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S-BLOCK ELEMENTS

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ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM:

The anomalous behaviour of lithium is due to the :

(i) exceptionally small size of its atom and ion, and

(ii) (ii) high polarising power (i.e., charge/radius ratio). As a result, there is increased
covalent character of lithium compounds which is responsible for their solubility in
organic solvents. Further, lithium shows diagonal relationship to magnesium which has
been discussed subsequently.
Points of Difference between Lithium and other Alkali Metals

(i) Lithium is much harder, Its m.p. and b.p. are higher than the other alkali metals.
(ii) Lithium is least reactive but the strongest reducing agent among all the alkali metals.
On combustion in air it forms mainly monoxide, Li O and the nitride, Li N unlike other
alkali metals.

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(iii) LiCl is deliquescent and crystallises as a hydrate, LiCl. 2H O whereas other alkali
metal chlorides do not form hydrates.
(iv) Lithium hydrogencarbonate is not obtained in the solid form while all other elements
form solid hydrogencarbonates.

(v) Lithium unlike other alkali metals forms no ethynide on reaction with ethyne.
(vi) Lithium nitrate when heated gives lithium oxide. Li O, whereas other alkali metal
nitrates decompose to give the corresponding nitrite.

4LiNO → 2Li O + 4NO + O

2NaNO → 2NaNO + O

(vii) LiF and Li O are comparatively much less soluble in water than the corresponding
compounds of other alkali metals.

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Points of Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium

The similarity between lithium and magnesium is particularly striking and arises because of their
similar sizes: atomic radli. Li = 152pm, Mg = 160pm; ionic radii.

Li = 76pm, Mg = 72pm. The main points of similarity are:

(i) Both lithium and magnesium are harder and lighter than other elements in the respective
groups.
(ii) Lithium and magnesium react slowly with water. Their oxides and hydroxides are much less
soluble and their hydroxides decompose on heating. Both form a nitride, , and Mg N , by
direct combination with nitrogen.

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(iii) The oxides, Li O and MgO do not combine with excess oxygen to give any superoxide.

(iv) The carbonates of lithium and magnesium decompose easily on heating to form the oxides

and CO . Solid hydrogencarbonates are not formed by lithium and magnesium.

(v) Both LiCl and MgCl are soluble in ethanol.

(v) Both LiCl and MgCl are deliquescent and crystallise from aqueous solution as hydrutes.

LiCl ⋅ 2H O and MgCl ⋅ 8H O.

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Extraction of Sodium: The Down’s Process

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Diaphragm Cell (Nelson Cell)

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CASTNER – KELLNER CELL

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SOLVAY PROCESS

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TEST ON s-BLOCK

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1
2
FOR NOTES:

3
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16
COMPARISION OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI
METALS AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS:

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FOR NOTES:

18
COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS

FOR NOTES:

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 s-Block Elements 17.1

Chapter 17 s-Block Elements

Intext Exercise 1
1. Sodium has higher I.E. because of smaller atomic
size.
2. After removal of an electron the effective nuclear
charge per electron increases hence the size
decreases.
3. Reaction of Na with water is exothermic and the
heat released in the process melts sodium. Thus, the
surface area increases, increasing rate of reaction.
4. Element – Li Na K Rb
Atomic radius (pm) – 152 186 227 248
5. All alkali metals readily react with air and hence are
stored under kerosene.
Intext Exercise 2
1. Group 2 elements have 2 electrons in the valence
shell.
2. Because of small ionic size and high polarizing
power, Be forms covalent chloride (Fajan’s rule).
3. Factual.
4. Factual.
5. All group 2 carbonates and Li2CO3 decompose on
heating to liberate CO2 and form respective oxides.
6. All A.E.M. chlorides are soluble. Hence, by
elimination PbCl2 is insoluble.
7. The tendency to form cations or get oxidized in
aqueous solution follows the order Be<Ca<Sr<Ba.
LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH
6. Down the group basic character increases
7. The losely attached outermost electron gets excited
by the oxidizing flame. It emits rays in the visible
region during de-excitation.
8. In aqueous solution, reducing power of alkali metals
or oxidation potential follows the order:
Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na
9. Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li
Metallic character decreasing order
10. By definition.
So, Ba is the strongest reducing agent.
8. Be shows anomalous behaviour due to its small size,
high charge density and absence of d-orbitals.
9. On moving down the group lattice energy remains
almost constant as the sulphate is so big that small
increase in the size of the cations from Be to Ba does
not make any difference. However the hydration
energy decreases from Be to Ba. This causes
decrease in the solubility of the sulphates as the
ionic size increases.
10. Larger the atomic size, more loosely is the ouer most
electron bonded and easier it is to remove it. Hence
larger size lead to lower Ionization energy.

