective impact. Our determination of priority follows a protocol similar to that of
“significance” from the U.S. National Environmental Protection Act, 40 CFR 1508.27 .
 Land use
Land use intensity is an important impact because it is often used as a proxy for other
impacts. Land-use intensity may be quantified by the following metrics:
(i) land area “transformation” per unit of time-averaged power output (km2 GW−1) or per
nameplate “peak” capacity (km2 GWp−1)
(ii) land area transformation per unit of electric energy generated (km2 TW h−1), and (iii)
land area “occupation” per unit of electrical energy generated (km2 yr TW h−1).
The metric “transformation” focuses on the one-time action of changing the physical nature
of the land, i.e., installation. Alternatively, the metric “occupation” is a measurement of land
being used for
a known period of time, defined as land area multiplied by the length of time that the land
area is held in use. The length of time needed for the land to recover from use should be
included in this length of time.
The occupation metric captures
the impact from both the
installation and operation phases,
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Fig. 2 Comparisons of land use intensity metrics for large-scale solar and coal power. The left
ordinate shows land transformation, and right ordinate shows land occupation. For both ordinates
the dashed line is the average result for coal powered electricity while the solid line is the average
result for solar powered electricity. The gray shaded areas give the range of sensitivity of the
whereas the transformation metric captures only the installation phase. Here we compare land
use intensity for the life-cycles of photovoltaic power & coal power.
Fig.2 shows the calculations of

land transformation and occupation as a function of lifetime of
the operation phase. Solar power plants are currently designed for 30+ years of operation. As
the lifetime of a solar power plant gets longer, the land transformation per capacity is
unchanged, but the
land occupation per energy generated decreases. The coal power life-cycle on the other hand
requires mining to obtain the fuel. In the United States 70% of produced coal is obtained by
strip-mining , wherein the land yields a one-time amount of coal per land surface area.
Mining for coal can be described as a land transformation per unit of energy generated (km2
TW h−1). Additionally,
since the topsoil of mined land takes several decades to restore itself, it can be described as
land occupation per unit of energy generated (km2 yr TW h−1). Coal power also requires
land for the power plant itself, and land for railways to transport the coal from the mine, both
of which should be described with either of the previous two sets of units. Land use for solar
power, on the other
hand, does not require mining for fuel, and is often described with units of land per rated
capacity (e.g., km2 GW−1). However, to compare the two life cycles, both are described
herein in units of land occupation or transformation units per energy generated.
 Human health and well-being
The impacts to human health and well-being from solar energy in forested regions. Most of
the impacts are beneficial, due to a reduction in toxics emissions arising from the combustion
of fossil fuels. For example, a recent study found that 49% of lakes and reservoirs in the U.S.
contain fish with concentrations of mercury (Hg) above safe consumption limits. Solar
power equipment releases 50–1000 times less direct Hg emissions than traditional electricity
generation, i.e., 0.1 g Hg GW h−1 as compared to 15 g Hg GW h−1 from coal. In the US, at
least 65% of the mercury deposited in lakes and reservoirs originates from burning fossil
fuels. Photo voltaics made with CdTe emit 0.02 g Cd GW h−1 when manufactured with clean
electricity, which is 100–300 times smaller than emissions from coal power generation.
Emissions of NOx, SO2, and many other pollutants, are orders of magnitude smaller than
those from traditional power. Emissions of these toxics and others, including particulates, are
significant burdens on human health. Carbon dioxide emissions also pose risks to human
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health and well-being, due to climate change and the associated effects: sea level rise,
extreme weather, food security, and socioeconomic change. Fossil fuel power plants emit
64% of greenhouse gases worldwide and most of the remaining emissions are due to
petroleum use that can be partly replaced by electricity from clean power sources.
Assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions of solar power life cycles are given in Section.
 Wildlife and habitat

