Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences

Ibn Zohr University

Department of the English Studies

Major: Literature
Semester: 06

Misrepresentation of Indians in foreign cinemas, Slumdog

Millionaire by Danny Boyle as a case study

Option: Literature
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor in English Studies

Submitted by: Karim Abidar

Supervised by: Dr. Bouchra Benlemlih
Apogee Code:19023798
Academic Year: 2021/2022
 Abidar 2

DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to future English students, who will carry on and be the change we

initiated, putting hand in hand to a brighter future.

To my beloved parents, who have been my source of strength when I doubted myself, who

continually provide their financial support and spiritual support.

To my mentor, relatives, and classmates who shared their words of advice and encouragement

to finish this study.

I'd also want to sincerely thank Dr. Benlemlih Bouchra for not only allowing me to do the

research I wanted to do but also for her encouragement and support for my effort. Her faith in

me has meant so much to me.

And lastly, I dedicate this paper to the almighty God, thank you for the guidance, strength,

power of the mind, protection, and skills and for giving me healthy life. Always remember

that gratitude reciprocates.

 Abidar 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would first like to thank my supervisor, Professor Bouchra Benlemlih, whose expertise was

essential in formulating the research questions and methodology. I was inspired to think more

clearly by your insightful criticism, which improved the quality of the project.

I would like to acknowledge my colleagues for their fantastic collaboration and

encouragement during the preparation of this paper. I would particularly like to single out my

dearest friend Lahoucine Bouhouche. Lahoucine, I want to thank you for your patience with

me and for all the opportunities you gave me to improve my research.

I would also like to thank my tutors, Dr. Brahim Houban and Professor Ali Oublal, for their

valuable guidance and support throughout my studies. You provided me with the tools that I

needed to choose the right direction and complete my dissertation.

In addition, I want to express my gratitude to my parents for their sound advice and

understanding heart. You are always there for me. Last but not least, Brahim Anjjar and

Jawad Taouili. I was able to successfully finish this project thanks to the help of two of my

best friends, who provided me with a humorous escape and interesting conversations to

refresh my mind and energy.

 Abidar 4

Table of Contents
DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... 2

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... 3

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL OVERVIEW .................................................................................. 6

SUMMARY OF ‘SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE’ ..................................................................... 6

THE MIND BEHIND THIS MASTERPIECE ...................................................................... 6

THE AIMS AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................. 7

CHAPTER 2: STUART HALL’S THEORY OF REPRESENTATION ................................. 8

THE REPRESENTATION THEORY BY STUART HALL ................................................ 8

REPRESENTATION OF INDIANS IN FOREIGN CINEMAS ........................................... 9

REPRESENTATION IN ‘SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE’ ..................................................... 12

CHAPTER 3: MUSLIM INDIANS IN THE MOVIE “SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE” ......... 14

REPRESENTATION OF MUSLIM INDIANS IN ‘SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE’ ........... 14

ANALYSIS OF THE DEHUMANIZING EFFECTS UPON THE MUSLIM INDIANS IN

“SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE” ........................................................................................... 15

ANALYZING THE TRAGIC FLASHBACK SCENE OF JAMAL MALIK’S

CHARACTER. ..................................................................................................................... 16

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 20
 Abidar 5

INTRODUCTION

Using the case of Danny Boyle's film "Slumdog Millionaire", this paper examines the

misrepresentation and stereotypes that the Indians suffer from in the foreign filmmaking

industry. The film tells the story of two brothers from boyhood to manhood, the position of

Islam and Muslims in India, and the nature of evil. By using Stuart hall's theory of

representation and stereotypes to identify and investigate the portrayal of Indians in Foreign

films. Despite the fact that Stuart Hall was not a formal film theorist, his theories have had a

considerable impact on media studies. Hall's influence on films and cinema studies can be

seen on many different levels and in many different ways, but it is most obvious in how

people approach and perceive modern filmmaking. To narrow the scope of the study, attention

will be paid to watching and evaluating Danny Boyle's 2008 hit film "Slumdog Millionaire."

