J Surfact Deterg
DOI 10.1007/s11743-017-1997-x
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Solubilization of Ni Imidazole Complex in Micellar Media
of Anionic Surfactants, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Sodium
Stearate
Nafisa Younas1 • Muhammad Abid Rashid1 • Muhammad Usman2
Sadia Nazir3 • Sadia Noor1 • Abdul Basit1 • Muhammad Jamil4
Received: 16 November 2016 / Accepted: 12 July 2017
Ó AOCS 2017
Abstract The solubilization and physicochemical behav-
ior of a coordination complex of nickel, namely
[Ni(im)6]F25H2O [hexakis(imidazole)nickel(II) fluoride
pentahydrate], in aqueous micellar media of anionic sur-
factants, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium
stearate (SS), were investigated by using UV–Vis spec-
troscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. Spec-
troscopic techniques were used for the computation of
binding constant (Kb), partition coefficient (Kx), change in
free energy of binding (DGb), and change in free energy of
partition (DGp), whereas electrical conductivity data was
helpful to calculate thermodynamic parameters of micel-
lization of surfactants in the presence of the Ni complex,
i.e., standard entropy of micellization (DSm), free energy
(DGm), and enthalpy of micellization (DHm). It is evident
from the results that solubilization of the Ni complex takes
place because of electrostatic as well as hydrophobic
interactions. The presence of the Ni complex in micellar
media increases the critical micelle concentration of both
surfactants owing to the structure-breaking effect.
& Muhammad Abid Rashid
marashid@uaf.edu.pk
& Sadia Nazir
sadia_nazir78@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
2
Department of Chemistry, Government College University,
Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
3
Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
4
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Postgraduate College,
Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
•
Keywords Surfactant  Solubilization  UV–Vis
spectroscopy  Micelles  Partition coefficient
Introduction
A prominent aspect of modern coordination chemistry is its
increasing potential to mimic form and structure in
molecular biology. Imidazole is an important motif that
enables rapid access for the development of molecular
biology, bioinorganic, metallo-supramolecular, and coor-
dination chemistry [1–5]. Imidazole derivatives exhibit a
diverse array of pharmacological activities like antifungal,
antibacterial, and antitumor potential, and these moieties
are present in many biologically active systems like
enzymes, as a part of the histidyl residue in peptides and
proteins as well as in drugs or natural products [6–9].
Particular interest has been drawn by imidazole-based
metal complexes as bioinorganic models which can lead to
compounds which mimic enzyme function as well as in the
simulation of active sites of enzymes and provide new
reagents or catalysts for practical application. Generally
manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc imida-
zole-based complexes are important in areas such as
biomedical, biological, and environmental applications
[6, 10]. Strong hydrogen bonding is involved in imidazole-
based nickel fluoride complexes and this strong bonding
may be exploited as a model for the active sites of enzymes
which contain nickel as their essential element, e.g., jack
bean urease [11–13].
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules capable of
forming colloidal-sized aggregates known as micelles
which are responsible for the solubilization of sparingly
soluble substances in water [14, 15]. The phenomenon of
solubilization plays an important role in industrial and
123