The impact on plant and animal life is a major hurdle for permitting the construction of solar
power plants. Solar projects in the desert southwest of the United States generate controversy
regarding their disruption to wildlife and habitat, and recent environmental impact statements
have estimated impacts to wildlife that require extensive mitigation efforts . Large areas of
desert land in California may be excluded from solar energy development
due partly to concerns for wildlife . The science behind these ecological impacts is poorly
understood, mostly because these large-scale power plants are a new technology. The
majority impact to wildlife and habitat is due to land occupation by the power plant itself.
The power plant is typically enclosed by a fence, limiting movement by animals. Some
fences have openings to allow small animals to enter the facilities. With or without these
openings, the habitat of the land changes significantly. Hiding spots, preying strategy, food
availability will all be affected. The soil is sometimes scraped to bare ground during
construction and kept free of vegetation with herbicide, while in other cases the vegetation is
allowed to grow but is mowed frequently to keep it below a few feet tall. In either case, a
significant alteration to the vegetation occurs. The PV panels themselves will cast shadows
and change the microclimate, causing an unstudied effect on vegetation. The only
quantitative study of impacts to wildlife from solar
Power is that of McCrary et al. Who measured death of birds, bats, and insects at the Solar
One concentrating solar power tower near Daggett, CA in desert land. Six birds per year died
and hundreds of insects per hour were incinerated in the intense light. This impact was
concluded to be low compared to other anthropogenic sources of bird and insect fatality.
Academic publications contain only hypothetical analyses, and are very brief.
Several environmental impact statements give more thorough projections
Of the anticipated impacts. For example, environmental impact statement for the Ivanpah
Solar Electric Generating System reported that “significant impact” would occur for the
threatened desert tortoise, five special-status animal species, and five special-status plants in
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the local area. Significant impact is a legal term used in conjunction with the U.S. endangered
species act, and denotes the anticipated loss of an amount of habitat that will hinder
the recovery of the species. An environmental impact report prepared for the 550 MWp
Topaz photovoltaic project in grasslands and abandoned farmlands of central California
found the potential for significant impact to dozens of protected animal and plant species in
the region. Through extensive mitigation efforts, funded by the solar project itself, these
anticipated impacts were reduced to be less than significant. However it should be kept in
mind
That monitoring of impacts is just beginning. The impact to wildlife will be tightly correlated
to the biodiversity of the land on which the power plant is built. Biodiversity, as measured by
species density, is documented most thoroughly by the recent Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment, which ranked biodiversity in the world’s biomes from greatest to least as
follows:
Tropical rainforests,
Tropical grasslands,
Deserts and xeric
Shrublands,
Tropical/sub-tropical dry broadleaf forests,
Montane grasslands and shrublands,
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests,
Flooded grasslands and savannas,
Tropical coniferous forests,
Temperate coniferous forests,
Mediterranean forests and scrublands,
Boreal forests, and lastly tundra.
For our current paper we use fewer numbers of biomes, which are ranked from greatest to
least biodiversity as follows: forests, grasslands, desert shrub lands, and true deserts. Sunlight
and water availability can significantly
Alter the biodiversity in any of these biomes, by a factor of two, and endangered species can
live in any biome. Consequently, a customized study of the wildlife and ecosystem
surrounding each power plant is recommended as a best practice.
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 Geo hydrological resources

Anticipated impacts to geo-hyrological resources, again relative to traditional power
production in the United States. Possible impacts to geo hydrological resources include the
erosion of topsoil, increase of sediment load or turbidity in local streams, reduction in the
filtration of pollutants from air and rainwater, the reduction of groundwater recharge, or the
increased likelihood of flooding . For example, mitigation plans for storm flow surface water
were required for the 400 MW Ivanpah power plants in California, and the U.S. BLM and
DOE require. If solar power plants are built on slopes, access roads between the panels could
produce erosion similar to that seen in vineyards. For example, soil infiltration rates, runoff
ratios, and evapotranspiration typically change by factors of two or three when the native
vegetation is replaced with agriculture . Lessons from forestry give caution to removal of
trees on sloping hillsides. Recent solar power plants in Spain are expanding into high slope
terrain, 10% slopes or greater, and rack mounting manufacturers are pushing the market
space in this direction. Forests offer many other natural services, e.g., flood water reduction
or stream bank protection. If the forest’s capacity to purify water is degraded then additional
municipal purification facilities may need construction. Recent assessment of these issues
finds that mitigation of these impacts are easily achievable. However, since these assessments
are based on scientific
Projections rather than measurements, studies and monitoring are recommended for
conservation of the local hydrological and soil resources.
 Impacts on climate, and greenhouse gas emissions

