EGYP TI AN HI EROGLYPHI C

DI CTI ONARY .

W IT H IN X
AN N I W DE OF E GL S H O R D S, KI N G L S I T AN D
G E OGR A C I T W IT IN X
PH I IT
AL L S H DE E S, L S OF H I E R O G L Y I’ H I C
C A R A CT
H C TIC A TIC A
ERS . OP ND SEMI L P H AB E T S , E TC .

4
“ u}

?W A L L I S
By (S ) IR A B U D G E , Km

M A . . AN D L I TT . D .
, C AM B R I DGE ; M A . . AN D O X F OR D ; D L . I T .
, D U R H AM ;

I
A N D T Y R W H I I T H E B R E W SC H O L A R
’
SO M E T I M E SC H OL A R O F C H R I S P S C OL LEG E , C AM BR I D G E ,
’ ’ ‘

;
K E EP E R OF THE E G YPT I A N AND A SSY RI AN B R TI S H M USE U M .

(I N T WO V OL U M ES )

LO N D ON

JO H N M U R R AY , A L BE M A R L E ST R E E T ,

1 9 20 .
 I
I I
H AR R S O N AN D S O N S,

I
P R N TE R S IN O RD N ARY TO HIS M AJ E STY
.

’
ST . M AR T N S LAN E L O N D ON ,

w . c. 2 .
 CONTENTS .

I I
P AG E

D ED C AT O N

I N TROD U C T I ON

LI ST O F AU T HOR II T ES QU OT E D OR R E F E RRE D TO

LI ST OF H I E R OG L Y I PH C C H AR AC T E R S

C O PT II I P
C, I S EM T C, AN D E R S AN CUNE I FO R M AL P H AB E T S cx l v ii i
E Y I
G DI I Y
P T AN C T O N AR

LI KI
’

ST N OF N GS AM E S ,

LI C ST I CI I
OF OU NTR ES, T E S, T OW N S ,
E TC .

I N D EX OF E N G LI S H W OR D S

I NDEX OF K I N GS
’
N AM E S

I N DEX OF G E O G R AP H I C AL N AM E S

G E OG R AP H I C AL N AM ES IN C OP T I C G REE K H E B R E W AS S YI
R AN , S YI
R AC ,

I
.
, ,

AR AB C, E TC .

LI ST OF C O PT I C W ORD S Q U OT E D IN TH E D I I
C T O N AR Y
LI ST OF N O N -E G Y I W P T AN O RD S Q U OT E D I N T H E D I I
C T O N AR Y—G R E E K,

H EBR EW ,
A Y I SY I SSA I
R AN , R AC , RAB C , E TC .

L I ST OF EG Y I HI
PT AN Y I C E R OG L PH C H A RA C T E R S IN TH E F OU N T OF

M E SS RS . H I S S I
A R R S ON AN D ON ; W TH AP P E N D I X .
 I N T RO D U CT I O N .

IT may
b e t ak en f o r gr an t ed t h a t fro m t h e t i me w h en Ak erb l ad , ,

Y oun g an d Ch amp o l l i on l e J eu ne l a i d t h e fou n d at i on o f t h e

s ci e n ce o f E t
gy p ol ogy i n t h e fir st qu ar t er o f t h e n i n et eent h cen tu r y
do wn t o t he p r esen t day e v ery s er i o u s s t u dent o f E gyp i an t ex t s t
t
, ,

w h e t h er h i ero gl y p h i c h i er a i c o r de mo t i c h as f ou nd i t n e ces sar y

t
, ,

to co mp i l e in on e f or m or an o t h e r hi s own E gyp i an D i ct i o n ar y .

I n t h es e day s w h en w e h a v e at ou r di sp o s al t h e kn ow l edg e w hi ch
h as b ee n a cqu i r e d du r i ng t h e l as t hu n dr e d y ears b y t h e u n ceas i ng
t oi l of t h e ab ov e men t i on e d p i o n e er s an d t h e i r i mme di at e La b ours of

33 3 2
1 1
f ol l o w ers B i rch , L ep s i u s , B r u gsch , Ch ab as , G o odw i n , E
fi

de
t 11
t
.

1 11
—
R ou gé an d o h er s w e ar e ap t t o u n derr at e t h e di fficu l i es w h i ch l ex i co
t h ey m m
e t an d o v er ca e as w el l as t o fo r ge t h o w gr ea t i s t h e deb t
,
g r a ph ers

w h i ch w e o w e t o t h em I t h er e for e p rop o s e b e for e p ass i n g o n t o

t
.
,

de s cr i b e t h e ci rcu mst an ce s u n de r w h i ch t h e p r es en t E gy p i an
.

H i ero gl y p h i c D i ct i on ary h as b een p r o du ced ,

to r ecal l br i e y fl
t h e l ab o u r s of the f amou s men w h o h av e p r e ce de d me i n t he
fi el d of t
E gy p i an l ex i co grap h y ,
an d w h o w er e h o n o u r e d i n t h e i r
w er e t h e gl o ry o f t h ei r t i mes
”
ge n er a t i on s , an d .

Th e Abb é J J B a r t h él emy ( 1 7 1 6— 1 7 95 ) as fa r b ack as 1 7 6 1 Akerbl ad d

t
an

ti f t
. .

s how e d sa s act o r i l y t h at t he o v al s in E gy p i an i n s cr i p i o n s ZP e ga S
dI S co v erI es
me d mes
.

Wt h we c al l car t o u ch e s c on t a y al ro na Z oeg a
t
.

( 1 6 —
7 5 1 8 09) acce p ed thi s v i e w a n d de v e l o p i n g i t s t at ed t h at t h e
ti
, , ,

h i ero gl yp hs in t h e m w er e al p h ab e c l e t t er s .
1
H ad Ak erbl a d
( 1 7 6 0—1 8 1 9) an d S . d e S acy ( 1 8 —
7 5 1 8 3 8) acce p t e d t h e s e fa ct s ,

an d w o t k ed to d e v el o p t he m , t he p rogr ess of E gyp t o l ogi cal

sci en ce w ou l d h av e b een mat er i al l y h ast en ed . Th ey fa i l ed h ow ,

e v er, t o p ay mu ch a t t en t i on t o t h e h i er o gl yp h i c i n s cr i p t i on s of

w h i ch c op i es w er e av a i l ab l e , an d dev ot e d al l t h ei r t i me an d l ab o u r
t o t he e l u ci da t i o n o f the e n ch o r i a l , or demo t i c t ex t on t he R os e t t a Si lac t
v e s re de
t
,

S y
S t h e di s co v er y of w h i ch h a d r ou s e d s u ch p r o fou n d i n t er e s t
.

one,

a mo ng t h e l ea r n e d men of t h e da y . Th ei r l ab ou r s i n conn ect i on

wi t h t hi s tex t w er e cr o w n e d w i th con s i de r ab l e s u ccess . To
Ak erb l a d b el on gs t h e cr e di t o f b e i n g t h e firs t E u ro p ean t o f or mu l at e
D e mot i c Al p h ab e t
”
a n d t o g i v e t h e v al u es o f i t s ch ar a c er s i n
,
t
Co p t i c l e tt ers b u t n ei t h er h e n or S de S acy s eems t o h av e su s
t
.
,

p ect ed t h e e x i s en ce o f a h i er ogl y ph i c al p h ab e t B o t h t hes e

t
.

e mi n e nt s ch o l ar s p r o du ce d l i s t s o r s mal l v o cab u l ar i es o f demo i c, ,

See my R osetta S ton e ,

v ol . I , p .
40 .
 I n tr odu cti on .

w o rds , and a dd e d t ra n sl a i on s t of t h e m w h i ch ar e su rp r i si n gl y

co r re ct con s i d e r i ng t he p e r i o d w h e n t he y w ere co mp i l e d An d
t t
.