biological process. Micelles comprise a hydrophilic surface
and a hydrophobic core, making them good alternatives to
study the interactions of drugs with membrane and, thus,
can be used as model systems to conduct in vitro studies of
drug–membrane interactions. Solubilization of imidazole-
based nickel fluoride complexes is actually a partitioning of
the complexes between micellar medium and intermolec-
ular bulk phase. Free energy change, binding constant (Kb),
and partition coefficients are helpful for the characteriza-
tion of thermodynamic phenomena of complex–surfactant
interaction and transfer of complex between bulk water and
micellar phases, respectively. The structure of complex and
surfactant constituting the micelles has a strong effect on
the partition coefficient [14, 16–18]. In this manuscript, we
report the influence of two anionic surfactants (sodium
dodecylsulfate and sodium stearate) on micellar solubi-
lization of the hexakis(imidazole)nickel(II) fluoride pen-
tahydrate complex (NIC) to infer how this complex
behaves in aqueous solution and how it interacts with
anionic surfactants. Figure 1 shows the structure of the Ni
complex and surfactants studied in this work.
Experimental Section
Synthesis of [Ni(im)6]F25H2O
[Ni(im)6]F25H2O was synthesized by a reported method
[13]. To a suspension of NiF24H2O (10 mmol, 1.7 g) in
(a) NH
N
NH
HN N
N
F2.5H2O
Ni
N N
HN N NH
HN
Hexakis(imidazole)nickel(II) f luoride pentahydrate complex
(b)
O Na
O S O UV–Vis Spectroscopy
O
Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate
(c) O jacketed cell for controlling temperature fluctuations was
ONa
Sodium Stearate
Fig. 1 Structure of NIC and surfactants
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J Surfact Deterg
water (50 ml) was added imidazole (2.0 g, 60 mmol). The
mixture was heated at reflux for 15 h till the dissolution of
almost all the nickel salt and appearance of purple-blue
solution. The solution was cooled, filtered, and concen-
trated to one-third its volume in vacuo. The solution was
allowed to stand at room temperature and after 10 days
mauve crystals of complex were collected. Elemental
analysis: calculated (%) for [Ni(im)6]F25H2O. C18H34F2-
N12NiO5 (634.69): C 34.03, H 5.36, N 26.47; found: C
33.99, H 5.29, N 26.25.
Solution Preparation
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; CAS 151-21-3; 99%) and
sodium stearate (SS; CAS, 822-16-2; 98%) were supplied
by Daejung Chemical Co. Imidazole (CAS, 288-32-4,
99%) was supplied by Scharlau and nickel(II) fluoride
tetrahydrate (CAS, 10028-18-9; 98%) by Sigma Aldrich.
All the chemicals were used as delivered. Doubly distilled
water was used for solution preparation. Initially the
complex was dissolved in water to form a primary solution
and subsequently surfactants were dissolved in this solution
to prepare secondary solutions ranging before to after
micellar concentration. Distilled deionized water was used
to prepare stock solution for spectrometric observations,
and the stock solution was further diluted making sure that
maximum absorbance is within the limits of 1 and the
Lambert–Beer law holds. Surfactant solutions of various
concentrations were prepared from the solution of
complex.
Specific Conductance
Specific conductivity was determined using a Hanna HI
99301 conductivity meter. This instrument has the capacity
to measure specific conductivity ranging from 0.01 lS to
199.9 mS with ±0.5% ±2 accuracy and about ±0.5 K
accuracy for temperature. Polarization effect was success-
fully avoided by coating the electrode with platinum black.
The temperature range about 298–328 K with 10-K
increment was selected for the measurement of conduc-
tivities. Electrode calibration was done using KCl (aq) over
the required range of concentration.
A Perkin Elmer Lambda 25 UV–Vis spectrophotometer
(double beam, computer interfaced) equipped with a water-
employed for the measurement of absorption spectrum of
the sample in the UV–Vis region. All measurements were
accomplished at 298 K with ±0.5 K accuracy control. Ten-
millimeter-thick square quartz cells with 1-nm slit width
J Surfact Deterg
were used. Distilled water was used as reference solution in
simple UV–Vis spectra, whereas an aqueous solution of
surfactant was used as reference in differential UV–Vis
spectra. A ternary solution of surfactant in aqueous Ni
complex was kept in the sample cell.
Thermodynamic Parameters
The following equation was used for the computation of
free energy of solubilization (DGm ):
DGm ¼ ð2  bÞRT ln XCMC ð1Þ
where R represents the universal gas constant, approximately
8.314 J mol-1 K-1; b is the degree of dissociation; T stands
for absolute temperature; and XCMC represents the critical
mole fraction of surfactant at CMC. The degree of dissociation
was calculated from the ratio of the slopes of conductivity–
concentration plots before and after micellization:
S2
b¼ ð2Þ
S1
where S1 represents the slope of the straight lines in the
region before micellization and S2 represents the slope after
micellization.
The following equation can be employed for the com-
putation of enthalpy of micellization [14, 18–21]:
 