A major motivation for deploying solar power is to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide from
traditional power generation. When installing solar power in forested regions, this motivation
needs further research because, as mentioned earlier, trees and brush must be removed to
prevent shading of solar panels. Typically, any plant taller than 0.5 m is cut or removed, and
tree roots are removed to allow posts to be driven into the ground. In this
subsection we estimate the CO2 released by the removal of vegetation, and present a full life
cycle CO2 emission rate for large-scale solar power. At the end of the subsection, we discuss
possible climate impacts from surface abide and heat island effects. The average biomass
density in a forest, including soil, ranges from 100,000 kg C ha−1 to 500,000 kg C ha−1
depending on age of the forest and local climate. The soil and root mass accounts for roughly
50% of this carbon. Boreal forests hold considerably
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more carbon in soils, but we are not considering them as viable locations for large-scale solar
technology. The removed timber, brush, and woody debris can be: (i) turned to mulch, (ii)
burned, or (iii) used as lumber for construction or in another long-lived wood product. A
portion of the third case may be considered carbon sequestration. In the first two cases, a
release of CO2 is made to the atmosphere, whereas in the third case, the release of CO2 is
delayed for decades or centuries. For this study we define carbon sequestration in the context
of the 100-year global warming potential (GWP) , i.e., a net transfer of carbon out of the
atmosphere, or net avoidance of emission to the atmosphere, for which the transfer or
avoidance persists for at least 100 years. A study of the Oregon forestry industry found that
roughly 20% of forest biomass cut for forestry products is sequestered on long time scales .
Studies of sawmill operations confirm this view, and show
More than 50% of round wood is lost as waste at the sawmill or put into short-lived products
such as paper. For our present analysis we assume that between 25% and 50% of the
deforested carbon is sequestered or is used in products that offset emissions elsewhere, and
the remaining 50–75% becomes a new emission of CO2 to the atmosphere. These same
numbers also cover the scenario that the cut vegetation becomes firewood, in which case we
assume that 25–50% of the deforested carbon displaces firewood production from elsewhere.
Advantage &Disadvantages of Solar Energy

Advantages of Solar Energy Disadvantages of Solar Energy
Renewable Energy Source Cost
Reduces Electricity Bills Weather Dependent
Diverse Applications Solar Energy Storage is Expensive
Low Maintenance Costs Uses a Lot of Space
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To Study the Characteristic of A Photo-Voltaic Cell (Solar Cell)
Apparatus:
a Solar cell, dc voltmeter, dc mili ammeter (or micro –ammeter) a dial type resistance
box, 2 one way keys, a 60 W lamp.etc
Procedure:
1. keep the solar model in the sunlight for 15-20 min with the light rays falling normally over
it, so that it gets properly activated.
2. Draw a diagram showing the scheme of connections of the photovoltaic cell as show in
the below figure. The experiment is preferably performed in a dark room to avoid the effect
of any stray light falling on the photo voltile cell.
3. Place the 100W lamp close to the cell so that light from the lamp falls normally on the
cell. Put the key k1 (keeping k2 open)and note the reading of the voltmeter for open circuit
v0c.take out the key k1.
4. Now put the key k2(keeping k1 open) and make resistance box zero and note the reading of
milli ammeter under short circuit conditions Isc.
5.Now put in the both the keys k 1 and k2. Slowly introduce the resistance from the resistance
box first in small steps of say 20 ohms and then in larger of say 50 ohms. For each value of
the resistance note the resistance, the voltmeter reading and the mili ammeter reading .take
out the keys k1 and k2 and switch off the lamp. Repeat the experiment with a lamp of a higher
or lower power (wattage).
Observation:
Voltmeter reading for open circuit
Voc = Volt
Milli ammeter reading with zero resistance from the resistance box (short circuit)
Isc = mA
Formula : = vm ×Im
voc×Isc
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Diagram:
Tabular Column:
Normal Efficiency of Solar Cell Readings
Sl R Reading of Power
no ohms(Ω) =V×I(mW)
Voltmeter (V) Current I(mA)
1 50 Ω 0.83 13.50 11.20
2 100 Ω 1.55 13.58 21.04
3 150 Ω 2.22 13.45 29.85
4 200 Ω 2.90 13.30 38.57
5 250 Ω 3.50 12.73 44.55
6 300 Ω 3.78 11.95 45.17
7 350 Ω 4 11 44
8 400 Ω 4.18 10.05 43.89
9 450 Ω 4.29 9.20 39.46
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10 500 Ω 4.37 8.50 37.14