b o h w er e ab l e to r ea d corre c t l y t h e d emo t i c e qu i v al e n s o f s e v er al

Gr e ek ro
y al n a mes ,
e .
g .
,
Al e x ander P t ol emy ,
an d B er e n i c e . Th e i r
f ai l u r e t o ap p l y the met h o d b y w h i ch t hey ach i e v e d s u ch s u cces s

to th e h i er o gl y p h i c i n scr i p t i on s is i n e x pl i cabl e . It h as b een

su
ggest ed t h a t t h ei r sch ol ar l y mi n ds r e v ol t ed at t h e ab su r d v i ew s,

t
t h e o r i e s a n d s t a e me n s ab o u t t h e E gyp i a n h i er o gl y p h s t t ma de
by At h an asi u s K i r ch er ( 1 601 — 1 6 8 o) Jabl on sk i ( 1 6 73 , J . de
G u i gn e s —1 8 1 5 an d an d t he
( 1 72 1 Ty ch s en ( 1 73 4 ) ot h ers ,

s u gges t i o n is p r ob a b l y c orr ect Aft er th e p u bl i ca t i on of hi s

t
.

famo u s L et er t o S d e S ac y .
,
1
Ak er b l ad see ms t o h av e dr o pp e d
h i s E gy p t ol o gi cal s t u di es At al l e v en t s h e p u bl i sh ed n o t h i n g
t t
.
,

ab o u t t h e m D e S acy h ou gh h e d i d n o t co n s i der t h a h e h ad
tim
.
,

w a st e d t he e t h a t h e ha d s p en t on t h e d e mo t i c t e x t on t he
R os et t a S t on e , r e fr ai n ed f r o m fu r t h e r r e s e arch i n E gyp t ol o gy
t t
,

an d n o t h i n g o f i mp or a n ce w as e ffe ct e d i n t he deci p h er men o f t h e

E gy p t i an h i erog y p h s u n i l D r l t Th o mas Y ou n g ( Ju n e 1 3 th 1 7 73
t
.
,

M ay 1 0t h 1 83 0 t u r ne d hi s a t
, ) en t i on t o t h em .

Y oU N G
’
s H I E RO G L Y I PH C ALP H AB E T AN D V OC AB U LAR Y .

In 18 1 4 Y ou n g b ega n t o s t u dy t h e i n s cri p i o n s on t h e R o s e a t tt
S t on e , an d a cco r d i n g t o h i s o w n s t at e men t s u ccee d e d i n a fe w

th t t
, ,

mon s in r an sl at i n
g b o t h t h e d e mo i c an d t h e h i erogl yp h i c
t ex ts H i s t r a n sl a t i o n s t o ge t h e r w i t h n o t es an d so me
mar k s re

l t
.
,

on Aker bl ad s D e mot i c A p h ab e w er e p r i n t ed i n
’
Ar che ol ona f o r
t
,

1 81 5 u n d er t h e t i t l e R emar k s o n E gy p i an P ap y r i an d on t h e
t t t
,

I n s cr i p i on o f R os et t a Wi t h r e s p ect t o t h e E gyp i a n Al ph ab e
.

he I h a d h o p ed t o fin d an al p h ab et w hi ch w ou l d e n ab l e
say s ,

me t o r ea d t h e en ch or i al i n s cr i p t i on But I
t
.

ha d gradu al l y b een co mp el l ed t o ab a n do n t h i s ex p ec at i on an d
ti th t
,

to ad mi t t he co n v i c on at no s u ch al
p h ab e w ou l d e v er be
di sco v er e d b ecau s e i t h ad n ev e r b e en I n e x i s en ce t D u r i n g t he
t
.
,

nex t f o u r y ears h e mad e s r i ki ng p r ogress i n t h e deci p h er

t hr ee or

ment o f bo t h de mo i c an d h i er ogl yp h i c charac ers Th e r es u s t t lt

t t hi t l Y
.

of hi s s u di es at p er i o d w er e p u bl i s h ed i n h i s ar i c e E G P T
s

t t
,

wh i ch app e ar e d in P ar I o f t h e fo u r h v o l u me o f t h e E n cy cl o
[medi a B ri tan n i ca i n 1 81 9 I t w as acco mp an i ed b y fiv e lp t a es ,

t l
.

con ai n i n g i n ter al i a a h i e ro gl y p hi c v o cab u ary of 21 8 w o r ds , a

Lettre l I n scr i pti on Egypti enn e de Rosette adressée an

'
c i toy en Si l vestre
p R publ t b
sur ,

do S acy P ari s ( I m ri me r i e de l a é i que F ran cai se) and S X

t pl t t c lp b t
, ras o u rg , an

8v o Wi h a a e con ai ni ng th e D emo ti A ha e
. .
 I n tr odu cti on .

s up p os e d ench o r i a l , i e d emo i c t al p h ab et , and sp eci men s of

t
. .
,

h Th e VI I t h S ec i on of t h e l e t t erp r ess con t ai n e d t h e Youn g s

l p c
p r as e s .
’

R u di ment s H erog y hi
cbl
” i
of a H i ero gl yph i c Vocab u l ar y ,
an d t hu s Y ou n g Vo a u a ry
b ecame t h e mp i l er s o f E gyp t i an V o cab u
”
.

fat her of E n gl i s h co

l ar i es I n t hi s ar t i cl e , w h i ch f or me d a most i mp or t an t and ep o ch
t
.

maki n g con t r i bu t i on t o E gyp t ol o gy Y ou n g gav e a l i s con t ai ni ng

t
,

a n u mb er o f al p h a b e i c E g
y p t i an ch ar act er s t o w h i ch i n mos t , ,

ca s es , he a s s i gn ed cor r e ct p h on et i c v al u es i , . e .
, v al u es w h i ch ar e

acce p t e d b y E gyp t ol ogi st s at t h e

p r es en t da y I n f act h e sh o w e d

th
.
,

at he h a d r i gh t l y gr asp ed t h e i dea of a p h o n et i c p r i n ci p l e i n
the r e a di n g o f E gy p t i an h i e r o gl yp hs t he e x i s t en ce o f w h i ch h a d

t
,

b een assu med an d p rac i cal l y p r o v e d b y B a r t hel emy an d Zo e ga Hi s

I I ppl c t t
,

an d ap p l i e d it F OR T H E F RST T ME i n t h e d eci p h ermen t o f a i i on o f a

E gyp t i an h i erogl yp h s Th i s s ee ms to me to be an i n di s p u t ab l e P ri n ci e pl
t he P hon e i c

t
.
.

f act w h i ch can eas i l y be v er i fi e d by any on e who w i l l ak e t he

t ti l Y
,

r ou b l e r e ad i n t he Su p p l emen t
’
to Y o un g s ar c e, EG P T,

t
.

t o t he E n c y l p di
c o B i wi a r ta nn ca an d s u dy hi s corres p on den ce

an d p a p er s w c hi h J h L it h o n e c r ep r i n t e d i n t h e t hi r d vo u l me o f Yo un g s
c c pt
’

t he M i s cel l an eou s Works of the l a te Thoni as You ng M D F

o r res o n d

l wi h
. .
, ,
en e

Lo
n don 85 5 Thos e w h o m s u ch ev i den ce wi l s a t i s fy may
c on s u l t
, 1

t he fiv e
.

v ol u me s
h i s p ap ers t h at of ar e
not

p r e s er v e d i n t h e
t
Charr po ll i o n
an d o he rs .