oðlog XCMC Þ
DHm ¼ 2:3ð2  bÞRT 2 ð3Þ
oT P
The following equation can be employed for the com-
putation entropy of micellization:
DGm ¼ DHm  TDSm ð4Þ
Partition and Binding Parameters
Partition law governs the distribution of complex between
micellar and aqueous media. Kawamura et al. proposed a
model to calculate partition coefficients by differential
absorbance method [22]:
1 1 1 The plot of specific conductivity of sodium dodecyl
¼
þ ð5Þ
m
DA KC DA1 Ca þ Cs DA1
where Kc is the partition constant, DA is the differential
absorbance, DA? is the differential absorbance at infinite
dilution, Ca is the additive concentration, Csm is the ana-
lytical concentration of surfactant given by Cs - CMCo.
The dimensional quantity partition coefficient Kx is
obtained from the value of partition constant as:
Kx ¼ Kc nw ð6Þ
where nw is the number of water molecules per cubic
decimeter. The magnitude of change in standard free
energy for the transfer of additive from water to micellar
phase can be calculated using Eq. 7.
DGp ¼ RT ln Kx ð7Þ
The binding constant Kb can be calculated from Eq. 8:
CS Ca CS 1
¼ þ ð8Þ
DA Del Kb Del
where Ca is the concentration of the complex. Estimation
of the magnitude of standard free energy change of binding
can be obtained from Eq. 9.
DGb ¼ RT ln Kb ð9Þ
Results and Discussion
The experimental determination of electrical conductivity
is a sensitive and efficient method for the detection of CMC
and calculation of thermodynamic parameters. The elec-
trical conductivity of surfactant solution exhibits a sharp
change at the CMC as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. A decrease
in the slope of conductivity–concentration plot after the
CMC is the result of (1) less mobility of micelles and (2)
decrease in the number of free ions in solution.
In surfactant solution there is dynamic equilibrium
between the dissociated and dissociated molecules as
follows:
NaDS $ Naþ þ DS
In the postmicellar region, the adsorption of Na? leads
to the formation of an electrical double layer in close
vicinity of the micelle and the micelle surface gets nega-
tively charged owing to unequal charge distribution
between micellar and aqueous regimes. There are two
regions of electrical double layer: (1) layer of adsorbed
ions (Stern layer), (2) layer of oppositely charged ions
(diffused layer). The electrical potential experiences a
rapid drop in the Stern layer and gradual drop in diffused
counterion layer [23].
sulfate (SDS) in the presence of nickel imidazole complex
(NIC) at different temperatures (298, 308, 318, and 328 K)
is shown in Fig. 2a. The point where the two straight lines
of the conductivity–concentration graph in the regions
before and after CMC intersect was used for the determi-
nation of critical micelle concentration. Figure 3a, b shows
similar plots for the sodium stearate/NIC system. Tables 1
and 2 summarize the critical micelle concentrations
(CMC), free energy (DGm), enthalpy (DHm), entropy (DSm)
of micellization, and extent of dissociation (b) for aqueous
media of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium stearate in
NIC at various temperature (298, 308, 318, and 328 K).
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 J Surfact Deterg

(a) 1.6 (b)

1.05
1.5

1.4
1.00
1.3

EC(mS)
0.95
EC(mS)

1.2

1.1
0.90
1.0

0.9 0.85

0.8
0.80
0.7
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cs(mM) Cs(mM)

Fig. 2 a Experimental data of electrical conductivity (mS) against 328 K (filled inverted triangle). b Experimental data of electrical
concentration of SDS in aqueous nickel complex solution at 298 K conductivity of sodium dodecyl sulfate against concentration in
(filled square), 308 K (filled circle), 318 K (filled triangle), and presence of nickel complex at 298 K

(a) 1.2
(b)
0.80
1.1

1.0 0.75
EC(mS)

0.9
EC(mS)

0.70
0.8
0.65
0.7

0.6 0.60

0.5
0.55
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8
Cs(mM) Cs(mM)