This film embarks on a variety of issues confronting the world today, ranging from

misrepresentation to religious discrimination. The subject matter was condensed to include

projects developed by foreigners, particularly the British, and their perspective on Indians'

post-colonial lives. The postcolonial approach in addition to hall's theories provides a clear

understanding of the misrepresentation of Indians in foreign cinemas.

 Abidar 6

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL OVERVIEW

SUMMARY OF ‘SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE’

Danny Boyle’s film Slumdog Millionaire is a film that shows how destiny works. At

the outset of the film, there is a question on how the hero, Jamal Malik reached that level in a

popular game show in India. This allows him to win the grand prize. However, based on his

background and state the host of the show suspected that there might be some sort of cheating

with the answers. Text pops up on the screen, and we see four possible answers which are: A)

He Cheated B) He’s Lucky C) He’s a genius, or D) It’s Written.

The right answer is D) It's Written, which is revealed at the end of the film. Jamal is either

going to win or is meant to win. The story depicts the fate of the two main characters (Jamal

and Latika), who face several difficulties from childhood through maturity, ultimately leading

to their separation. But the narrative doesn't end there; Jamal, who loves Latika, will do

anything and everything to find her. He decided to participate in the game program "Who

Wants to Be a Millionaire" since he knew Latika will be watching. The two still found each

other at the end of the movie since it was their destiny.

THE MIND BEHIND THIS MASTERPIECE

Danny Boyle is a British filmmaker and screenwriter who was born on October 20,

1956, in Manchester, England. His films were recognized for their stunning visual vision and

joyful energy. Danny is one of the most interesting filmmakers working today. Since the early

1990s, he has gradually produced a body of work that crosses genres and defies easy

categorization, ranging from black comedy (Shallow Grave), gritty realism (Trainspotting),

screwball comedy (A Life Less Ordinary), cult adaptations (The Beach), and horror (28 Days
 Abidar 7

Later), to science fiction (Sunshine), children’s drama (Millions), love stories (Slumdog

Millionaire) and tales of personal redemption (127 Hours).

Unlike many of his peers, Boyle appears to be most comfortable when working with

little budget, depending on acting skills rather than special effects. Danny also relies on his

trusty crew of writers, cinematographers, and production designers. The exuberant tone of his

works - their passion for life – reflects his restless energy, passion, and drive.

THE AIMS AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to investigate the portrayal of Indians in Foreign cinemas. This will be

done by applying both the postcolonial approach and the representation theory by Stuart Hall.

To limit the investigation, the focus will be on observing and analyzing the 2008 hit film

'Slumdog Millionaire' by Danny Boyle. Various challenges confronting the globe today are

addressed in this film, ranging from misrepresentation to social class issues. The material was

narrowed to comprise projects that are made by foreigners especially the British and their

view of the life of Indians after the colonization.

 Abidar 8

CHAPTER 2: STUART HALL’S THEORY OF

REPRESENTATION

THE REPRESENTATION THEORY BY STUART HALL

Stuart Hall was a Jamaican-British academic, writer, and cultural studies pioneer, who

was born in Kingston, Jamaica in 1932 and died in London aged 82 in February 2014. Hall is

a Sociologist. He was a Professor of Sociology at the Open University. Also, presented

several television programs including the BBC series Redemption Songs and many broadcasts

for the Open University.

Stuart Hall's Representation Theory aims to highlight the false representation of a

certain group of people over another. Representation in media often uses stereotypes.

Stereotypes are misrepresentations of individuals and groups that are widely circulated. A

stereotype is a preconceived notion about what a person is like, depending on several criteria.

Culture, religion, race, sexual orientation, age, gender, and physical appearance are some of

these criteria.

Females may be stereotyped as caring, emotional, and housewives in a range of media

texts, movies, and tv commercials. meanwhile, males may be stereotyped as courageous,

powerful, and confident. For example, James bond's character during the last decades.

