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Notes (/cbse-notes/class-8-science-notes/) > Chapter 1:
Crop Production And Management (/cbse-notes/cbse-class-
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Crop Production And

Management Class 8 Notes

Crop

Plants of the same kind that are grown and

cultivated as a source of food in a large
cultivable land is called a crop.

To know more about Crops, visit here (https://byjus.com

/biology/crops/).

Types of Crops

Crops, which are grown in the winter season

(from October to March) are called Rabi
crops.
The crops, which are sown in the rainy
season (from July to October) are called
Kharif crops.

For More Information On Food

Production and Management, Watch The
Below Video:

26,655

Preparation of Soil
Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for
food production.
The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop.
This is carried out using various processes and tools.

To know more about Agriculture Soil Formation and

Preparation , visit here (https://byjus.com/biology/agriculture-
soil/).

For More Information On Farming, Watch

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 45,854

Tilling or Ploughing

The process of loosening and turning of the

soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done
by using a plough.

Plough
A plough is a device that is used by farmers for different
purposes such as adding of fertilizers, tilling and
loosening of the soil.
It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil, removing
weeds, scraping of soil, etc.
The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip.
A ploughshaft is the main part of the plough, which is
made using a log of wood.
The other end of the shaft has a handle.
The other end is attached to a beam which is placed
on the bull’s necks.
A wooden, traditional plough can be operated by a pair
of an ox and a man.
Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced
by the iron ploughs.

Hoe
A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and
also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling.

Cultivator
A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in
loosening soil.
Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are
faster.

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For More Information On Irrigation, Watch

 The Below Video:

16,527

Sowing
Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil.
The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by a
cultivator or plough.

To know more about Sowing, visit here (https://byjus.com

/biology/sowing/).

Quality of the Seeds

Quality of the seed is an important factor that
determines the crop yield.
Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in
water.
The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float
on water whereas the good seeds sink.

To know more about Selection and Sowing of Seeds, visit

here (https://byjus.com/biology/agriculture-seeds-selection-
sowing/).

Traditional Tools
Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery,
traditional tools were used by farmers.
These include ploughs, shovels, scythes and pickaxes.
The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a
funnel.
Once seeds were put into this funnel, they would go
to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends.
The ends will pierce into the soil and place the seeds
there.

Seed Drill
Seed drills are used for sowing with the help of tractors.
It ensures that seeds are sown uniformly, at a particular
depth and are covered by soil after sowing.

Nursery
A nursery is a place where young plants and trees are
grown for planting elsewhere.
Nursery acts as a repository of saplings.

Germination of Seeds
Germination of the seed happens when the seed is
sown in the land and watered.
A plant starts to emerge from the seed and starts to
grow.

Adding Manure and Fertilisers

Manure/Fertilizers
Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are
added to the soil to increase their fertility.
While manures are made by decomposition of organic
substances, fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals.

Differences between Manure and

Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure

Manure is prepared from organic

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Fertilizer is an
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inorganic salt
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cow dung and farm waste
 Fertilizers are
Manures can be prepared in
manufactured in
farms
factories

Fertilizers are added Manures need to be added in

in comparatively large quantity as the nutrient
smaller quantities content is less

Fertilizers do not
Manures provide a lot of humus
provide any humus
to soil
to the soil

To know more about Manure and Fertilizer, visit here

(https://byjus.com/biology/manures-and-fertilizers/).

Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers

Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution.
It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases.

Leaving the Land Fallow

When land is left fallow for a certain period of time, the
land replenishes its nutrients by itself.
This land can be used for agriculture again.

Crop Rotation
Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow
continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility.
By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient,
we can ensure the soil fertility is restored.

Protecting from Weeds

Weeds

Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow

naturally along with the crop.

Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the

water, nutrients, space and light.

To know more about Weeds, visit here (https://byjus.com

/biology/weed-crop-protection-weeding/).

Tilling
Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that
helps in uprooting and killing of weeds.

Manual Removal
Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by
uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to
ground level periodically.

Weedicides
Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as
weedicides.
They usually don’t damage the crop.

Harvesting
Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is
mature.

Methods of Harvesting
Harvesting is done by 2 methods.
First is the manual method where a sickle is used.
Second is the mechanical method where a huge
machine called harvester is used.

Threshing
Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from
the chaff.
While it can be done manually, these days a machine is
used that separates all the grain seeds.

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 To know more about Threshing, visit here (https://byjus.com
/chemistry/threshing/).

Winnowing
Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds
from the chaff using the help of the wind.
Due to the wind, the lighter chaff flies away and the
heavier grains fall down.

To know more about Winnowing, visit here (https://byjus.com

/chemistry/winnowing/).

Storage
Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture.
After harvesting steps, the ready grains are stored in
granaries or silos.
The grains have to be stored in a dry place that does
not have a rodent or fungal infestation.
Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it
free from microbes.

Granaries
Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained
food grains are stored.

To know more about Storage of Grains, visit here

(https://byjus.com/biology/storage-of-grains/).

Animal Husbandry
Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm
animals for milk, egg or meat.

To know more about Animal Husbandry, visit here

(https://byjus.com/biology/animal-husbandry-food-animals/).

At BYJU’S, learn more about crop production and

management (https://byjus.com/biology/crop-production-and-
management/) and other related topics including class 8
Science notes (https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/class-8-science-
notes/).

Also Read:-

Crop Production Biotechnology in Agriculture

(https://byjus.com (https://byjus.com/biology
/biology/crop- /biotechnology-agriculture/)
production/)

Frequently asked Questions on CBSE

Class 8 Science Notes Chapter 1:
Crop Production and Management
What are the different types of irrigation
methods?
The 4 main types of irrigation are: Surface, Sprinkler, Drip and
Subsurface

What are biofertilizers?

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Biofertilizers
DOWNLOAD are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition
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by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in
soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and
 fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully
colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.

What is animal husbandry?

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with
animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk or other dairy
products.

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1 Comment

NEEHARIKA SINGH JUNE 21, 2020 AT 7:33 PM

(HTTPS://BYJUS.COM/CBSE-NOTES/CBSE-CLASS-8-SCIENCE-NOTES-

CHAPTER-1-CROP-PRODUCTION-AND-MANAGEMENT/#COMMENT-

106969)

Helped me a lot

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