Fig. 3 a Data of electrical conductivity (mS) against concentration of inverted triangle). b Data of electrical conductivity of sodium
SS in aqueous nickel complex solution at 298 K (filled square), stearate against concentration in presence of nickel complex at 298 K
308 K (filled circle), 318 K (filled triangle), and 328 K (filled

Table 1 Micellar and

T (K) CMC (mM) DGm (kJ mol-1) DHm (kJ mol-1) DSm (J mol-1K-1) b
thermodynamic parameters
calculated from electrical 298 9.37 -38.14 -12.05 87.54 0.23
conductivity data for Ni
complex with SDS 308 10.42 -35.58 -11.76 77.32 0.38
318 11.72 -35.09 -12.15 72.16 0.43
328 12.5 -33.03 -11.88 64.47 0.55

The critical micelle concentration of pure sodium dodecyl
sulfate is 8.2 mM, whereas that of sodium stearate is
4.0 mM. The increase in CMC is caused primarily by the
structure-breaking effect of NIC. The structure of NIC is
rigid owing to the presence of six imidazole rings;
therefore it is more likely to be positioned in the outer
micellar region closer to the micelle–water interface
because of difficulty in the adjustment of its molecules in
the micelle. The work of micellization is increased owing
to such adsorption of solubilizate molecules, thus leading

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J Surfact Deterg
Table 2 Micellar and
T (K) CMC (mM) DGm (kJ mol-1)
thermodynamic parameters
calculated from electrical 298 5 -41.3
conductivity data for Ni
complex with SS 308 5.26 -41.44
318 5.36 -41.33
328 5.61 -40.98
to less entropy rise and making micellization less conve-
nient and hence increasing CMC [14, 24, 25].
There is a complex relationship between CMC and
temperature. The increase in temperature leads to the
dehydration of hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic parts.
Water removal from hydrophobic portions favors the
micellization process because of increase in entropy,
whereas water removal from hydrophilic parts does not
favor micellization because it gives rise to repulsion
between hydrophilic parts. Increase or decrease in CMC
with temperature is dependent on the relative value of these
two factors. In the presence of NIC, the CMC of surfactant
increases with temperature because of the predominant
effect of degree of hydrophilic dehydration over
hydrophobic dehydration. The large negative magnitude of
DGm indicates the spontaneity of micellization, while the
magnitudes of DSm and DHm suggest that the micelle for-
mation is favored by entropy for sodium dodecyl sulfate
and both entropy and enthalpy for sodium stearate.
In the NIC/system both electrostatic and hydrophobic
interactions play an important role in micellization. The
negative values of DHm also give information about the
exothermic nature of the process. The decrease in DSm and
increase in DHm with temperature indicate that electrostatic
interactions become stronger while hydrophobic interac-
tions become weaker. The DHm is the sum of enthalpy
changes resulting from hydrophobic as well as electrostatic
interactions, polar head group hydration, and oppositely
charged ions binding to micelles. Negative DHm may occur
when hydration of water surrounding polar head groups is
more significant than breaking of aqueous structure sur-
rounding hydrophobic monomer head groups. The increase
in temperature results in the hydrophilic group dehydration,
thus making electrostatic repulsion stronger.
The literature suggests that the changes in enthalpies
arising from hydrophobic as well as electrostatic interac-
tions, hydrophilic head group hydration, and oppositely
charged ions binding to micelles lead to the enthalpy
change (DHm) during the process of micellization. On the
other hand, a positive magnitude of DSm is the outcome of
transition of hydrophobic tails from aqueous to core
micellar regions. Enhanced strength of hydrogen bonding
in water present in regions closer to nonpolar tails makes
hydrophobic hydration distinct from the usual interaction
between solute and solvent. This effect also leads to the
DHm (kJ mol-1) DSm (J mol-1 K-1) b
-3.04 128.38 0.21
-3.17 124.23 0.25
-3.27 119.66 0.31
-3.36 114.68 0.36
tightening of aqueous structure in the close vicinity of
nonpolar groups. Torsional oscillations of hydrophobic
tails are constrained in the medium as a result of
hydrophobic hydration. Both of the effects discussed above
results in the drop of the entropy of the system.
Hydrophobic group removal from the aqueous medium is
favored by entropy changes because it leads to the breaking
of highly organized aqueous structure and inhibits move-
ment restrictions on hydrophobic chains [15, 19, 26–28].
Spectroscopic Investigations
Figure 4 shows the simple UV–Vis absorbance spectrum
of nickel imidazole complex with and without added
surfactant. The absorption maximum at 399 nm was
utilized for further study. The bathochromic shift
observed in the NIC spectrum with both surfactants
indicates predominant host–guest association between
the complex and surfactant. The red shift is also
indicative of change in environment around NIC mole-
cules from polar aqueous phase to the less polar palisade
layer of micelle. Since polar orbitals display more sta-
bility in polar environments, n ? p* transitions might
have caused this bathochromic shift.
The positive charge on the nickel imidazole complex
causes electrostatic interaction with both anionic surfac-
tants. Figure 5 shows that the absorbance of NIC rises with
surfactant concentration up to the CMC and then becomes
almost constant because of the optimum incorporation of
solubilizate molecules into the micelle. The microenvi-
ronment around NIC continuously changes up to the CMC
after which no change in environment takes place and
maximum incorporation of NIC molecules has occurred.
NIC increases the CMC of both surfactants, i.e., CMC of
SDS increases from 8.2 to 9.87 mM and that of SS
increases from 4.0 to 4.4 mM. The breaking of aqueous
structure occurs because of the structure-breaking effect of
NIC which leads to the entropy increases which in effect
make micellization less favorable and results in the rise in
CMC.
Differential Spectroscopy
Differential spectroscopy is a very significant tool which
can provide information about the interaction of additive
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 J Surfact Deterg