Another example of a stereotype created by the media is the portrayal of ethnic minority

groups in a negative light, frequently as dangerous or criminals. For example, the portrayal of
 Abidar 9

Arabs in various films, documentaries, and series as aggressive, abusers, and wealthy

characters. This can be seen clearly in the 2010 Indian Film "My Name is Khan" by Karan

Johar. Which tells the story of a Muslim Indian in the United States of America. Moreover,

the 1992 "Aladdin" movie shows the position of Arabs in Hollywood. The film opens up with

a song that shows a pure stereotypical view of the foreigners over the Arabs, the song begins

"Where they cut off your ear If they don’t like your face, It’s barbaric, but hey, it’s home".

These false representations affected the overall image of Arabs in today's world. Both Indians

and Arabs suffer greatly from these media representations. As a result of these media

portrayals, Hall came up with the representation theory as a way to show the malevolent

intentions of the controlling groups behind these media companies.

REPRESENTATION OF INDIANS IN FOREIGN CINEMAS

The cliché "the Indians are coming" no longer holds true in Hollywood since the

Indians have already landed and are busy establishing their influence on the industry.

Nevertheless, their journey to get there was not easy, it took them years to establish a path that

gives them the advantage to spread wide. During the late 1920s till the early 1930s, The

Indians were seen as primitive people, savages, and animal-like. They were also seen as the

people who serve only the British Raj which is a territory established by the monarch of Great

Britain. In the early, to the mid-1900s the world views India as the land of tigers and

elephants. There is a British film Elephant Boy 1936 by Robert Flaherty and Zoltan Kodra

which reflected the stereotypes and misrepresentations of the Indians. This film featured a

young Indian boy who went by the name Sabu. Sabu, who began his career in the United

Kingdom, was quickly enticed by Hollywood and the first Indian actor to earn international

recognition. This recognition provides him a chance to work with the Anglo-Indian actress

Merle Oberon who has mixed Indian and British ancestry. Merle Oberon is best known for
 Abidar 10

her role in the film The Dark Angel 1935, her role in this film gives her the chance to win her

first Academy Award.

Indians were still misrepresentation on movie screens; they were cast as extras or in

minor roles, and they were forced to speak in thick Indian accents that made them seem

almost ridiculous to the western ear. A few more Anglo-Indians made a minor impact in

Hollywood in the early 1960s. Leela Naidu, whose mother was French and father Indian, was

named one of the most beautiful women in the world for several years. Leela was an active

actress from the 1960s till the early 1990s. Leela was loyal to her mother's home, India even

though she got several tempting offers from studios in foreign cinema, especially Universal

Television and others, she decided to grow and develop her career in India.

During the same period in the late 50s and the early 60s, another beautiful and

charming actress by the name of Kamala Devi appeared to surprise the audience with

incredible talent yet disappeared quickly. Kamala was half English and alongside the great

Tony Randall and Burl Ives in the motion picture Brass Bottle 1964 a fantasy comedy about a

magical genie who’s determined to fulfill his master’s wishes. She also did some television

work. There was also, another actress by the name of Anna Kashif an English actress with

Indian blood, she also goes by the name Joanna O'Callaghan. Joanna is the former wife of the

miracle of Hollywood Marlon Brando who was once considered to be the greatest actor alive

in the late 50s to the early 70s. Joanna is best known for her association with Paramount in the

1956 film Mourning Snow alongside Spencer Tracy and Robert Wagner.
 Abidar 11

During the eighties, we witness proper roles for the Indians on TV. The best example

of that is the 1982 St. Elsewhere Hospital comedy-drama series starring Kavi Raz an Indian-

born actor who played one of the major characters in the series. By playing the role of the

doctor in the series, he became the first Indian to have a TV series. Also, Persis Khambatta

was one of the first to be cast in the movie Star Trek in 1979. She also appeared in other

projects like Megaforce 1982, My Beautiful Laundrette 1985, and The Knight of the Lost

World 1983.