B ri t i sh Mu s eu m (Addi t i on al MSS I n t he firs t

t
.

v ol u me (Add . a r e al l t h e p r i n ci p al d ocu men s d e al i n g w i t h

h i s w ork on t h e R ose tt a S t o n e ,
an d in t h e s econ d (Add .

w i l l b e fou n d h i s co p i e s o f a s e r i es o f s h or t v ocab ul ar i es o f E gy p t i a n
w or ds Wi t hou t w i sh i n g i n an y w ay t o re op en t h e di sp u t e as
t
.

t o t h e mer i t s an d v al u e o f Y ou n g s w or k i n co mp a r i son w i h t h at
’

o f Champ o l l i on i t may b e p oi nt ed ou t t h at sch ol ars w ho w er e '

co n t e mp orar i es o f b o t h a nd w h o h a d c o mp e t en t kn ow l e dge o f

E gy p t ol o gy co u p l e t o ge t h e r t h e na mes of Y ou ng a nd Ch amp oll i on ,

an d p l ace Y o u n g
’
s na me fir st . Thu s K o s egar t en gr ou p s Y ou ng ,

Ch amp ol l i on an d P e y r on l ; B i r ch s p eak s o f t h e di sco v er i es o f

Dr . Y ou n g an d M Ch amp ol l i on
.
”2
; an d Tat t am s ay s t h a t t h e Con t mp
e o r ary

monu ment s
m t
E gyp t h av e l on g en ga ge d 013 1 11 1011 5 o n
scul p t u re d an d p ap y r i of
t he er i s o f
t he a t t en t i o n of t h e L earn e d , w h o h av e i n v a i n e n d ea v ou re d t o Yo u n
c
’

g s

d eci pher t h em ti l l ou r i n de f at i gabl e an d e ru d i t e cou n t r y man di s o v e ry

t hi m M Ch mp l l i
, ,

”3
D r Y ou n g
. d , an d , a f e r ,
. a o on , u n er t ook t h e t ask .

bt t De i m i as re fe r o Yo u n gi o Cha po l li on o , P e yr on i o v i ri s p
ut l u p t
r ae
as v e ro gra , ,

m
cl a ri ssi m
i s qu o q i e s a i q i d ad ho c s t u di o ru i n en s ab i is s ci sci t are m
t t b l mp u mmc m
,
o genu s er ,

i es m t e q a e de s i der are mmu ni ca v eru n t

c p m p
o en ev o e se e r e t p ro e u co .

D e P ri s mm p m W m
Aegy ti oru L i ttera tur a Co en ta ti o ri ei 82 8 iv

p c c p
a a . ar , 1 , . .

f S ketch H i erogly hi l D i ti on ary Londo n 83 8 3

p c p
2 1
o a a . , , . .

mm
3
C o ti Gra ar . Lo n do n ,
1 83 0, . ix .
viii I n tr odu cti on .

The grea t v al u e an d i mp or t an ce o f Y ou n g s ap p l i cat i on o f t he

’

p h on e t i c p r i nci p l e t o E gyp t i an h i e ro gl y p h s h as b e en su mmed u p

w i t h ch a r act er i st i c F r en ch t er s en e s s an d a ccu r a cy b y Ch ab as
t
,

t h e d i s t i n gu i s he d E gy p t ol ogi s t , w h o w ro e, Cet t e i dée fu t dan s

té I
,

”1
la r é al i ,
le F AT L U X de l a s ci en ce .

Cu r i o u s l y en o u g h Y o u n g di d n ot f ol l o w hi s di scov er y b y
up

a co n ti nu ed ap p l i cat i o n hi s p ho ne i c
of t p r i nci p l e t o E gyp i an t
i n scr ip t i o ns o th er t h an m s to t h os e o n t h e R se t t a St on e b u t se e
o
t
,

h av e b een cont ent t o l eav e i t s fu r h er ap pl i ca t i on an d dev el op men t

t o Cha mp ol l i on l e Je u n e An d for s ome r eas on he made n o at emp t 2
t
t
.

to a dd to t he E gy p i an Vo cab u l ary con t ai n i n g 2 1 8 w o r ds w hi ch he

p u bl i s hed i n hi s ar t i cl e EG Y PT i n t h e E n cy cl ope di a B ri tann i ca

ti th
,

or i f h e di d hi s ad di on s we r e n ev e r p r in t e d On t he o er h an d
t t t
.
.
,

he dev o hi msel f t o t h e p r ep ara i on o f a D emo i c Di ct i o n ar y an d

ed

t hi s w or k occu p i ed t he l a s t t e n y ear s o f h i s l i fe T he Adv e r t i se

t th
.

men t is of con s i de r ab l e in er es t , f or i t s how s at i t w as on l y hi s

lt
i nab i i y t o deci de up o n t h e s ys e m o f a r r an geme n t t h at o u gh t t o t
l
b e emp oy e d i n an E gy p t i an D i c i on ar y h a t p re v e nt e d hi m f ro m t t
l t t
,

u b l i shi n t h e w ork du ri n g hi s i f e i me H i s diffi cul i s d es cri b ed

p g y .

b y h i m t hu s :

F r o m t he mi x e d t
na u r e o f t he c h ar act er s e mpl oye d i n t he
w r i t t en l an gu age or r a th er l angu ages of t h e E gy p t i an s ,
i t i s di ffi
cu l t t o de t er mi n e wh at w ou l d b e t h e b e s t . a rr an
gement f or a ,

di ct i on ary ev e n i f t h ey w e r e al l p er fect l y cl ear i n t h ei r f orms

t
, ,

an d pe r fe c l y w e l l u n der st o o d : a t p r e s en t h o we v e r so man y o f
t
, ,

t h e m r e ma i n u nk n ow n an d t ho se w h i ch a r e b et er kn o wn as su me ,

so di v er si fie d an a p p ea r an ce , t h a t t he o r i gi n a l di ffi cu l t y i s gr eat l y
i n cr eas ed . E v ery met h o di cal ar r a n ge men t , h o w ev e r a r b i t rar y ,

h as t h e a d v a n t ag e of b r i n gi ng t oge t h e r su ch w or ds a s n ear l y
r ese mb l e each o t h er an d i t ap p ea r s mo s l i k el y t o b e su b ser v i en t t
t o t h e p u rp os es of fu t u r e i nv est i gat i on to e mp l oy an i mi t at i on

tifi i
,

o f a n al p h ab et i cal or de r , o r an a r c al al p h ab e t , fou n d e d u p on

t he r es e mbl ance of t he ch ara ct er s t o t ho se of w h i ch t h e ph o n et i c

v al u e w as cl e ar l y an d co r r e ct l y det er mi n e d by t h e l a e Mr t .

Ak erbl ad ; an d to ar r an ge t he w or ds t h at a r e t o b e i n terp r et ed
a cco r di n g to th i e r p l aces i n t hi s ar i fici al o r der t ch o o s i n g , h o w e v er
t t
,

in e ac h i ns an ce , n o t al w ay s t h e firs t ch ar ac er t h at e n t er s i nt o
the mp os on
co iti of the w or d bu t t h at w h i ch ap p e ar s to b e
ti
,

t he mo s t r adi cal , or t he mos t ess en t i al in i ts s i gn i fica on , or

I ns c ri pti on de R osette p
c p t
, .
5.

Se e Adverti semen t to D r Egy pti an D i ti on ary ri n ed i n R u di m

’
3
You ng e n ts

c pp c
. s

f Egypti an D i ti on ary w hi ch f o r med an A endi x t o Tat t ams Copti Gramm

’

p t t p
o an , ar .

Lo ndo n 1 8 3 0 , , 8 vo and w as re ri n ed by Le i ch op ci t ,
, 47 2 ff , . . . .
 I n tr odu cti on .

so me t i mes t h at w h i c h i s
”1
mer el y the mo s t r e a dil
y ascer a i n e d t or

di st i n gu i sh ed
l th
.

