12126122, 9:20 AM ‘Organisation OF An Organism - IGCSE Biology Noles (2020) Free Exam Academy Organisation Of An Organism Cell structure and organisation Fst ofall, all organisms are mode of calls. They ar ko the log blocks of ie. The syllabus wants you taknow how to draw a basic animal and plant cel label its structures, end also explain the functions of each ofthe structures too, ‘At avery basic lve, plea refer tothe diagram was below. The plant cell has everything that an animal call has, plus some added stuctures which are are in geen text. The functions of each ofthese struc tres willbe discussod futher down the page. ‘Animal cell Plant Celt cytoplasm Nucleus | cettmembrane Cellulose cel wall Mitochondtion ermanent vacuele Chioroplast So all cells have @ cell membrane which is what allows or disallows certain things entering and exiting the cell The nucleus contains genetic information (ONA) and the cytoplasm ise jllylke substance in ‘ich everthing els in the call is suspended in. The mitochondrion is the ‘power house’ cf the cell and the reason for his rame is due to the fact that respiration occurs here. Pants have some extra struce ‘ures such as coll walls (Lo support the col) and chloroplasts for photosynthesis, You wil eam more aout these in future topics. Plants also have a permanant vacuole, whervas animal clls have small temporary ones, Whilst the above diagram but be sufficient for tho coe syllabus, the extended course wants you to know two extra structures: ‘+ Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) + Ribosomes ‘Tha RERis basically a sot of tubular mambranes near the nucleus which have ribosomes studded onto it and the ribosomes are then used for protein synthesis, These ritosomes can ether be found on the RER (ss mentioned before butt canbe found fee inthe cytoplasm as wel you ere comfortable with te fist clagram, take a look at this one! Iitps:twwwAreeexamacademy.com/organisation-of ar-organism! 1812126122, 9:20AM ‘Organisation OF An Organism - IGCSE Biology Noles (2020) Stiucture 8 function summary ‘+ Gell membrane ~ Selective contcal of what goes in and out ofthe cell ‘+ Nucleus ~ Caries genetic material (ONA) ‘+ Cytoplasm ~ Jelly like substance n which chemical reactions take place ‘= Vacuolo ~The vacuole has many functions ‘ Stores/solates harmful material ‘Stores small nutrients “© Maintains water balance ‘Structural support fr plant cols via turgor pressure ‘+ Rough endoplasmic reticulum ~ Studded with ribosomes + Rivosomes Site of protein synthesis ‘Mitochondria - Site of aortic respiration (cells with high metabal sm rates will eed lots ofthese 1 offor sufficient nerey) ‘Coll wall ~ Structural support for plant cells *+ Chloroplast ~ Site of photosynthesis in plant cells Levels of organisation There are levels of ogarisation that you need to be aware of. As we discussed before, the smallest unit of alving thing is a cll. So thet's @ good place to start. A group of cells ae called tissues, «group of ‘issues ae called organs, and a group of organs are then calles crgan systems, Take a look here: ‘Cell The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism ‘Tissue ~ Group of colis with similar structures working together to perform a shared function ‘Organ ~ Structure made up of group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions ‘Organ system ~ Graup of a:gans with elated functions, working together to perform body ‘unotions Now some cells have structures that help tham with thir particular funtion. There area couple of those exampls that CIE wants you to know. + Gilated cells ‘Rost hair calls + yl vessels + Palisade colls + Nene cells Iitps:twwwAreeexamacademy.com/organisation-of ar-organism!12126122, 9:20 AM ‘Organisation OF An Organism - IGCSE Biology Noles (2020) + Redbood cells ‘© Sperm and egg cells Each of the things above will naturally be covered in more cetalin ater topic inte syllabus and ‘thorofoe will not be covered hare. Size of specimens Inthe lab, lot of biology is dane under microscope. For example, we cant exam the cells of 3 human ‘iseue with ou: naked eyes right? Therefore the purpose ofthe microscope isto magnify aurspecimen 0 that it appears biggr for usta bo able to actualy sev. Naturally, the CIE syllabus wants you to be able to porform basic equations regarding magnification, the image size (of the spzcimen) end the actual size (of specimen), Ples# memorize the following equation: ‘Actual size = I Magnification = eanicaton = petal ane In.an exam, they wl always give you 2 out ofthe 3 factors inthe equation and tel you to find the mis: ing one, Just apply the forme above andit wil be a walk inthe park! Iitps:twwwAreeexamacademy.com/organisation-of ar-organism! 316