Intext Exercise 3
1. Lithium shows digonal relationships with Mg. 7. BeSO4 is most soluble because hydration energy is
3 more than lattice energy.
2. 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
BeSO 4 > MgSO 4 > CaSO 4 > SrSO 4 > BaSO
3. NH3 + CO2 + H2O —→ NH4HCO3 Hydration energy decreases hence, solubility decreases
NH4HCO3 + NaCl —→ NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
8. 2 ]CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 Og
120 o C
3 Dehydration
2CaSO 4 $ H 2 O + 3H 2 O
NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 Gypsum Plaster of paris

4. Solvay’s process or Le Blane process is used to 9. Lithopone (ZnS + BaSO4) is used as a white pigment.
produce Na2CO3 commercially.
10. Lime stone - CaCO3
5. 2NaCl + 2H 2 O " 2NaOH + Cl 2 + H 2
Anode Cathode
Clay - silica and alumina
6. Factual.

Gypsum - CaSO4 . 2H2O
17.2 Chemistry
EXERCISE - 1
1. Oscillation of loose electrons, gives metals their
Lusture.
2. With the same anion, smaller the size of the cation,
higher is the lattice energy, if same charge on all
cations.
3. Factual. With cryptand-222, Na forms an unusual
compound of the formula, [Na (cryptand-222)]+ Na-.
The large cryptand ligand (C18N2H36O6) completely
shields the Na+ ion and prevents it combining with
Na-.
4. Mg2+ is the smallest cation and Cl- is the largest
anion among the given salts. Hence, MgCl2 has the
minimum cation/anion ratio.
5. On dissolving moderate amount of Na metal in
liquid NH3, the solution becomes blue in colour
and paramagnetic due th presence of unpaired
ammoniated electrons. [e(NH3)x]-
6. Alkali metals are highly electropositive and thus
highly reducing. There is no stronger reducing agent
than alkali metals. Therefore, reduction, double
decomposition and displacement methods for
their extraction are not suitable. Only electrolytic
methods are suitable for their extraction.
7. Factual.
8. LiCl being covalent has the lowest melting point.
The melting points of other halides decrease form
NaCl to CsCl as the lattice energies decrease.
9. All Alkali metals impart colour to the Bunsen flame.
10. As the IE decreases, the frequency of light emitted
goes on increasing.
11. When the electronegativity difference between the
cation and the anion is the maximum, the compound
formed has the highest ionic character.
Therefore, CsF is most ionic and hence has the
strongest bond.
12. Alkali metals always show monovalency in their
compounds.
13. Rb being most electropositive has the highest
reactivity towards water.
14. As the size of the anion increases from F to I , the
- -
covalent character increases and hence the solubility
in non-polar solvent increases:
LiI > LiBr > LiCl > LiF.
15. Within a group, ionic radius increases with increase
in atomic number.
16. Higher the solubility, higher is the solubility product.
Thus, CsOH being more soluble has the highest
solubility product.
17. All alkali metals are strong bases and hence Na
cannot be amphoteric in nature.
18. Only Li reacts with nitrogen directly to form Li3N.
19. Li due to highest hydration energy among the alkali
metals is a strongest reducing agent despite having
the highest I.E. among the alkali metals.
20. For anion to cation ratio to be low, the anion must be
small and cation must be large, i.e. Cs+ F-.
21. Be < Mg and Li < Na as size increases down a group.
Also Be < Li as size increases across a period.
22. Be2+ has the highest hydration energy among alkaline
earth metals. However, it is not able to compensate
for the high sublimatiion energy and high I.E. of Be.
thus, Be has the lowest oxidation potential among
A.E.M. and hence is the weakest reducing agent.
23. (I.E.1 + I.E.2) of Mg > I.E.1 of Ba also, I.E. of Mg >
I.E. of Ca as I.E. decreases down the group.
24. A.M. have lower I.E.1 than A.E.M. as size decreases
across a period and I.E.1 increases.
25. Mobility of hydrated ions follows the order Li+ <
Na+ < K+ < Rb+ < Cs+. As greater charge density on
smaller ion leads to greater extent of hydration and
bulkier hydrated ions.
26. Be does not react with air at room temperature due t
o the formation of a possive oxide layer.
27. Mg belongs to group 2. Therefore, its size is less
than that of Na.
28. K+ is the largest among Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+.
Thus, K+/Cl- ratio is the largest.
29. While LiCl is the most covalent alkali metal chloride,
for A.E.M. chlorides, BeCl2 is the msot covalent due
to high polarizing power of Be2+.
30. The ratio of their charge to size i.e. polarizing power
is nearly the same.
31. Be and Mg do not react with water at room
temperature.
32. Na + (x + y) NH3 → Na (NH3)+x + e (NH3)-y. Thus
due to solvated (ammoniated) electrons, solution of
Na metal in liquid ammonia is highly reducing in
nature, and also paramagnetic.