N ow a o u gh Y o u n g w a s t h e fi r st t o ap p l y t h e p hon et i c or

l t
,

al p h ab e t i c ,
p r i n ci p l e t o E gy p t i an h i erog yp h s i t i s q u i e cl ear ,

f r o m t he ab o v e t h a t h e f ai l ed t o s e e i t s v a l u e i n ar r an i n
g g E gy p
t i an w or ds i n d i ct i o n a ry Sp e ak i n g of Champ ol l i o n
’
a . s a l p h a b et ,

w hi ch w as i n r e al i t
y h i s own w i th mo di ficat i o n s a n d c o n s i d e r ab l e

addi t i on s , he p h o n et i c ch ar act er s may

s ay s : His S Y STE M of

o ft e n b e o f u s e i n a ss i s t i n
g t h e me mo ry b u t i t ca n onl y b e a pp l i ed
t t
,

w i t h con fi den ce t o p ar i cu l a r cas es w hen su p p or e d i n e ach cas e

by t he sa me ki n d o f e v i den ce t ha t had b e en mp l oy ed b e fo r e i ts
e

i n v en t i on . Hi s co mm u n i ca t i o n s ha v e fu r n i sh e d man y v al u ab l e
a dd i t i on s t o thi s w ork al l of w h i ch h a v e b een ackn o w l e d
ge d i n
th i j
,

sy s t em O f
”
e r
p r op e r p l ace s S o t he n r e e ct i n g hi s ow n

t t
.

p hon e t i c i e al p h a b e i c ch ar ac e rs an d Champ ol l i on
’

, . .
, , s de v e l o p
“
men t of it , h e dr e w up hi s R u di me nt s of t h e E gyp t i an D i c
”
t i on ary i n t h e an ci en t E n ch o r i al Char a ct er ,
i nt en di n g t h e w or k
Co p t i c G r ammar
”
to a p p ear as an Ap p en di x to the w h i ch
t
,

H en r y Ta tt am w as t hen w r i i n g Whi l st t h e p r i nt i n g o f t h e
t t
.

R u di men s w as i n p r o gr ess h e f el l i l l b u t h i s i n er e s t i n t h e
t
,

w or k w a s t ha in spi t e of h i s i l l n ess h e cont i nu e d

so gr e at to

p r ep ar e i t s p ages f or t h e l i t h o gr ap h er an d t o co rr ect t he p r o o fs
t tm
Ko segart en
’
s .

es i on
y .

Wh en h e had p assed for p r e ss s i x s he et s i e 96 p ages deat h

t
. .
, ,

o v er t o ok h i m a n d T a tt a m cor r ect e d t h e l a s 1 4 p a ges (pp 9 7—1 1 0)

l
.
,

o f p r oo f s aw t h em t h r ou gh t h e p r ess an d co mp i e d a n I n d ex t o

t C p t i G mm
, ,

w hi ch w i h Ta tt am s
’
t h e w or k , i
a p p e a r ed o c ra ar n

W t J uly
i n g to M u
1
ri Arago 4t h 82 8 Yo N ow of t he ni n e

l tt c tt t c mp l m l l
. on , 1 ,
n g s ay s ,

w hi h I i n s i s ha m I had di s o v e red , M Ch a l i o n hi f l o ws
m t t t l l b c t t t
e ers . o se a e

fiv e an d I ai n ai n ha a si n g e o n e w o u d h av e e en s u ffi i en fo r al l ha I
p mt by c t t b t b ll
,

wi she d t o t he ho d w hi h ha was ai n e d e i ng a owe d to

c ct c p bl u ppl c t t t
ro v e e one o

be an d t o be e of f rt her a i i on The fo u n da i o n of t he
l pt tm t t ct l t ty
o rre , a a a . ru e

o r i gi n a i de n i
ys i s o f t he E gy i an s ys e I i ns i s i s t he gre a fa of t he
c l t c c ct c c p t
an a , ,

o f t he e n h o r i a wi h t he sa re d h a ra ers wh i h I d i s o v e r ed an d ri n ed in
pp c mp l
,

[ m
8 1 6 i n t he M u seu m Cr i ti cu No V I an d whi h M Cha l i on
p b bly c c t l p bl b 55
1 .
,
. 1 . o

re di s o v e r ed , an d e r ai n i shed i n 82 1 es i des t he readi n g o f

tlm c c mpl t ly c t p bl
ro a y re u 1

t he m e of P y w hi h I had o as e r a i n e d an d i s hed i n 81 4
l pt c t c
na o e , e e u 1 ,

an d mt he o f C e o a ra whi h M r B an kes had a f erw a rds di s o v e re d by

mt t t t m pt t
na e ,
.

m e an s o f t he i n fo r i on ha I h ad hi ou t t o E gy an d w hi ch he
t t c mmu t ct l mp l lt
a sen , asse r s

ha he ni ca ed
[ i n di re y t o M Ch a o l i on see H Sa E ssay on D r
c mf p c
o . .
, .

You ng
’
mp
s an d M Cha ol l i on
’
s P ho n eti Sy ste H i erogly hi s Lo n do n 1 8 2 5
p ] t c c t m t b m l lp b t
. o , , ,

an d w ha de fi i en i es he re i gh hav e een i n y o r i g i n a a ha e
upp 7
c t l tt c c t ly t m t y l
. ev e r ,

o s i ng i t t o h av e on ai n ed bu t de i n ed he wou d
m t b y uppl c t ppl t
s on e e er o r re er ,

an d h av e m
g radu all i ed b y i n u ed i ca i on of t he
mt t m mt c b p l c
us een s a on a sa e

ho d t o her m whi h hav e r ogressi v e y di s o v ered and ade

p bl c t m tpp tc c l lt
e o onu en s een

i c si n t he da W
e of y firs Lei h Mi s el an eo us o rks o f t he
p
u e a er .
,
a e

Tho m as Yo un g M D , . .
, Vo l I I I , . .
46 4 ff .
 I n trodu cti on .

Di d ( el f -
d in ed é u w/ M
'
Du o 5
ec
l w as
l am ” a,
“
I )

C hampo l l i o n
’
s Ta bl e of H i erog lyp c
hi an d D e mo i tcp tc ho n e i s i gn s . F ro m hi s L ettr e a M
'

D aa er
r el a ti ve a I A ét ha éet des
’
P hon éti gues . P ar i s, 1 822 . P l ate I V .
 I n trodu cti on .

Th e R u di men t s p ar ap hr as e Ko s eg ar t en s w o r ds
’
to
t
, ,

con t a i n s a v al u ab l e an d w e ll -ar r an ge d coll e c i on o f a l l t h e mo st

i mp or t an t gr ou p s o f en ch or i al ch ar act e r s h i t h er t o deci p h er e d .

Th es e Y ou ng s el ect ed f r om en ch or i al t ex t s w h i ch h ad b een p u b
l i sh ed b y h i ms el f and b y Champ o l l i on an d Ko s egar t en an d from
t
, ,

l et er s w h i ch h e h ad r ece i v e d fr om Ch amp ol l i on d es cr i b i n g t h e
c o n t en t s o f u n p u b l i s h e d yr i at P ar i s 2
p ap .