All this great success that the Indians achieved didn’t come overnight, it took them

years and years to establish a foundation that allows the current generations of actors and

actresses to be where they are now. Indians manage to conduct success not only in the

filmmaking industry but in the technological and digital world from the end of the 80s to the

early 90s. Moreover, People like Aziz Ansari, Mindy Kaling, and Asif Mandvi rose from

stand-up comedians to full-time TV and movie stars and eventually ended up becoming

household names worldwide.

According to Fanon in his book The Wretched of The Earth, Colonization is not satisfied with

holding a people in its grip and emptying the native's brain of all form and content. By a kind

of perverted logic, it turns to the past of the oppressed people and distorts, disfigures, and

destroys it. This reflects the British colonialism of India and its long-term repercussions.

Nevertheless, the media represents a meaning which is already been presented before, also

media uses stereotypes. These stereotypes are reinforced by the media. Furthermore, the

media tends to create these new stereotypes about the groups through the way they report

about them. These misleading opinions that the media corporation creates are based on the

hegemonic groups of the society. These groups seek to control those who are less powerful

than them. The bulk of media firms is controlled by white, upper-class, straight wealthy
 Abidar 12

males. Media representations aren't reflections of things that already have meaning, they are

the meaning makers of things that happen in reality. This shows the significance of the notion

of representation and stereotyping for both cultural studies and media studies.

REPRESENTATION IN ‘SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE’

Yes, India has one of Asia’s biggest slums in Mumbai formerly known as Bombay.

This does not mean that all Indians have the same lifestyle. Danny's film "Slumdog

Millionaire" sells the idea that the majority of Indians live in slums and poverty. The story of

the main character Jamal malik an 18 years old orphan takes place in Mumbai. The film

represents Mumbai as a poor, corrupted, and undeveloped city. All these stereotypes that the

film promotes are wrong and misleading. This goes to say that India's true identity is ruined

by the media corporations.

In "Slumdog Millionaire", Danny employs the yellow filter as a way of showing the

miserable condition the life in India. This shows the misrepresentation that foreigners apply to

both Indians in cinemas. The yellow filter shows the degradation and dehumanization of these

groups compared to countries like Europe and the United States of America. The Global

media brand Matador Network says the American/ Britain filmmakers use this filter to

represent nations that are stereotyped as the poorest of the poor, dirty, and living in areas of

conflict. This representation allows the Americans to maintain their dominance over these

large groups of people.

Another example is the 2007 film by Wes Anderson, an American filmmaker, his film

"The Darjeeling Limited" had the same filter. The yellow shade in cinema indicates either
 Abidar 13

Indians, Arabs, Asians, or Mexico. This yellow filter is intended to show a warm, tropical

atmosphere, but it also makes the environment look uglier and unhealthy. Danny portrayed

the city of Mumbai as poor which is wrong. India's economy is the fifth-largest in the world.

According to the Global media brand Matador Network American filmmakers use this filter to

represent nations that are stereotyped as the poorest of the poor, dirty, and areas of conflict.

This representation allows the Americans to maintain their dominance over these groups.

This concern is far larger than India. In countless Hollywood films, countries like

Pakistan, Bangladesh, Mexico, and Southeast Asia have been subjected to the yellow filter

effect. Arab countries also suffer from the same representation. In the 2020 Netflix film

"Extraction" and the 2022 sequel of the same film, the use of the yellow filter is dominant.