33. Be is the only amphoteric element in s-block.
Thus Be(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 are amphoteric due
to diagonal relationship. Remember, B(OH)3 is a
Bronsted acid.It is called Boric Acid.
34. Mg has the highest value of reduction potential
2+
hence it is the strongest oxidising agent.
35. Not necessarily true as Na2 CO3 . 10H2O exists
while alkaline earth metal compounds seldon have
10 water of crystallizaiton.
36. Washing soda is Na2CO5 . 10H2O.
37. Le Blanc’s Process uses limestone and NaCl.
38. Because KO2 not only provides oxygen but also
removes CO2 both of which are important life
supporting processes.
4KO2 + 2CO2 → 2K2CO3 + 3O2
4KO2 + 4CO2 + 2H2O → KHCO3 + 3O2
39. Sodium in excess of oxygen forms Na2O2.
40. Ca(OH)2 is used to remove temporary hardness.
Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 . + 2NaOH
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 (milky) + H2O
41. Presence of chlorides of Ca and Mg as impurities
leads to the hygroscopic nature of common salt.
42. Cs+ and Br-3 ions. Larger cations form stable
compounds with large anions.
43. Factual. KHSO5 is called oxone.
200 o C
44. NaOH + CO HCOONa
Solid Sod. formate
45. Na2CO3 + H2O + 2SO2 → 2NaHSO3 + CO2
46. The hydroxides of Ist group are strong bases and HCl
is a strong acid, therefore, the chlorides of Ist group
elements are salts of strong acids and strong bases.
As such they do not undergo hydrolysis thereby
yielding neutral solutions
47. 4KO2 + 2CO2 → 2K2CO3 + 3O2
EXERCISE - 2
1. Thermal stability of Alkali Metal hydroxides
increases down the group.
2. CO3- is a large anion. It is most stable with a large
cation.
s-Block Elements 17.3
48. NaOH + AgNO3 → AgOH + NaNO3
Deliq.white cryst unstable
(X) (Y)
2AgOH → Ag2O + H2O
Brown
(X) is a powerful cautery and breaks down the
proteins of skin flesh to a pasty mass. i.e. X is caustic
soda.
49. NO2 contains three electron bond and in NO+2 odd
(unpaired) electron is removed. Peroxides (O2- 2
) do
not possess unpaired electrons as the antibonding p
M.O.’s acquire one more electron each for pairing.
AlO­-2 is obtained by the interaction of Al3+ ( 2s2p6
configuration ) and 2 oxide (O2-) ions each of which
does not contain unpaired electron. Superoxide O-2
has one unpaired electron in p antibonding M.O. and
is therefore paramagnetic.
50. The raw materials used in Solvay’s Process (NaCl,
NH3, CO2) are partially recovered in the recovery
tower. Thus, NH3 CO2 and by product CaCl2 are
obtained in the recovery tower.
51. O2- ion is not possible and K2O4 is unknown.
4
52. H+ ions are discharged at a higher potential when Hg
cathode is used than that using Pt cathode.
53. 2LiOH + H2O2 → Li – O – O – Li + 2H2O
54. KF + HF → K+[HF2]–. In HF–2 , there exists a
hydrogen bonding such as F– ……H—F.
1
55. Plaster of paris (CaSO4. 2 H2O) undergoes hydration
to form gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) during setting.
56. Since NaHCO3 is an acid salt of H2CO3, it reacts
with NaOH to form Na2CO3 and H2O.
NaHCO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O
57. K2CS3 is called potassium thiocarbonate.
58. KO2 (potassium superoxide) contains superoxide
ion O-2 which contains one unpaired electron and
hence is paramagnetic.
59. K2O + H2O → 2KOH
60. Mixture of K2CO3 and Na2CO3 is called fusion
mixture. Its melting point is 712oC while that of
K2CO3 is 900oC.
3. Alkali metals have strong tendency to get
oxidized and hence are good reducing agents or
reductants.
4. Fact: All alkali metals are silvery white metals.
17.4 Chemistry
5. (a) Down the group, the atomic size increases with
increasing atomic number and so attraction
for shared pair of electrons decreases. Hence
electronegativity decreases.
(b) Down the group, the atomic size increases with
increasing atomic number and so attraction
between valence electron and nuclear decreases.
Hence ionization energy decreases.
(c) Down the group atomic size increases with
increase in number of atomic shells while
effective nuclear charge remains constant.
(d) Down the group atomic size increases with
increase in number of atomic shells and therefore,
the strength of metallic bond decreases. So
melting point decreases.
6. Alkali metals have low ionisation energy and hence
can show photo electric effect.
7. All are wrong. The solution has strong reducing
nature and coloured due to ammoniated electron.
Dilute solution is paramagnetic where as
concentrated solution is diamagnetic. come back to the ground state, there is emission
8. S1 : Li+ being smaller have high polarising power
and I- being larger have high polarisability. So
it is most covelent among alkali metal halides
according to Fajan’s rule.
S2 : The IE1 of potassium atom is less then sodium
atom. Hence, its work function is lesser.
S3 : The presence of transition metals like iron and
other impurities catalyses the decomposition
of deep blue s olution forming amide and
liberating H2.
S4 : Two opposing tendencies exists. With greater
charge and smaller size of cation, lattice energy
increases which tends to increase the melting
point ; while increase in covalent character
causes a decrease in melting point. Hence, no
unique generalised trend may be stated for
melting points. (You need not worry about or
memorise such experimental data).
9. The reaction of alkali metals with water becomes
increasingly violent on descending the group. So,
the order of reactivity is :
Li < Na < K < Rb.
10. They have weak metallic bond because of one
valence electron per atom. So they have low melting
points.
11. They easily lose valence shell electron because of
their low ionisation energies, on account of their
bigger atomic sizes. So they behave as strong
reducing agents.
12. 2Na + O2
Heat
Na2O2;
2Na2O2 + 2CO2 → 2Na2CO3 + O2.
13. True statement. The CsI, because of bigger cation
(Cs+) and bigger anion (I–), has smaller hydration
enthalpy. As a result, it does not exceed its lattice
energy ; so CsI is insoluble in water.
14. The element is K (s-block element), which forms
basic oxide.
15. (a) Down the group due to increase in size the
strength of metallic bond decreases and so,
melting point decreases.
(b) Atomic volume of K is larger as compared to
Na. Increase in atomic mass does not over come
the effect of increase atomic volume in case of
potassium.
(c) They have low ionisation energies because
of their larger atomic size. The heat from the
flame excites the outer most orbital electron to a
higher energy level. When the excited electrons
of radiation in the visible region. Hence, salts
of Li to Cs impart characteristic colour to an
oxidising flame (of Bunsen burner).
16. MgCl2, BaCl2 and CaCl2 appreciably dissolve in
cold water because their hydration energies exceed
the lattice energies. Ba2+ and Ca2+ impart apple green
and brick red colour to the flame respectively.
The electrons in magnesium are too strongly bound
to get excited by flame. Hence this element does not
impart any colour to the flame.
17. (a) Ca salt imparts brick red colour to the flame.
(b) Sr salt imparts bright crimson colour to the
flame.
(c) Ba salt imparts apple green colour to the flame.
(d) Mg salt does not impart any colour to the flame
because of high ionization energy.
18. Be is smaller than Mg in size. The valence shell
electron is tightly bound with nucleus and therefore,
more energy is required to eject out the electron. So
Be has higher ionisation energy than that of Mg.
19. Along the period from left to right, atomic number
increases and, therefore, nuclear charge also
increases. So first ionization energy of alkaline earth
metals are higher than those of the alkali metals of
the same period because of higher nuclear charge.
20. According to Fajan’s rule Large size (Rb+) cation
will have low polarisation power so have less
covalent character and high ionic character.