Th e p r o gr es s o f E gy p t ol ogy su ffer e d a s ev ere s e t -b ack b y t h e

'

deat h o f Y ou n g on M ay 1 0t h 1 8 3 0 an d b y t h e dea h o f Ch a m , , t
p ol l i on o n M ar ch 4t h 1 8 3 2 an d t h er e w as n o sch o l ar su ffici ent l y

t th
, ,

a dv a n ce d i n t h e s ci en ce t o con i n u e t he i r w o r k . Wi t he e x cep

t i on of b o ok s an d p ap er s of a p ol emi cal ch aract e r ,

so me au t h or s

ch a mp i on i n g Y ou ng s s yst em ’
o f p h o n et i cs an d o t h er s l ou dl y
m
,

p r o cl ai mi ng t h e su p er i o r mer i t s of t h at of Cha p lli o on , an d

o t h er s a d v oca t i n g t he ex t r a o r di n ar y v i ew s o f Sp ohn an d S eyffar t h

( 1 7 96 no i mpor t ant w or k on E gyp t ol o gi cal deci p h er men t

app ear e d f or s ev er al y ear s . Soo n a f t er t h e deat h of Ch amp ol l i on
a ru mo u r ci r cu l a t e d f r eel y a mong t h e l ear n ed of E u rop e t o t h e
e ff ect t h at t he gr e at F r en ch man h a d l e ft i n man u scri p t ,
al mo st
co mp l et e many w or ks w h i ch h e w as p r ep ar i n g f o r p r ess w h en
,

deat h o v er t o ok h i m, an d t h at t hese w er e t o app ear s h or t l y u n d er

t he e di t o r s h i p of h i s b r o t h er , Ch amp ol l i on -F i geac ( 1 77 8
I t w as w i del y kn ow n t h at Champ ol l i on h ad b e en e n gage d for

b t
I n hi s O lyp c c l lp b t ( p c
i on s t he H i e ro g hi an d E n ho r i a A ha Co ti
mm p cb b fl cc t ly u tp
serv a on e s

Gr a ) m i x ff Tat t a d es ri ri e an d a t he v ar i o in
ly t y yp t c p m t t t t
ar , . . es y u ra e s s e s

t he hi s of Eg i an de i her He s ho w s ha You n g w as t h e firs

c ct ly tlm c t t t lp
e ar or en .

re ad m t he es o f P an d B e re n i ha B an kes wi h t he h e
u c l pt t m l tt
to
t t
o r re na o e y e, ,

of Yo m di s o v e re d t he e of C a ra , a n d sa ys ha t he of

tu c t up t by mp ll t
ng, na eo s ys e e e rs

h di s o v e re d w as ak e n an d e x en de d, M Cha i on an d a f e rw ards

by l t l t ul l pt t lyp c
s , . o ,

M r Sa
"
Co n s -G e n er a i n E gy H e h e n g i v e s t he H i e ro g hi
lp b t c t c t m c u mp ll
.
, ou r a e .

A ha ed fro t he r e sear hes o f Yo n g B an k es Cha o i on an d

lt
e as o n s ru , ,

Sa
lc m lt c
.

W D as
( m fl
e rk N ro i t w e he der t re i i che You n g s ei n e i e ra ri s he
ub ulc b b cl
.

s ei n h at e n t hal t e i ne
La f ahn un d g ei h Le h schat zb a re ,

l t mml ll c t t b c t
z en es o ss en ,

w o h geo rdn e Sa w i h i gs i she r e rkl art en en cho ri schen S hri f

pp mmlu m lb t mp ll
e u ng a er en

E r hat di es e Sa den ih Cha i on

m b t mc t t b
n g au s v on se s von o
gru en . , ,

un d ge a h en en cho ri s che n Tex en au sgew ahl t a e r au ch

ir ekan n

c ct u
v on ,

m
br i e fii che Mi t t hei l u n ge n Cha po ll i on s au s no h n i h he ra sge ge be n en P a ri se r
’

p ll b t t l t t
P a yru s ro en enu z u c t
E r e i e e den D r ck u n d di e Co rre kt u r di e ser S h ri f
lc m m l c m ub
. ,

we he i h s e hr a m H e rze n l ag u n d d i e g e i hs a se i n V e r acht ni s s e r di e

Aegyp t i s che n t uc u l c Un ml t t h nge n i e fe rt n o h au f sei n e

,

e z e n Kr an ken b e t t e

c m uc ltt c b c t
e rs , ,

hw e r i h h das S h re i ho n w ard Al s bi s 96 s
t m l t lt
so s a zu e z en s . er zu r en

S ei i t de r Co rr ekt u r ge an g w ar e rei i hn der To d ; di e Co rr ekt u r de r

ltt t c b t e
e , e

Se i en u n d di e I n di es m j dah r H y Tatt a See a hr buche r

‘

J t tt t
e z en , eso rg e . .

ji tr wi ss en soha tl i che K r i i k,
f ahrgan g 1 83 Bd I I S und T ii bi n gen 4t o
’
. 1 , .
, u ga r , ,

C0 1 7 7 1 . .
 I n tr odu cti on .

P HO N E T I C K A L P H A E E T

0 0 0° C

The lp b t
P ho n eti ck A ha e .
”
F ro m T at tams Compen di ous G r a mma r
’
of the E gyp ti a n L a ng uage,

as con ta i n ed i n the Cop ti c a nd S a hi di c D i a l ects . Lo n do n , 1 83 0 .

 I n trodu cti on .

Champo l l i o n many y ears i n comp i i ng a H i er o gl y p h i c D i ct i o n ary ; l

h at h e t
c pt
’
s

manu s ri s .

t
h ad b een as s i s ed b y h i s f r i end S al v ado r Ch er u b i n i ( 1 7 6 0—
1 8 42 ) ,

t ha t Ch arl e s L en or ma nt ( 1 8 02 —1 8 5 9) h a d h el p e d h i m i n t r an
s cr i b i n
g t he S l i ps ; th
an d at I p p o l i t o R o s el l i n i ( 8 0 0-1 8
43 1 had
made a co p y of t hi D i i s ct on ar y b e f or e Ch amp o l l i on s et ou t on

hi s l as t y to j y Eg pt
B u t w h en y e ar aft er y ear p as se d an d
o u rn e

t
.

Ch amp o l l i on -F i geac f ai l ed t o i ssu e any o f h i s b r o h e r s w ork s ’

man y s ch o l ar s ca me t o the co n cl u s i on t ha t t h e manu scr i p t s di d

n o t ex i s t .

R I C H AR D LE P S I U S AN D SAM U E L B I RCH .

Mean whi l e t w o y ou n g men ,

C . R . L ep s i u s ( 1 8 1 0—1 88 4) an d

Sa mu el B i r ch (1 8 1 3 h ad t u r n e d t h e i r a t t e n t i on to the
s t u dy of E gyp t i an h i er ogl yp h s an d s u cc ee de d in co mp l et i n g
t
,

Ch amp ol l i o n m deci p h erment es t ab l i s h i n g it

’

s sy s e of an d .

L ep s i u s fir st s t u di e d in B erl i n u n der B opp ( 1 7 91 an d

h a v i ng r ece i v e d hi s p hi l o sop h y in
’
do ct or s de gr e e in 83 3 1 ,

dep ar t e d t o P ar i s w h er e h e w on t h e Vol ney p r i z e i n 1 83 4 In

p u
.
,

c mmp t
Le
o
si s

le es
1 8 3 5 h e p u b l i sh ed t h e t w o D i s ser t at i on s 1
r e u t at i o n a co mp ara t i v e
w h i ch e st ab l i s h ed h i s
H e w en t t o R ome
p h i l o l o gi st
y ct pm m t
as
p
’

Cha po ll i o n s
.
,

s s e of
w h ere h e b eca me an i n t i mat e fr i en d of I pp ol i t o R o s el l i n i t he
l
,
de i he r en
fr i en d an d t rav el i ng comp an i on Ch amp oll i o n
.

E gy p t ol ogi s t an d of

t
.

H ere h e w r ot e a n d p u b l i s he d i n t h e Ann al i del l I n st i

’
uto

Ar c he o l o gi co di R o ma ( Vo l . IX 8 3 7 ) hi s famou s
, 1 L et t r e a
”
M l e P r o f ess eu r R o s el l i n i l Al p h ab et H i érogl y p h i qu e
’
su r In
t
. .

t h i s l e t t er , w h i ch cr e a t e d w i d esp read i n t eres ,

he s u c cee ded in
remo v i ng man y o f t he d e f ect s of Ch amp ol l i o n
’
s dev el op ment of

Y ou n g s s y s t e m o f p h on et i cs and t r eat ed t h e wh ol e qu est i on

’
of

t
,

E gy pt i an d eci p her men t i n Su ch a ma st er l y man ner t h a al l

a dv er se cr i t i ci s m of a s er i ou s c har act er w as s i l en ce d on ce and

pp ub t
The P ho n e i
Al h a e o f
t c for al l . I t is u nnece ssar y to h e r e t o t he gre a t w or ks t o
r e f er

t h e p u bl i ca t i o n of w h i ch h e de v o t e d t h e r ema i n i n g f or t y -ei gh t
Le si s
t
.

y e ar s of hi s l i f e ,
f or t h ey do n ot con ce rn t h e q u es i o n u n d er

di scu ss i on .

