4, TO OBSERVE REFRACTION AND LATERAL DEVIATION OF A BEAM OF OBLIQUELY ON A GLASS SLAB oi ‘When a light beam passes from one transparent medium to another trang i ol sparent medi of light beam changes at the interface of two media. This phenomenon i eal renee Aim To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab. (To trace the path of a ray of light, passing through a rectangular glass slab, fe a sage the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret a aie “a $60 ATRyaterials Requi * Glass slab 5 awing pins sneory Eraser gteral Deviation , result of ref verpendicular dist scidence and a pai {is lateral deviation in its original path fay is called lateral deviation. For a given angle procedure Take a drawing: jrawing pins Or Put the glass sk make an outline Now draw a’ which is normal incident ray at Now put the Fix two dra ems apart Now, try t0 the glass slaby Fix two more pi cm apart such Remove all th Make small i Extend the fine to CD from pi Extrapolate fine lateral deviat Measure Zi, ei Start with a vale © Repeat same pro Observations| The ray of light changes its path after emerging out of glass slab which proves that refraction travels fom one medium to another. The emerging ray is parallel tothe indent ry. The lateral deviation of the emergent ray with respect tothe incident ray is directly proportional of the glass sla. Angle of incidence Zi = angle of emergence Ze. Glass slab should be clean and of uniform thickness. Fix the pins vertically on the drawing board. ‘Be carefuul for accuracy while measuring angles. Use sharp pencils for making lines. Distance between the pins should be 8 to 10 cm for better accuracy while locating the angles of inci ‘emergence. ‘© Ensure thatthe pins E and F are in straight fine. Similarly, G and H should be in straight line, ‘© While viewing the pins, close one eye, Viewing with a single eye gives a purely straight line view. Sources of Error ‘© Mistake while measuring angles. ‘© Failure to insert the pin exactly on the line. ‘© Pin pricks could be thick.6. TO OBSERVE DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT DUE TO A THIN SLIT ‘The bending of light around the comers or edges of a find opening is known as diffraction of light. Aim ‘To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit, Materials Required © Two razor blades © Cello tape © Glass plate @ Screen ‘© Source of monochromatic light © Black paper Theory Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave Glass ale ‘encounters an obstacle. It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings. ‘Black paper Difiraction of light shows the wave nature of light. The diffraction Patter is caused by interference of light waves from different pyracton of ight tough hina using nt using two razor points of the same wave front. When two razor blades with their sharp edges parallel to each other, held quite close to each other, they form a fine single slit Procedure © Fix a black paper on the glass plate using an adhesive tape. ‘© Cut out a narrow slit at the centre of the black paper. 16 a Paci Scus i aterm onPlace two fa Place the so Observe the Place the: observation — \ diffraction pat ResultFORMED BY (i) CONVEX LENS CANDLE AND A SCREEN (FOR 7. TO STUD (ii) CONCA) E LENS/MIRROR) DIFFERE! ee converging eae convex lens is a converging lens and Position and size of image in both eases Aim ie To study the nature and size of the i nda sereen (for different distane 165 PRACTICAL SKILLS IN!«Candle Jens @ Concave mirror @ Match box eet a bench with three uprights ‘e Mette scale object. ition of FP rs ud si rte image formed bya conver lens depends on the PoP Procedure Convex Lens By obtaining a clear image of some distant object find th Place candle and lens on uprights and a screen on an upright eee Ie desea SB a outs te lens. Adjust the voreen 10 Bt # SS candle. and size of the image: oF and F, at F and between F and 1c given lens 1 approximate fot the Fat 2F, between ‘e- Record your observations about position, nature ‘«- Repeat these steps by positioning candle beyond 2 Record your observations obec tinny =, ae 3) ‘object between F and 2F iw = =m I (Object beyond 2F Images formed by convex lons Concave Mirror ‘ By obtaining a clear image of some distant object find the approximate F of the given mirror, ‘« Place candle and lens on uprights and a screen on an upright. ‘e Place the candle as far as possible from the mirror. ‘e Adjust the sereen to get a clear ima, s x 4 ng ige of candle, Record your observations about position, nature Repeat these steps by positioning candle beyond C, at C, between C and F, at F and between F and}pecord your ob observations Nature, size and ‘ctween F and pol nature and size © ed separately. Perform this While finding: This may d The optical Optical needles: The mirror and: Keep your eye neave mirror for different postions of object are ceive plenty of light. or ce Took directly at the image of the sun. 1 spirit level to ensure this.