21. Basic nature of hydroxides increases down the
group. The strength of a base depends on ionisation
of the hydroxide which depends on polarity of bond
and internuclear distance between the oxygen of the
hydroxide and metal atom.
22. Be + 2NaOH + 2H2O —→ Na2[Be(OH)4] + H2
or
Na2BeO2.2H2O + H2
(Sodium beryllate)
23. 2M + H2SO4 —→ M2SO4 + H2 (M = alkali metal)
M + H2SO4 —→ MSO4+ H2 (M = Alkaline earth
metal)
24. Among the s-Block elements, Be is the least reactive
towards water.
25. (a) Factual
1 as a precipitate in the intermediate process.
(b) Hydration energy \ size of cation
(c) Both are diagonally related ; because of more
positive charge on Mg, Mg2+ is smaller than Li+.
Li = 76 pm, Mg = 72 pm.
+ 2+
(d) Salt of weak base and strong acid, thus easily
hydrolysed in water giving acidic solution.
s-Block Elements 17.5
36. 2NaOH + ZnO $ Na 2 ZnO 2 + H 2 O
^ampoterich ]Sodium Zincateg
37. 3Mg + N2 —→ Mg3N2 ; 2Mg + O2 —→ MgO
38. BaO2 exists as Ba2+ and O22–, therefore, O22– is
peroxide ion.
39. 6NaOH + 4S —→ 2Na2S + Na2S2O3 + 3H2O
Sulphur undergoes disproportionation.
40. Alkali metal carbonates except Li2CO3 are stable
towards heat because they are most basic in nature
and basic character increases down the group and
thermal stability increases down the group.
Bigger CO32– anion is polarised by smaller Li+ and
thus readily decomposes to give CO2 gas.
Li2CO3
3
Li2O + CO2
41. KHCO3 is soluble in water so it can not be separated
42. Acidic oxide + Base —→ salt + water.
heat
43. 2(Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O) 3Na2CO3 + CO2
(trona) + 5H2O
44. CaCO3 + 2HNO3 —→ Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