Lep si u s w as p er fe ct i n g Ch amp ol l i on s s y s t em B i r ch
Wh i l st
’

t
,

w a s s t u dy i n g t h e w h o l e qu est i on o f E gy p i an deci p h ermen t fr om

a n e n t i r el y d i ffer en t p oi n t o f v i ew n amel y t h at o f a Ch in ese
J
, ,

s chol ar . I t w il l b e re memb ere d t h at so f ar b ack as 1 7 64 os ep h

ZW E I SP R AC H YE R G L E I C H E N D E AB H AN D LU N G E N I Ueber di e An or dn u n g
c c c c
. .

un d Ver wan dts haf t des S e mi ti s hen I n di s hen A ethi opi schen Al t-P er si s hen
c f
, , ,

un d Al t-Aegy pti schen Al pha bets I I U eber den U r spr u ng u n d di e Ver wan dts ha t
c c c p c
. .

Z ahl wor ter i n der I n do-Ger man i s hen S emi ti s hen un d der K opti s hen S ra he
—
der
l
, , .

Ber i n ,
1 83 5 6 . 8v c .
 I n tr odu ct i on .

de G u i gn es ( 1 72 1 an mi n ent Si nol ogi st t r i e d t o p rov e

e ,

t ha t t h e e p i st o l ogr ap h i c an d sy mb o l i c ch ara ct er s o f t h e E t i ans

gyp
w e r e t o b e f o u nd i n t h e Chi n ese ch ar act e r s , an d t h a t t he Ch i n es e
na ti on w as n o thi ng but an E gyp t i an col ony . F o ll o w i n g i n h i s
s t ep s , M l e Co mt e de P al i n (or P ahl i n ) h el d t h a t t h e Ch i n es e
t
.

an d E g y p i an ch a r act er s w er e i d en t i c al i n or i gi n an d meani n g ; 1
h e b el i ev e d t h at i f ei t her th e an ci en t f or ms of Ch i n ese ch ar act er s ,

or t h o s e w hi ch t h e i r v al u es i n di cat e w er e gi v en t o t h em t ru e
, ,

h i ero gl yp h s si mil ar to t h o se t h a t e x i s t o n t h e R o s e t t a S t on e
w ou l d v er y o f t en b e f ou n d . An d h e t ho u gh t t hat i f t he P s al ms
of D av i d w er e t ran sl at e d i nt o Chi n e se ,
an d t hey w er e t h en wr i t t e n
i n t he an ci en t ch ar a ct er s of t h a t l angu age , t h e i n s cr i p t i o ns i n
E gy p t i an p ap y r i w o u l d b e r ep ro du ce d 2 N ow wh at ev er may h av e .

b een t h e Op i n i ons h el d b y Y o u n g an d Ch amp ol l i on ab ou t t h e

r el a t i on s h i p of t he Chi n e se l an gu age t o t h e an ci en t E g y p i an t
l angu age ,
or t he si mil ar i ty of t h e p r i n ci p l es on w h i ch Ch i n e se
a nd E gy p t i an wr i t i ng h ad b ee n dev el op ed , t h e se s ch ol ar s cou l d

n e i t h er affir m n or deny e ff ect i v el y the st at e ment s of de G u i gn es

an d de P al i n f o r b ot h of t h em w er e i gn or ant of t he Ch i n es e
th Bi
,

l angu age Wi r ch t he cas e w as v er y di ff er en t f or h e s t u di e d

t t il l
.
,

Ch i n ese u n der a co mp et en t mas er w h en s at t he Mer ch ant

Tay l ors Sch o ol w i t h t he di r e ct
’

, j
ob ect o f o b t ai n i ng a n a po i n t
p ment
in t h e Co n su l ar Ser v i ce i n Ch i n a . Th e fr i en d of t h e f ami l y w h o
had p ro mi s ed to ob t ai n thi s app o i n t men t fo r h i m d i e d un

ex p ect e dl y in 1 83 1 , wi t h t he r esu l t t h at B i rch re main ed in

E ngl an d . He con t i n u e d h i s Ch i n es e s t u di e s , an d b egan t o r ead

t h e w ork s of Y o u ng an d Ch amp oll i on t h i n k i n g t ha t hi s kn ow l edge

,

of Ch i nese w o u l d en ab l e him to r ea d t h e E gy p t i an t e x t s e as i l y .

In 8 3 4 h e b ecame an assi st ant i n t h e P u b l i c R ecor d O i ce an d

1 fl ,

w or k e d i n t he To w er un t i l J anu ar y 1 8 3 6 w h en h e en t e r ed t he , ,

ser v i ce of t h e Tr u st e es of t h e B r i t i sh M u s e u m . Th e re h e w as
ab l e to mak e u se o f h i s k no w l edge of Ch i n e s e an d E gyp t i an , an d

hi s fir s t o ffici al t a sk w as to a r ran ge an d descr i b e t h e Ch i n ese

co i n s .
3
Wh en t hi s w ork w as compl et ed h e w as di r ect e d t o de scr i b e

Se e h i s E s sa i te moy en de pa rven i r a l a l ecture et a l i n tel l igen ce des

’

X XIX
su r

Egy pti en s i n M emoi res de l Academi e t om 76 4 t om

’
Hi ér oglyphes
' ’

XXXIV
. .
,
1 .

770
N
,
1 .

See D e P al i n , . G .
, L ettres su r l es H i érogly phes , Wei mar , 1 8 02 E ss a i su r

l es H i érog ly phes Wei mar 8 04 An aly se de l I n s cr i pti on

’
H i ér oglyphes du
c c l c
, ,
1 en

M on u men t trou vé a R osette D resden 1 8 04 N o u vel l es R e her hes F o ren e 1 83 0

c pt c t t t tl
.
, , , ,

So me o f t he des r i i o n s whi h he wr o e at hi s i me are s i l i n t he co i n

t p t t
ra s o f t he D e a r men o f Co i n s an d Me da s an d t he o r es y o f my o l e agu e l by c u t cl
y
p p t l b bl t
, ,

t he Kee e r o f t he D e a rt me n M r G F H i l I h av e een a e t o e x ami n e hem ,

. . .
,
.
 I n tr odu cti on . x vii

t h e Co l l e c i on s t of E gyp t i an mo nu men t s an d p apyr i f or t h e o ffi ci al

Gu i de t o t he B r i t i s h Mu seu m an d h i s a cco u n t of t h em w a s

c
,

p u bl i she d in the Sy n o p s i s for 1 83 8 L on g b e f o r e h e e n t er e d

’
.
Bi r h s i dea
t h e M u se u m h e mp i l i ng
D i ct i on ar y an d
con c ei v e d

b egan t o w r i t e do w n
t h e i dea of co

e a ch o n a
a

s e p ara t e
H i er o gl yp h i c o f a
sl i p of
l
ct y p c
Hi ero g y hi
Di i o n ar
l t
, , .

p ap er t he h i er o g y p h i c w or ds w h i ch
,
he fo u nd in the t ex s

p u bl i s he d b y J a mes B u rt on G ar dn e r Wi l ki n so n Ch amp o l l i on f
1 2
, ,

R osel l i ni ‘
an d S al v o l i n i .
6

B I R CH
’
s S KE TC H OF A H I E R OG L Y I P H C AL D I I
C T O N AR Y .