(a) (b) 0.40

399 nm
NIC NIC
399nm NIC + 9.8 mM SDS NIC + 7.69 mM NaS
0.20 NIC + 9.37 mM SDS
410 nm
0.36 NIC + 4.6 mM NaS
NIC + 9.14 mM SDS
NIC + 8.9 mM SDS
0.32
435nm
0.16
0.28

A
A

0.24
0.12

0.20

0.08 0.16
350 400 450 500 550 350 400 450 500
λ (nm) λ (nm)

Fig. 4 Simple absorption spectra of NIC at varying concentration of a SDS and b SS

(a) (b)
0.18
0.50
4.44mM
0.17 0.48
9.86 mM
0.46
0.16
0.44
0.15
0.42
A

0.14 0.40

0.38
0.13
0.36
0.12
0.34
6 8 10 12 14 16 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Cs (mM) CS (mM)

Fig. 5 Simple UV–Vis absorption spectrum of nickel complex against molar concentration of a SDS and b SS

and surfactant and the partitioning of additive between
water and micellar regimes. Figure 6 reveals the variation
in differential absorption of NIC versus concentration of
surfactant. Figures 7 and 8 are useful for the computation
of partition constant (Kx) and binding coefficient (Kb),
respectively. Experimental results of Kx and Kb for NIC/SS
and NIC/SDS systems are presented in Table 3.
For the NIC/SDS system, the values of Kx and Kb were
estimated to be 9.66 9 104 and 233, respectively. The
negative values of DGp and DGb (-28.44 and
-13.51 kJ mol-1, respectively) for this system reveal the
spontaneity of partitioning, binding, and stability of the
system [14, 17–21, 26–28]. Similarly for the NIC/SS sys-
tem, the values of Kx are Kb are 6.6 9 104 and 143,
respectively, and DGp and DGb are -27.50 and
-12.29 kJ mol-1, respectively. Figure 9 shows how NIC
molecules are housed in micelles of SDS and SS.
Comparison of Interaction of NIC with Both
Surfactants
The NIC/SDS system has a higher value of binding con-
stant (233) than for NIC/SS (143). This indicates that the
nickel imidazole complex (NIC) binds with SDS more
firmly because of greater degree of dissociation of SDS
which causes a significant electrostatic interaction between
cationic NIC and anionic SDS. The partitioning study
shows that NIC is distributed between aqueous and sodium
dodecyl sulfate micellar medium to a greater extent than in
SS micelles. Cationic NIC is more likely to be