26. Be + Air
o
T > 1000 C
BeO + Be3N2 (white powder) 45. Na2CO3 + SO2 (excess) + H2O —→ NaHSO3 + CO2

Be3N2 + 6H2O → 3Be (OH)2 (white precipitate) + 46. Ca2+ (from soluble Ca salt) + soluble SO42- gives
CaSO4.
2NH3 (Colourless gas)
47. Be2C + 4H2O —→ 2Be(OH)2 + CH4

Since the metal also reacts with NaOH, it must be an
amphoteric metal 48. It is a salt of Be(OH)2 (weak base) and HCl (strong
3 acid), hence a solution of BeCl2 is acidic.
27. NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
49. (i) CaOCl2 + H2O —→ Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
Na2CO3 + dil. HCl —→ NaCl + H2O + CO2
(ii) Cl2 + H2O —→ HOCl + HCl
28. Mg2+ has 10 electrons and so does F-.
HOCl —→ HCl + [O]
__________________________
Ca2+ has 18 electrons and so does S2-.
Cl2 + H2O —→ 2HCl + [O]
__________________________
29. Mg3N2 + 6H2O —→ 3 Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3
Cl2 + H2O —→ 2HCl + [O]
30. Stability of hydrides decreases from Be to Ba.
This nascent oxygen bleaches the litmus paper.
31. Basic character increases down the group and
decreases across a period. Thus, BeO is least basic 50. MgCO3 + H2SO4 —→ MgSO4 + H2O + CO2
BeO is amphoteric. 51. Along the period, atomic size decreases and nuclear
32. KOH(dry powder)+O3(ozonized oxygen) charge increases and thus lattice energy increases,
-10 o C to - 15 o C Ch arg e on cation
KO3(organge solid)
lattice energy ∝ Size of cation . More the
33. Na2O2 + H2SO4 —→ Na2SO4 + H2O2 lattice energy less likely it is to be soluble.
other options given are not peroxides. 52. Neither cation nor anion get hydrolyzed as they
34. MgCl2.6H2O
3
MgO + 2 HCl + 5H2O come from strong base and strong acid respectively.
hydrolysis

35. NaOH + I2 —→ NaIO3 + NaI, with dilute NaOH, 53. X = CaH2 , Y = Ca(OH)2, Z = H2
NaI and NaOI are formed.
17.6 Chemistry
54. SO42- is a large anion and forms a more stable 59. Slaked lime :- Ca(OH)2
compound with a large cation. Thus, Cs2SO4 is most Milk of lime :- Ca(OH)2
stable.
Quick lime :- CaO
55. CaC2 + N2 —→ CaCN2 + C. Lime stone :- CaCO3
56. Both BeO and Be(OH)2 are amphoteric and dissolve 60. NaCl —→ Na+ + Cl–; 2 Cl– —→ Cl2 ­- + 2e–
in NaOH forming soluble [Be(OH)4]2–.
2H2O + 2e —→ H2 - + 2OH-
57. CaCN2 + 3 H2O —→ CaCO3 + 2 NH3. Na+ + OH– —→ NaOH
58. CaO + CO2 —→ CaCO3 ; CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 .

CaCl2 is not a suitable drying agent for ammonia as
CaCl2 + NH3 → CaCl2 . 6NH3

EXERCISE - 3
1. Except Be and Sr all are correctly matched.
2. x = Na2PbO2 y = Na2SnO3 z = NaAlO2
3. By product is CaCl2, x = CaCO3, y = CO2.
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 —→ CaCO3 + 2NaCl
3
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
4KO2 + 2CO2 —→ 2K2CO3 + 3O2
7. x = MOH; y = H2O2 ; z = O2
8. 4 (KO3, RbO2, Cs2O2, BaO2). It should be basic as
well as a bleaching agent.
9. A = NH3 = 4 atoms ; B = CO2 = 3 atoms ;
C = NaHCO3 = 6 atoms ; D = Ca(OH)2 = 5 atoms.
10 x = 2 . Compound formed b CaSO 4 $ 2 H2 O l is
1 1

4. Except Li2CO3, Na2CO3 all form polymeric chains. plaster of paris.

AlCl3 dimeric chain.
5. Glauber’s salt is Na2SO4.10H2O.
6. (e), (f), (g) are false.
(e) On hydrolysis of Na2CO3. We get an basic
solution due to the formation of NaOH.
(f) K2CO3, does not form precipitate like NaHCO3
and hence can not be prepared by Solvay
process.
(g) Excess of carbondioxide should be avoided
since this leads to the formation of water soluble
calcium hydrogen carbonate.
11. LiH, Mg3Bi2, Al4C3, Ca3P2
12. [Be4O(NO3)6] is called basic beryllium nitrate.
13. x —→ Mg, Pb, N ⇒ 3
y —→ N ⇒ 5
z —→ Pb, Al ⇒ 2
14. Mg does not dissolve in liquid ammonia.
15. Be and Mg have very high I.E. Hence, do not impart
colour to the flame. Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ are less volatile
and do not impart colour to the flame in lower
oxidation flame.