Th i s w or k of w or d-col l ect i ng h a d b een so mew h at i nt e r ru p t ed

b y h i s du t i es i n t h e P u b l i c R eco r d Offi ce i n 83 4—5 b u t soon 1

t
,

t
a f er he e n t e r e d t h e M u s eu m h e t o o k i t u p w i h r e d o u b l e d z e a l ,

an d he cop i e d e v e r y h i e r ogl yp h i c t ex t a n d t ran scr i b e d e v er y

h i er at i c p ap yr u s wh i ch t h e M u seu m p os s essed I n 1 83 7 t h e y ear .

,

i n w h i ch L ep si u s p u b l i shed h i s famou s L et t er t o R o sel l i ni B i rch ,

.

r e v i s ed hi s sl i p s ca r e fu l l y , an d de ci de d t o att e mp t t o p u b l i sh a
”
H i er ogl yp hi cal D i ct i o n ar y I n t h os e d ay s n o fou n t o f h i ero
t
.

l h i
g yp c t yp e ex i s t e d an d l i h o gr ap h y w a s e x p en s i v e and p u b l i sh er s
, ,

money
’

w er e n o t e ager t o sp en d t he i r on a di ct i on ar y of a l an gu age
of whi ch scar ce l y doz en p eop l e i n t h e w hol e w o r l d h ad
bl cc t
a an
y
r e al kn o wl e dge . At l eng h M essr s Wi l i a m Al l en t Co . l . of
P u i a i on

t clyp
, ’
Bi r h s of
L ea den h al l S t r ee t , Lo n don , w ere i n du ce d t o con si de r t h e p u b l i ca Ske h o f a
t i on o f a h i ero gl yp h i c di ct i o n ar y , b u t t h ey d eci de d t o i ssu e firs t
o f al l a fe w sp eci men
H i e ro g
D i i on ary
hi cal

w i th a S hor t P r e f ace b y Bi r ch w i t h
ct .

p a ge s ,
t
,

t he v i ew o f fin d i n g out h o w f ar t h e w or k w o u l d b e s u pp or e d b y
t h e l earn e d an d t h e gen er al p u b l i c Th er eu p on Bi r ch p r ep ar e d
.

f or t h e l i t h ograp h er t w el v e s ma l l qu a r t o p a ge s c on t a i n i n g n i n et y

t h r ee w o rds , an d h av i n g w r i t t en a P r eface of t w o p age s t o e x p l ai n

hi s m o f arrangement o f t h e
s y st e w o r ds t h e y w ere p ub l i sh e d i n
t
,

t he au t u mn o f 1 8 3 8 u n d er t h e t i t l e of Sk e ch o f a H i er ogl y p hi cal
D i ct i onar y . P ar t I . H i er ogl yp hs an d E ngl i sh . D i v i s i on I .

P h on et i cal Sy mb ol s
”
V o w el s . .

I n h i s P r e f ace B i r ch s ay s t h at h e h as dr a w n up h i s w ork t o
l
h e p t h e s t u d en t o f h i ero gl yp hs i n hi s r e se a r ch e s , an d t h at h e
t
i n en ds i t t o b e u s ed a s a ma n u al w h i ch al l wh o a p p r e ci a t e the
v al u e o f t h e ph o n et i c sy s e t m may u se , an d b y w h i ch ,
at o n e
g l ance , c t
Bi r h s
'

may be s ee n t he e x t en t of t he di sco v er i es of Dr . Young an d

tm
P ho ne i c

c p t ly p t
s ys e .

1
Ex pta H i eroglyphi ca Cai ro 82 5— 1 8 3 7 fo l ( ri v a e r i n ed

lt p tl p t ) )
er .
,
1 , . .

3
M a teri a H i eroglyphi ca . Ma a, 1 8 2 44 8 3 0 ( r i v a e y ri n ed .

3
Egypte de N u bi e P ari s 83 3
’
L ettres écri tes d et en 1 82 8 et 1 82 9 .
,
1 .

M on u men ti del l E g i tto e del l a N u bi a

'

9 I P i sa 1 8 3 2 ff
’

c
. .
,

Campagn e de Rhamsés 16 Gran d on tre l es S heta et l eu r s al l i es P ari s

’

.
, 1 83 5 .

b
x vi i i I n tr od u cti on .

A }

mi e n -B A . e ax m 3 24 W ,

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-
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7
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Q P f ee M ei j? i M e

a
;

A p age o f c
B i r h s S ketch
’
f
o a H i er og lyphi ca l D i cti on a ry . L o ndon , 1 83 8 .
 I n tr odu cti on . x ix

M
I

AOT A Y W 74 , e

w < G 22 0 42 4 14 424
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Zx fi e flfl ] k Q

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[ m M mwe my
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A B, ,
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a
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A page B irch s
of
’
S kate/z of a M br og bzp/zzm/ D i cti on a ry
’

. L on do n, 1 83 8 .

b 2
 I n tr odu cti on .

M Champ ol l i on
.
, an d o f pp l i c at i on t o t h e monu men t s o f t he
t h ei r a

E gyp t i an s Th e di ct i on ar y do es n ot cl ai m e v en co mp ar a t i v e

p er fect i on , j
b u t i t h as b ee n u dge d t ha t t h e p u b l i ca t i o n o f s u ch
a w o r k mi gh t b e of sl i gh t s er vi ce t o t h o se w h o ar e des i r ou s of

p osse s s i ng , in a co mpen di ou s fo rm t h e ,
r esu l t s of mu ch l ab ou r ,
co mp ar i son a nd i n st r u ct i on Th e mat t er con t a i ne d i n t h e w or k
ti
.

is not en r el
y o r i gi n al , bu t t h e arr a n ge men t is , an d if n ot

s ci en t i fic , [i t
i s] p er hap s t h e o nl y o n e b y wh i ch t y ro s co u l d at

o n ce find t h e p ar t i cu l ar gr ou p o r w or d w h i ch t h ey s ee k . It may
b e t er med i deOp hon e t i c ,
as it e mbr aces b ot h p r in ci pl es o f i de al
an d p h on e t i c cl ass i fic a t i on an d i ts arr a n ge men t h a s b ee n b or r o w ed

t
,

fro m a l angu age v er y co gn a e i n i ts con st r u ct i on —t h e Chi n es e .

Th e h i e r o gl yp h i cal an d E ngl i sh p ar t o f t he D i ct i on ary w as

t o b e di v i de d i n t o t w o p ar s t P ar t I w as t o co nt a i n w o r ds com

t
.

menci ng w i t h sy mb o l s r ep resen t at i v es of s ou n d s , or
p h one i c
”

t
, ,

an d P ar t I I w o r ds w h o se i n i i al ch ar act er i s the e q u i v a l en t o f

Ar rangeme n t an i d ea ,
or i deograp h i c .
,
P art I w as t o b e s u b d i v i de d i n to

$
53 3 “
t 5

D i c i on ary .
sy mb ol s h av in g t he p o w er o f v ow el s o r conson ant s t he v o w el s
,

for mi ng (on accoun t o f one sy mb ol fre qu ent l y h av i n g t h e f or ce

,

o f man y ) o n e l ar ge cl a ss an d t h e con s on an t s a ccor d i n g t o t h e i r

t
, ,

”
p osi i on i n t he Co p ti c al p hab e t Th at i s t o sa
y D i v i si on I of

lyp
.
,

Po honou s P ar t I was t o cont ai n s y mb ol s o r ch ar act er s some of w h i ch Bi r ch h el d

S ymbOl S '

t o b e p ol y p h on ou s , an d D i v i s i on I I sy mb ol s t o w h i ch h e h a d gi v en
con son a n t al v al u e s , a nd th ese w er e to be ar r an ged i n t h e or der