i)Voltage current or V-I graph, Taking I along the X axis and V along the Y axis draw the V-I
graph. Draw a rectangle having maximum area under V-I curve note the values of Vm and Im.
a) Value of Vm from the graph =3.5 Volts
b) Value of Im from the graph =12.73 mA
c) Maximum useful power (Vm×Im)=44.55 mW
d) Ideal power Voc×Isc = 66.27mW
e) Fill factor = vm ×Im = 44.55÷66.27= 0.672 MW
voc×Isc
6.Draw the following graphs;
4
3.5
3
2.5
Coating
Voltmeter(V)
2
1.5 with
1
limestone
0.5
0
7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5
Current(I)
Sl no R ohms(Ω) Reading of Power V×l(mW)
Voltmeter (V) Current I(mA)
1
50 Ω 0.62 10.21 6.33
2 100 Ω 1.10 10.07 11.07
3 150 Ω 1.63 9.96 16.23
4 200 Ω 2.04 9.82 20.03
Page | 19
5 250 Ω 2.47 9.65 23.83
6 300 Ω 2.91 9.56 27.81
7 350 Ω 3.31 9.16 30.31
8 400 Ω 3.55 8.66 30.74
9 450 Ω 3.76 8.16 30.68
10 500 Ω 3.88 7.63 29.60

a) Value of Vm from the graph =2.91 Volts
b) Value of Im from the graph =9.56 mA
c) Maximum useful power (Vm×Im) =27.81 mW
d) Ideal power Voc×Isc = 51.54mW
e) Fill factor = vm ×Im = 27.81÷51.54= 0.53m
voc×Isc
GRAPH:
4
3.5
3
2.5
Voltmeter(V)
2
1.5
1
Coating
0.5 with
0
7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 wax
Current(I)
Sl no R ohms(Ω)
1 50 Ω
Page | 20
2 100 Ω 1.77 14.95 26.46
3 150 Ω 2.45 14.90 36.50
4 200 Ω 3.45 14.55 50.19

5 250 Ω 3.70 14.18 52.46
6 300 Ω 4.04 13.01 52.56
7 350 Ω 4.26 11.82 50.35

8 400 Ω 4.29 10.48 44.95
9 450 Ω 4.55 9.67 43.99
10 500 Ω 4.65 8.60 39.99
Value of Vm from the graph =4.8Volts

Value of Im from the graph =13 mA
Maximum useful power (Vm×Im) =52 mW
Ideal power Voc×Isc = 64.46mW
Fill factor = vm ×Im = 52÷64.46= 0.80mw

voc×Isc
graph
5
4.5
4
Voltm ete r(V)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
current(I)
Page | 21
Page | 22
Adhani solar power plant at kalluru.
It has a 400 acres land and producing 50MW per day
Generation timing = 6:30am to 6:00 pm
Its supplies the current through the over Head lines to the KPTCL.
Solar plant field visit information collection
Working of solar panel (Transfer of current from solar panel station to KPTCL)
--- DC Supply with the series connection
Model fig .
 1 string = 22 model ,1 model=72 cells and 1 cell = 1000volts