EXERCISE - 4
1. Na + (x + y) NH3 (moderate amount) 3. Reducing Nature in gas phase = Li < Na < K < Rb <
—→ [Na(NH3)x]+ + [e(NH3)y]-. Cs.

The blue colour solution is attributed to the solvated
Reducing Nature in aqueous condition = Li > Cs >
electrons. Rb > K > Na.

The blue colour solution is highly conducting due Heat 1
4. KNO3 KNO2 + 2 O2 ; C + O2 —→ CO2
to the presence of mainly solvated electrons and
5. Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by the
solvated Na+ ions.
electrolysis of brine using Castner-Kellner cell.

The blue colour solution is not diamagnetic but
6. Sulphur is in + 6 and – 2 and in acidic medium they
paramagnetic due to the presence of solvated
undergo disproportionation
unpaired electrons. 0
+4
Na2S2O3 + 2 HCl —→ 2 NaCl + SO2 + S + 3 H2O
2. 6Na + Al2O3 —→ 2Al + 3Na2O
Na2O + CO2 —→ Na2CO3 7. Na2O, Na2O2 and KO2 reacts with water being more
basic than water.
 s-Block Elements 17.7
8. K + O2
burning
KO2. 20. The function of Ca(H2PO4)2 is being acidic in nature
excess air
and gives CO2 when moistened with NaHCO3. This
Crystallisation
9. CaCl2 + H2SO4 -HCl
CaSO4.2H2O released CO2 gives a fluffy nature to the food. e.g.
393 K
2 CaSO4.H2O
> 393 K
CaSO4. cake.

10. (a) Na2O + H2O —→ 2 NaOH
(b) 2 Na/Hg + 2 H2O —→ 2NaOH + 2 Hg + H2
(c) Na2O2 + 2H2O —→ 2 NaOH + H2O2
(d) Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2CO3
11. S1 : As they readily lose electron to give monovalent
M+ ions because of low ionisation energies.
S2 : Have low melting and boiling points, as they
have weak metallic bonds due to the presence of
only a single valence electron/atom.
21. Loss of water of crystallization in air is called
effloroscene.
22. Ba(NO3)2 results a neutral solution as it is the salt of
strong acid, HNO3 and strong base, Ba(OH)2.
23. is bleaching powder.
24. Methanides give CH4 on reaction with H2O.
Al4C3 + 12H2O —→ 4Al (OH)3 + 3CH4 ;
Be2C + 4H2O —→ 2Be (OH)2 + CH4