For example, in this film scenes that were shot in Australia seem to be normal and beautiful,

the rest of the film which takes place in Dhaka, Bangladesh came in a yellow shade that was

highly saturated.
 Abidar 14

CHAPTER 3: MUSLIM INDIANS IN THE MOVIE “SLUMDOG

MILLIONAIRE”

REPRESENTATION OF MUSLIM INDIANS IN ‘SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE’

Jamal and Salim are Muslims from a Muslim family. The movie tackles the condition

of Muslim minorities in India. The two brothers lost their family and community to a Muslim

massacre by a group of terrorists. This tragic incident took place in the first 20 minutes of the

movie. It prevented the two brothers from living a normal childhood. Both names 'Jamal' and

'Salim' are Muslim names. Salim in one of his scenes said the word "Allah Akbar" which

means that God is great. Danny Boyle portrayed crucial, horrible, and violent images that

mirror the miserable condition of Muslims in India. However, Boyle didn't give an

explanation for this incident, perhaps it was intended. The film gives some sense that these

things just happened and are somehow normal. Boyle made a movie that tackles morality,

ethics, and the nature of evil. Boyle didn't insist much on Islam references in his movie which

made it accessible to American audiences.

Jamal's journey from boyhood to manhood seems to affect his faith. Throughout the

film, Jamal's love for Latika distracted him and caused him to neglect his religion. His brother

Salim, however, maintained that side of his character. Salim's praying scene in 01:12:52

shows the character's strong bonding with God. He was asking for forgiveness. This means

that despite the horrific journey that Salim had had, he maintained his trust and belief in God.

Latika's character was also one of the victims of the Anti-Muslim riot. However, she doesn't
 Abidar 15

seem like a Muslim girl. She didn't wear a headscarf that covers all of her hair like all the

other Muslim women. The director left her religious belonging unknown to create some sense

of diversity and acceptance from the audience. In addition, the name 'Latika' is used by both

Muslims and Hindus. Latika's journey throughout the events of the film was either homeless

or house arrest. This draws a clear image that she never had a chance to decide which religion

wants to belong to or embrace.

ANALYSIS OF THE DEHUMANIZING EFFECTS UPON THE MUSLIM

INDIANS IN “SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE”

The Hindu-against-Muslim massacre in India is frequently in the form of mob attacks.

These attacks are known as communal riots between the majority Hindu and minority Muslim

communities. The rise in Islamophobia throughout the 20th century mainly means fear,

hatred, and prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims. Some scholars have described

these incidents of anti-Muslim violence as an act of genocide. A few of the biggest massacres

took place in Bihar also known as the 1989 Bhagalpur riots with over 1000 deaths and 50000

displaced. Another is the Gujarat massacre between 1969-1989 which caused over 3100

deaths. A recent incident happened in Delhi, India also known as the 2020 Delhi riots, this

caused over 50 deaths and 200 injured.

During The Hindu-against-Muslim massacre, both Salim and Jamal flee away from the

scene towards a police vehicle on the side of the road asking for help. However, the police

were playing cards, smoking, and having fun in the back of the vehicle which shows the

carelessness of the powers of law regarding the safety of Muslim minorities. The police did

nothing to stop the attack this shows the dehumanization of Muslims.

 Abidar 16

The movie “Slumdog Millionaire” focuses on the consequences of these massacres. As

a result, huge numbers of children are thrown into the streets, fighting to survive. These

orphans become easy targets for human trafficking, beggers, and prostitution. the three

musketeers Jamal, Salim, and Latika suffered badly from the Hindu-against-Muslim

massacre. The three orphans live for a while in dumpsters, later taken to an orphanage by

Maman's gang, a group of children kidnappers. Kids who can sing beautifully suffer the most.

Maman's men crucially and intentionally blinded the kids for good. Eventually using them as

begging puppets to earn cash in the slums of Mumbai. Danny portrayed this incident in the

most realistic way possible.

The hadeeth by the prophet Muhammed peace be upon him summarizes the position

and destiny of Muslims in this life "Islam began as something strange and will go back to

being strange, so glad tidings to the strangers."

ANALYZING THE TRAGIC FLASHBACK SCENE OF JAMAL MALIK’S

CHARACTER.

Jamal is one of the two brothers who are orphaned when their mother is killed during

an anti-Muslim riot. Jamal is the main character of the story. The sad tragedy of his boyhood,

The Hindu-against-Muslim massacre served as a trigger and fueled his desire to survive.