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(a) (b)
0.75
0.170
0.70

0.165
0.65

0.160 0.60

ΔA
ΔA

0.155 0.55

0.50
0.150

0.45
0.145
0.40
0.140
8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
Cs (mM) Cs (m M)

Fig. 6 Differential absorbance of nickel complex versus concentration of a SDS and b SS

(a) 6.8 (b)

2.4
6.6

6.4 2.2

6.2 2.0
Δ A-1
Δ A-1

6.0
1.8
5.8
1.6
5.6

5.4 1.4

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
mo -1 mo -1
(Ca+Cs ) (Ca+Cs )

Fig. 7 Experimental data of (DA)-1 versus (Cs ? Csmo )-1 for computing Kx for a nickel complex/SDS system and b nickel complex/SS system

accommodated in the palisade layer of the micelle. Sulfate
groups increase the cross-sectional area of the surfactant
and enhance repulsion between surfactant molecules; thus,
more space is available in the palisade layer of SDS
micelles and a higher degree of solubilization is observed
for SDS than for SS.
Conclusion
The present study reports the solubilization of nickel imi-
dazole complex (NIC) by micellar solution of two anionic
surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium
stearate (SS), by UV–Vis spectroscopy and conductivity
measurement. The former technique gives a quantitative
measure of NIC–surfactant interaction in terms of partition
constant (Kx), binding coefficient (Kb), binding free energy
(DGb), and free energy of partition (DGp), whereas the
latter technique was used for the computation of thermo-
dynamic parameters such as free energy (DG), enthalpy
(DH), and entropy (DS) of solubilization. Both surfactants
produced red-shifted UV–Vis spectra of NIC which indi-
cates their strong interaction. The experimental results
reveal higher values of Kx and Kb for the NIC/SDS system
as a result of the relatively higher magnitude of electro-
static interaction of NIC with SDS due to the higher degree
of dissociation of SDS. NIC is solubilized in SDS micelles
to a greater extent than in SS micelles because of the

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(a) (b) 1.7

12

1.6
C s Ca / Δ A x 10 -5

11

C sC a / ΔA
1.5

10 1.4

1.3
9

1.2
8 9 10 11 12 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
Cs (mM) Cs (mM)

Fig. 8 Relationship between surfactant concentration (Cs) and CsCa/DA for the computation of binding constant for a nickel complex/SDS
system and b nickel complex/SS system

Table 3 Solubilization parameters partition constant Kx, free energy of partition DGp; binding coefficient Kb and free energy of binding DGb, for
Ni complex in micellar media of SS and SDS
Systems Kx (dm3 mol-1) DGp (kJ mol-1) Kb (dm3 mol-1) DGb (kJ mol-1)

NIC/SS 66,222 -27.50 143 -12.29

NIC/SDS 96,611 -28.44 233 -13.51

Fig. 9 Partitioning of NIC in micelle of a SDS and b SS

greater cross-sectional area of SDS, higher degree of dis- the palisade layer of micelles, and a higher degree of sol-
sociation and, consequently, greater repulsion between its ubilization is observed. Thermodynamic parameters
headgroups that provides more space for NIC molecules in investigated in this experimental work indicate that

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solubilization of NIC in micelles of both surfactants was
spontaneous, in addition to being enthalpy and entropy
driven. In particular, the negative DGm confirms the
spontaneity of the solubilization. The more negative value
of DGm at lower temperature reveals that the solubilization
becomes less spontaneous at higher temperature as the
CMC value increases with temperature.
Acknowledgements Financial support from the Higher Education
Commission (HEC) Pakistan is gratefully acknowledged. (HEC
scholarship No. 213-53340-2PS2-042 for S. Noor, Grant No. SRGP
1499 and NRPU 4923 for M. A. Rashid).
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 J Surfact Deterg