S3 : Because of low ionisation energies, these
elements when irradiated with light, the light
energy absorbed is sufficient to make an atom
lose electron.
S4 : Because of their high reactivity towards air and
water.
12. All alkali metal hydrides are ionic in nature and
react with water according to the reaction ;
NaH + H2O —→ NaOH + H2.
13. MgC2 forms C2H2 on hydrolysis while carbides of
Be and Ac form CH4.
14. (a) Lithium show exceptional behavior in reaction
directly with nitrogen of air to form the nitride,
Li3N.
(b) Smaller cation (Li+) polarises bigger anion (CO32-)
liberating CO2 gas. So it has the lowest thermal
stability.
(c) The solubility of the alkali metal hydroxides
increases down the group from Li to Cs. This
is because of the fact that down the group with
increasing size of cation, the lattice energy as
well as hydration energy also decreases but the
change in lattice energy is more as compare to
that of hydration energy.
15. Li+(aq) has lesser mobility than Na+(aq) due to higer
extent of hydration. H+(aq) has the highest mobility
among all the ions - fact.
16. NaNO3 is not used as gun powder because it is
hygroscopic in nature and becomes wet by absorbing
water molecules from the atmosphere.
18. Na2SO4 leads to precipitation of Barium as BaSO4.
19. Basic character increases down the group.
25. Milk of magnesia is Mg(OH)2 and it neutralizes
excess acid.
26. Mg2+ ion has higher hydration energy than that of
Na+ and Ca2+ ions because Na+ ion has small charge
and bigger size of atom than that of Mg2+.
Ca2+ ion has bigger size then that of Mg2+.
27. All statements are factual.
28. (a) The solubility of the alkali metal carbonates
increases down the group from Li to Cs. This
is because of the fact that down the group with
increasing size of cation the lattice energy as
well as hydration energy also decrease but the
change in lattice energy is more as compared
to that of hydration energy. Lithium hydrogen
carbonate is not obtained in the solid form
while all other elements of group 1 form solid
hydrogencarbonates.
(b) K2CO3 can not be prepared by Sovay’s process
because intermediate formed, KHCO3 is
appreciably soluble in water.
(c) Li2CO3 and MgCO3 both are not thermally
stable.
(d) KCl.MgCl2.6H2O is a mineral called carnallite.
17.8 Chemistry
29. (a) Along the period, the nuclear charge increases
and, therefore, atomic size decreases. So, Na has
larger atomic radius than Mg.
(b) Mg is smaller than Na and Mg has two valence
electrons per atom while Na has only one valence
electron per atom. So Mg has stronger metallic
bond than that of Na (Na is a soft metal).
(c) Since K is larger in size than Na, therefore the
strength of the metallic bond in K is weaker than
that in Na. thus, M.P. and B.P. of K is lower than
that of Na.
(d) Mg does not impart characteristic colour to
the flame because the electrons in Mg are too
strongly bound to get excited by flame. Ca
imparts brick red colour to the flame because of
its low ionisation enthalpy.
30. Polarisation power of Na+ and Ba2+ is almost same.
31. (a) 4LiNO3 —→ 2Li2O + 5O2 + 2N2.
1 through lattice energy effects.
(b) NaNO3 —→ NaNO2 + 2 O2.
1 (c) The low solubility of LiF is due to its high lattice
(c) Mg(NO3)2 —→ MgO + 2NO2 + 2 O2.
32. NaH (s) + NaHCO3 (s) —→ Na2CO3 + H2
NaHCO3 + NaOH —→ Na2CO3 + H2O
NaHCO3 + HCl —→ NaCl + H2O + CO2
33. Down the group size increases and, therefore,
attraction between valence shell electron and nucleus
decreases and thus ionisation energy decrease.
Along the period the atomic size decreases and
nuclear charge increases. So generally the ionization
energy increases. However, half-filled and
completely filled valence shell electron also affect
the ionization energy along the period.
34. In alkaline earth metals solubility of sulphates
decreases down the group of sulphates.
35. Gas is O2.
36. The hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions
decrease with increase in ionic size down the group.
Be2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+
The hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal
ions are larger than those of alkali metal ions,
because of their much larger charge to radius ratio,
exert a much stronger electrostatic attraction on
the oxygen of water molecule surrounding them.
Thus, compounds of alkaline earth metals are more
extensively hydrated than those of alkali metals,
e.g., MgCl2 and CaCl2 exist as MgCl2.6H2O and
CaCl2.6H2O while NaCl and KCl do not form such
hydrates. So all statements are correct.
37. Q is C2H2 or C3H4. Bromine water is decolourized
due to addition of Br2 across the double bond present
in their compounds. Al4C3 produces CH4 which
doesn’t have any double bond.
38. Basic strength Cs2O>Rb2O>K2O>Na2O>Li2O
Large anions like HCO3- and O22- are more stable
with large cations and small anions like H- are more
stable with smaller cations.
39. Factual.
40. Configurations given in options (a) and (b) are
of d-block elements as last electron enters in
d-subshell.
41. (a) The increasing stability of the peroxide or
superoxide, as the size of the metal ion increases,
is due to the stabilisation of large anions by
larger cation through lattice energy effects.
(b) Bigger cation stabilises bigger anion and
similarly smaller cation stabilises smaller anion
energy whereas low solubility of CsI is due to
smaller hydration energy .
(d) NaOH is deliquescent in nature. So, NaOH
absorbs moisture.
42. (a) In alkali metals, the metallic bonds are weaker
on account of large size and one valence electron
per atom. So they are soft and can be cut with
knife.
(b) The alkali metals are highly reactive due to their
large size and low ionisation enthalpy. So alkali
metals do not occur in free state in nature.
(c) The alkali metals are highly electropositive due
to their large size and low ionisation enthalpy.
(d) All alkali metal hydrides are ionic solids with
high melting points.
43. MgCl2 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 + NaCl
Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaHCO3
H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 → 2NaHCO3
44. If the cathode taken is iner e.g., Pt then H2 is
produced while if Hg is taken at the anode Na-Hg
will be produced. Cl2 is produced at the anode and
NaOH is formed as a by product of electrosis of
Brine solution.