Jamal is the opposite of his brother, he is more of an optimistic type of person. While his

brother, Salim used violence as a defense mechanism against his environment, Jamal

employed his mind and intellect to survive. Also, Jamal was driven by love, love at first sight.

Their love flourished after the massacre. Latika and the two brothers are the Three Musketeers
 Abidar 17

of this story, they suffer from vicious abuse and mistreatment. Nevertheless, The love

component fires up Jamal's desire to rethink his current situation.

Mumbai was a fortune and misfortune to the Three Musketeers. Jamal's tragic

boyhood drove him from living in the slums of Mumbai to becoming a millionaire. This goes

to say that Jamal refuses to allow anything to stand in his way and decided to seize his

destiny. However, Salim chooses the life of the street and crime rather than Jamal's path.

Eventually ended up dead at the hands of the crime lord's men. Jamal and Latika are finally

reunited after a series of unfortunate events. To "Jai Ho," they kiss, dance, and sing.
 Abidar 18

CONCLUSION

The whole film was criticizing child poverty in India, from the point of view of a

western filmmaker, Danny Boyle. The film chronicles poverty and social inequality in India

in a superficial and undeveloped manner, reinforcing certain damaging stereotypes. A British

filmmaker uses British actors to cosplay people in poverty in India and cast judgment on them

from outside. While there have been countless more realistic movies made in Bollywood

about poverty that have been completely ignored. This goes to say that this depiction is

somehow orientalist in a sense.

"Slumdog Millionaire" is a movie that breaks the circle of the typical Indian movie.

This film connected with people, especially foreigners from all over the world. An Indian

audience may not feel the same way as the others do while watching. Watching movies is

subjective, but it does not imply the film's meaning will shift or change. Having a reference

point about what real India is actually like prevents the audience from accepting Danny's

point of view.

The film "Slumdog Millionaire" presents the story of a young man who succeeds

despite enormous obstacles, which is much needed in these days of economic gloom. If Jamal

Malik can overcome such terrible birth and circumstance handicaps, then despair is

unjustified, according to the film. "Slumdog Millionaire" mirrors the greatest and ugliest

sights that can be found in India. Yet, Indians manage to overcome the effects of the

colonizer, the British empire. India in both "Slumdog Millionaire" and the public's eyes is a

poor, weak, and vulnerable place. Regardless, in the last two decades, the nation had achieved
 Abidar 19

tremendous development economically and socially. India turned itself from a country that

begged for aid to the land of investments and opportunities.

The film illustrates how, regardless of how intelligent or hardworking they are, all

people who are born poor tend to stay that way. Jamal Malik achieves success through a

mixture of skills, hard effort, and pure luck. Nevertheless, those with whom he grew up, are

condemned to have less fortunate lives, with some turning to crime, in this case, his older

brother Salim. and others begging in the slums of Mumbai.

The lack of Muslim influencers and leaders in India prevents Muslim minorities from

promoting their true Islamic values. This means that their current position feeds and

exacerbates religious bigotry toward them. According to Fanon in his book The Wretched of

The Earth, "Individuals without an anchor, without horizon, colorless, stateless, a race of

angels." Fanon's violence theory might end the discrimination against Muslim Indians. By

employing violence Muslims will be able to reclaim their identity, position, and respect.

A part of my research focuses on the dehumanization of Muslims in India. To clearly

understand the reason behind this, one must have read the Al Furqan or Quran. Other names

of the Quran are Tanzil, Mubin, and al Qawl. Unfortunately, it's easy to misrepresent Islam

because only fewer people have read the Quran. People who haven't read the Quran see terror

attacks like 9/11 as an Islamic event. Lack of branding prevents Islam from becoming a

desirable religion to the young generations. The big question is how can you say that the

Islamic State is a false construct if you don't understand what true Islam is?
 Abidar 20

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 Abidar 21

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 Abidar 22

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