Dr. Sadia Nazir completed her M. Sc (Chemistry) in 2003 from

Nafisa Younas completed her M.Phil in Chemistry from University
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. She received her
of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2013. Currently, she is
PhD degree (Chemistry) from the same university in 2012. Her Ph.D
pursuing her doctrate degee with Dr. Rashid at the Department of
project title was ‘‘Synthesis, Characterization and structural determi-
Chemistry, University of Agriculture. She has contributed to two
nation of some transition metal fluoride chelates.’’ During Ph.D she
publications as first author. Her research is focused on the synthesis
also visited University of York, UK under International Research
and properties of surfactants.
Support Initiative Program, offered by Higher Education Commission
Pakistan and completed my experimental work in university of York.
Dr. Muhammad Abid Rashid completed his doctral degree with
After Ph.D she joined Govt College Women University, Faisalabad,
Prof. P. Langar in 2008 from Institut für Chemie, Abteilung
Pakistan as assistant Professor (contract) in September 2013 and
Organische Chemie Universität Rostock, Germany. He also worked
working at the same place to date. Recently, she has been awarded a
as research associate with prof. Viqar Uddin Ahmad at HEJ Research
research grant by Higher Education Commission Pakistan for a
Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan since
project Title ‘‘Synthesis of Task Specific Cost Effective Phosphorus
2002–2006. Dr. Rashid was involved with Prof. Armido Studer as
Based Flame Retardants and Their Application in Textile’’ (1.349
post doctoral fellow at Organische-Chemisches Institut Westfälische
millionRs). Up till now, she has published eight research articles in
Wilhelms Universität Münster, Germany. Dr. Rashid also pursued his
good impact factor journals, two papers have been submitted recently
post doctral studies with Prof. Ilhong Ryu at Department of
and are under review. Her research interests include, Coordination
Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University,
chemistry, organometalic chemistry, crystallography, supramolecular
sakia, Osaka, Japan and with Prof. Roberto Sanz at Dpto. de Quı́mica.
chemistry.
Área de Quı́mica Orgánica. Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
Currently, he is working as Assistant Professor since 2011 at
Sadia Noor completed her M.Phil in Chemistry from University of
Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,
Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2013. Currently, she is conducting
Pakistan. He is author/co-author of 42 publications. His main research
her research degee with Dr. Rashid on the Gold Catalyzation reactions
is based on the development of new methodlogies in Organic
of alkyenyl system. She also worked with Prof. George Baranay at
systhesis. His group is also involved in solubilization of transition
Dept. of Chemistry university of Minnesota USA. She has contributed
metal complexed/drugs with surfactnts. 17 students successfully
to four publications. Her research is focused on the synthesis and
completed their M.Phil theses under his supervison. He also
characterization of dyes and organic complexes.
successfully completed one project awaeded by Higher Education
Commission Pakistan. Concurrently, working on 02 more projects
related to gold chemistry by Higher Education Commission Pakistan Abdul Basit completed his M.Phil in Chemistry from University of
is going on. Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2016. He has contributed to two
publications as co-author. Her research is focused on the synthetic
chemistry and extraction of essential oils.
Dr. Muhammad Usman completed his PhD in 2011 in the field of
Colloid and Surfactants Chemistry under the supervision of Prof Dr
Mohammad Siddiq, Department of Chemistry, Quaid e Azam Muhammad Jamil completed his M.Phil from Quid -E-Azam
University, Islamabad,Pakistan. He has, so far, published 45 research University Islamabad Pakistan. His area of research synthesis and
papers in peer reviewed journals of international repute. Currently, he characterization of metal complexes of tetracycline, Cyclocerine and
is serving as Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, GC Ampiciline antibiotics in solution phase and their ORD/CD studies.
University Faisalabad, Pakistan. He has successfully supervised 11 Recently, he is doing Ph.D and major research focus is on the
M.Phil students. He has won research project titled ‘‘Removal of synthesis, characterization and bioactivities of the newly synthesized
Metals and Organic Dyes from Effluents by Micellar Enhanced Ultra Bisthioureas and their metal complexes. He have contributed to
Filtration’’ by Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. twelve research publications.

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