 1 Inverter =9 strings
 1 ACB box= 4 Inverter
 LT panel (low tension )
 Step up Transformer 555/33 KV
 HT panel (high tension )
 Power transformer 33/110
 KPTCL -YELBURGA
Note: 1 Panel=325 MW, 1 model (72cells)
Problems:
 Cable cuts at any time
 Cell damage
Risk Timing
 Winter season –High peak
 Summer season –Current leakage.
Net Profit =Export – Import.
Page | 23
Results:-
The efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) panel is affected by its operating by its operating
Temperature . Having high irradiance produces high electrical ooutput but also heats
up the panel and reducing the panels efficiency. This study investigates the effect of
cooling solar PV panels using limestone and Wax as phase change material applied to
the back plate of a solar PV panel.
i. When solar panel is coated with limestone. Its efficiency becomes 50%
ii. When solar panel is coated with Wax then the efficiency of solar panel is 80%
which is 20% more than Normal panel.
The Results indicated that the efficiency is more with coating Wax and by this we
can increase efficiency. Hence we get more electricity.
Page | 24
Conclusion:
The solar panel power plants during summer seasons. Where might be an advantage,
where we can produce maximum electricity but in winter it becomes lesser one that’s
why we need to maximize the efficiency of panels so we used to coated with different
like (Tio2 ,ZnO, CDO Caco3 Wax).
Materials and we get a higher efficiency and high electricity for sustainable Development
.We have to use renewable source and by this we conclude that here coast benefit
ratio is High. When we use coated panel of WAX.
Page | 25
Reference/bibliography
1. www.iberdral.com
2. www.frontriersin.com
3. www.scribd.com
4. www.slideshare.com
5. www.twi-global.com
6. https;//en,m,Wikipedia,org>wiki
Page | 26

Study On Solar Power Plant

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Study On Solar Power Plant

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Solar Power Plant 2022

3. History of Solar Development ……………………………

4. Solar power in India………………………………………

7. How to Build PV Solar Plant………………………………

Solar power is the conversion of renewable energy from sunlight into electricity, either

Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic

b. Concentrated solar power

History of Solar Development

In the mid-1990s development of both, residential and commercial rooftop solar as

2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

Worldwide deployment of solar power

Growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1992

Solar power in India is a fast developing industry

Installed cumulative state-wise capacity

Rajasthan 1,317.64 1,812.93 3,226.79 5,732.58

Punjab 545.43 793.95 905.62 959.50

Uttar Pradesh 239.26 336.73 960.10 1,712.50

Uttarakhand 45.10 233.49 306.75 368.41

Haryana 53.27 81.40 224.52 407.83

Delhi 38.78 40.27 126.89 192.97

Jammu & Kashmir 1 1.36 14.83 20.73

Chandigarh - 17.32 34.71 45.16

Himachal Pradesh 0.33 0.73 22.68 42.73

Gujarat 1,158.5 1,249.37 2,440.13 4,430.82

Maharashtra 430.46 452.37 1,633.54 2,289.97

Chhattisgarh - 128.86 231.35 252.48

Madhya Pradesh 840.35 857.04 1,840.16 2,463.22

Dadra and Nagar - 2.97 5.46 5.46

Goa - 0.71 3.81 7.44

Daman and Diu - 10.46 14.47 40.55

Tamil Nadu 1,590.97 1,691.83 2,575.22 4,475.21

Andhra Pradesh 979.65 1,867.23 3,085.68 4,203.00

Telangana 973.41 1,286.98 3,592.09 3,953.12

Kerala - 1,844.20 161.057 257.00

Karnataka 327.53 1,027.84 6,095.56 7,355.17

Puducherry - 0.08 3.14 9.33

Bihar 95.91 108.52 142.45 159.51

Odisha 77.64 79.42 394.73 401.72

Jharkhand 17.51 23.27 34.95 52.06

West Bengal 23.07 26.14 75.95 149.84

Sikkim 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.07

Assam 11.18 11.78 22.40 42.99

Tripura 5.02 5.09 5.09 9.41

Arunachal Pradesh 0.27 0.27 5.39 5.61

Mizoram 0.10 0.10 0.50 1.53

Manipur 0.01 0.03 3.44 6.36

Meghalaya 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.12

Nagaland 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

Andaman and 5.10 6.56 11.73 29.22

Lakshadweep 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

Others 58.31 58.31 0.00

Total India 6,762.85 12,288.83 28,180.66 40,085.37

Total India 6.7 12.2 28.1 40.0

Typical steps for developing a solar project:

• engineering and construction;

How to build PV Solar Plant

I.dentifying the location.

6. Solar panels and inverters installation & connection.

Fig.2 shows the calculations of

 Wildlife and habitat

 Geo hydrological resources

 Impacts on climate, and greenhouse gas emissions

Advantage &Disadvantages of Solar Energy