45. (a) The sulphates of the alkaline earth metals
are all white solid and stable to heat. BeSO4
and MgSO4 are readily soluble in water; the
solubility decreases from CaSO4 to BaSO4. The
greater hydration enthalpies of Be2+ and Mg2+
ions overcome the lattice enthalpy factor and
therefore their sulphates are soluble in water.
(b) Hydration energy of alkaline earth metal ions
decrease with increase in ionic size down the
group and the order is,
Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba .
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
(c) The thermal stability of oxy-acid salts of
alkaline earth metals generally increases down
the group with increasing metallic character, i.e.
electropositive character.
(d) Hydration energy of alkaline earth metal ions
decreases with increase in ionic size down the
group so the order of their ionic radius in water
is, Be2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+.
46. Above 3M concentration, the solutions are no longer
blue but are bronze/copper-bronze coloured with a
metallic luster. Greater concentration of electrons
per unit volume increases the reducing power.
47. (a) The dilute solutions conduct electricity better
than any salt in any liquid and the conductivity is
similar to that of the pure metals. Conduction is
mainly due to the presence of solvated electrons.
(b) The dilute solutions are paramagnetic but
this paramagnetism decreases at higher
concentration. As the concentration of metal
increases, metal ion clusters are formed and
above 3M concentration the solutions are
diamagnetic.
(c) Ammoniated electrons are responsible for the
blue colour of the solution.
48. The dilute solutions have strong reducing properties
on account of the presence of solvated unpaired
electrons.
s-Block Elements 17.9
49. NO3- is a large anion and hence most unstable with
the smallest cation. So, LiNO3 is the easiest the
decompose.
50. CO32- is also a large anion and hence most stable
with the largest cation i.e., Cs+.
51. Li does not form alum because of small size of Li+.
52. Only alkali metal bicarbonates exist in solid state,
with the exception of LiHCO3. Also, NH4HCO3.
3
53. (a) Na2O2 Na2O + O2
Na2O is a basic oxide and diamagnetic. O2 is a
paramagnetic gaseous oxidizing agent.
(b) 2KO2 + S
3
K2SO4
3
evacuated and sealed tube 4C
K2S + 4 CO.
CO is isoelectronic with N2 and thus diamagentic.
CO acts as reducing agent and is a neutral oxide.
800 o C
(c) 4 NaNO3 2 Na2O + 5 O2 + 2 N2.
N2 is diamagnetic. O2 acts as oxidising agent and
Na2O is basic oxide, Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH.
3
(d) 2 Ba(NO3)2 2 Ba(NO2)2 + O2
NO acts as oxidising as well as reducing agent
-
2
and O2 acts as oxidising agent.
54. Factual.
55. (a) BeO is amphoteric in nature becuase it reacts
with acid as well as base. It is a crystalline solid.
(b) Hydrogen bonding ; HCO3- ions are linked into
an infinite chain through H-bonding.
(c)
(d) 2CsO2 + 2H2O —→ 2Cs+ + 2OH- + H2O2 + O2
56. (a) Na2SO4 is stable to heat
(b) Na2CrO4 and MgCrO4 are soluble in water
(c) Mg does not dissolve in NH3 solution.
(d) Na2SO4 and MgSO4 are soluble in water.

393 K 1
6Li + N2 → 2Li3N
1. CaSO4 . 2H2O CaSO4 .
HO
2 2 4. Be is used ofr making X-Ray tube window.
2. Smaller the size of alkaline earth metals, greater is
5. Mg can form basic carbonate like
the tendency of their nitrate to crystallise with water
molecule. Since Ba is the biggest among alkaline
5Mg+2 + 6CO2-
3
+ 7H2O
earth metal so its nitrate does not crystallise with
—→ 4MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.5H2O . + 2HCO-3
water molecule.
While Li can form only carbonate (Li2CO3) not basic
3. Among the alkali metals Li directly reacts with N2 of carbonate.
air, to give lithium nitride. 6. It is fact.
17.10 Chemistry
7. Down the group, solubility of sulphates of group 2
metals in water decreases. BeSO4 is soluble in water
(a known fact). Hence, hydration energy of BeSO4
should be more in magnitude than its lattice energy.
3 and vice-versa. Hence the increasing correct order
8. CaCO3 CaO + CO 2 -
Basic oxide Acidic oxide
9. 4LiNO3 —→ 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2
1. (a) Pb3O4 is insoluble in water or do not react with
water.
(b) 2KO2 + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2O2 + O2(g) ↑
(c) Na2O2 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2O2
(d) Li2O2 + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2O2
2. Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give
ammoniated cations and ammoniated electrons, the
blue colour of the solution is due to ammoniated
electrons.
M + (m + n)NH3 —→ [M(NH3)n]+ + [e(NH3)m]-
The conductivity of solution is due to both the ions.
10. As metallic character of element attached to
oxygen atom increases, the difference between the
electronegativity values of element and oxygen
increases and thus basic character of oxides increases
of basic nature is Al2O3 < MgO < Na2O < K2O.
3. Down the group the effective nuclear charge
remains almost constant. But down the group with
increasing atomic number the number of atomic
orbits increases and there by atomic size increases.
As a result, the distance of valence shell electron
from nucleus increases and attraction between them
decreases and therefore ionization energy decreases.
4. 4NaNO3
800 o C
2Na2O + 5O2 + 2N2
5. 6Na + 2O2 —→ 2Na2O + Na2O2
(excess)