N tu l
a ra of t he l e tt e rs of t he Co p ti c Al p h a b e t . Th e i n t ern al cl a s si ficat i on

mb ol s
mb l
CI aS S i ficafi o n of the ch ar a ct er s or sy w as t o b e s t r i ct l y i deo gr ap hi cal ,
o f sy
mg ment
o s
m
.

t ak th e s b ol s ln t h ei r arr an ge acco r di n to t he
y g
t
,

r an k t h e y h ol d i n n a u r al a n d o t h er sci en ces , as t h e h u man f or m,

l i mb s an i mal s in an i mat e j
o b ect s , etc
”
At t he en d of t he
t bul t
.
, ,

al l t h e s mb ol s i n a s i mil ar
“
The a a ed D i ct i on ar y B i rch i n t en ded t o gi v e y
igg i fi i
l t ”
cl ass i fic at i on an d i n a t ab u l ar V i e w a n d t h i s s ec t i on was t o

ll t
, ,
e e
y
f or m t h e k ey t o t h e w h ol e w ork Wi t h t he v i ew
o

of i u s ra t i n
g
t
.

th e w ay i n w h i ch h e i n t en ded h i s D i c i on ar y t o b e u se d , he ys sa ,

Su pp o se for ex a mpl e i t w er e q u i r ed t o fi n d t h e
re mean i ng
t
, ,

of a b egi nn i n g w i h h u man e y e — as t h e is
gro u p a ey e a

co mp on en t p ar t o f t h e hu man b o dy i t w i l l b e f oun d i n t h at
t
,

di v i si o n i n t h e t ab l e a n d t h e r e w i l l b e a ffix e d t o t h e d ep i c ed e
ye ,
t
,

v [ i de N o s] 1 3 I n t h i s gro u p o f w or ds w il l b e fou n d al l hos e

w or ds i n w h i ch an ey e i s t h e firs t char ac er ; an d t he eye t
ge n er al l y r e p res en t s a v o w e l The s e mar ks w i l b e
re l l
c e ar t o t he
t
.

mi n i ng p ages fr om B i r ch s
’
r ea d er af t e r ex a t h e tw o S ke ch of
”
a Hi er ogl yph i cal D i ct i on ary , w hi ch ar e r epr odu ce d on pp . x v ii i
 I n trodu cti on .

an d x i x . Th e t wel v e-p aged men whi ch h e

s p eci
p u b l i sh e d o nl y

i l l us t r at es t h e p l an an d arr an ge men t o f w h at h e cal l ed t he

P h on e t i c D i v i si o n of h i s D i ct i on ar y an d it is mu ch t o be
th
,

r e gre t t ed t h a t h e di d n ot i ssu e sp eci men s of the o er D i v i s i on s .

fr omB i r ch t h e s p eci men p ages

’
Th e a b o v e e x t r act s s P r eface an d

wh i ch areh ere gi v en p r ov e b ey on d al l dou b t t h at ‘h e h ad gr asp e d

t he i mp or t an ce o f t h e p h on e i c p r i n ci p l e f or l ex i cogr ap h i cal t
p u rp o s e s an d t h at h e w as t h e fi r s t o ap p l y i t t o t h e arr angemen t t
t
,

o f t he w o rds o f t h e E
gy p t i a n l an gu age H e say s h a t h e b orro w ed .

[ t he i dea o f] h i s i deoph on et i c ar ran ge ment fro m t h e Ch i n ese ,

t
a s at e ment w h i ch sh o u l d be n ot ed My col l eagu e , Mr L G i l es
t
. . .
,

t h e S in o l o gi s in fo r ms me t h a t t h o u gh t h e Ch i n es e h a d n o a l p h ab e t

t
,

t h ey d ev el op e d p h on e i c p r i n ci p l e
a . S o me e i ght y p er cen t . of

t he char a ct ers o f t h e l an gu a ge a r e made u p of t w o p ar t s ,

on e

p ar t s er v i n g as a p h o n e t i c an d i
g ng
v i a cl u e t o t h e S OU N D of th e
w or d , an d t he o t h er as a cl ass i fi e r w hi ch gi v es a cl u e as to
NIN
,

its M EA G ; 1
t he c l ass i fi er s
” 2
ar e in nu mb er ab ou t 21 4 an d

t
,

t he p h io ne c sy mb o l s b e t w ee n an d I n t he ca s e of

E gy p t i an t h e s i gns w h i ch ar e n o w c al l e d d et ermi nat i v e s ar e

”
the e q u i v al e n t s o f the cl ass i fi er s , an d the al p h ab e ti c ch aract ers

ar e t he e qu i v a en s o f l t t h e p h on e t i c sy mb o l s i n Ch i n es e t e x t s .

Sa d t o r el a t e , B i r ch
’
s S k et ch di d no t meet wi t h su ffici e n t

en cou r age men t t o in du ce t h e p u bl i sh er t o con t in u e t h e p u b l i cat i on

of the H i ero gl yp h i cal Di c i o n ary t ,
”
an d n o mor e p ar t s a p p ea r e d .

CHAM P O LLI O N
'
S D I C TI O NN R AI E EG Y P TI E N
"
EN EC R I TU R E
H I ER O G L Y P H I QU E .

N o th i ng more w as d on e i n t h e fi el d of E gyp t i an l ex i cograp hy

u nt i l 1 8 41 w h en t he t
D i c i on n a i r e Egy p t i en en écr i t u r e h i er o

gl yp hi qu e of Ch amp o l l i on a p p e ar e d at P ar i s u n de r the car e f u l

edi t o r s h i p of Champo l l i on -F i ge a c In a t
l en g h y P r ef ace t he
t
.

e d i t or descr i b es t h e h i s t o r y of t h e D i c i o n ar y an d t h e p l an on

whi ch i t i s arr an ge d , an d t he u n t o w ar d ev e n t s w h i ch d el ay ed i t s

p u bl i cat i on an d fr o m i t t h e f o l l o w i n g su mmary h as b een ma de

ll
.

E v en b e for e 1 82 2 ,
t h e y ear i n w h i ch Ch amp o i on p u b l i sh e d h i s

See hi s a rt i cl t he Chi n ese Lan gu age i n t he E n cy cl opce di a B r i tan n i c a,

l t t
e on

edi i on
l t t m
as

J
.

M ars hman El emen ts Chi n ese Grammar

’
A is of i s g i v en i n D r f
p
he
mp pp — t t t
. . s o .

Sera 81 4 The ho n e i c i n Chi n ese w ri i n g i s

cb c ll 4t o s age
o re , 1 . ,
.
9 1 4.

des ri W
e d an d di s u ssed in H i i er The Chi n ese L angu ag e an d how to l ea rn i t
t p ll l
.
, ,

an d i n D r H A the C hi n ese,
’

zu d e di Lo n don 3 ff Gi Chi n a an d

p
en es
.
, , 1 91 0 ,
. . . .

New Yo rk ,
1 902 , . 2 9 ff .
,
an d 3 5 .

b 3
 x xii I n tr odu cti on .

L ettre a M al Alpha bet des H i er oglyphes P hon eti qu es

’ ’ ’

. D aci er1 . r el a ti ve

e mpl oy ees par l es Egypti en s pou r i n scri re su r l eu r s M on u men ts

'

l es
ti tr es l es n oms et l es s u r n oms des s ou ver a i n s Gr ecs et R omai n s
, ,
he
h ad made on e l i st con t ai n i ng al l t h e h i er ogl y ph i c ch ar act er s he
h ad f ou n d an d an o t h er l i st t
con ai n n g i al l the ch ar a ct er s t he
t
,

meani ng of w h i ch a p p e ar e d to be mani fes H e wr o t e e ach

t t
.

ch ar act er on a s ep ar a t e car d , an d a f er w ar d s t ab u l a ed t h em
s y st e mat i cal l y . Al r ea dy i n 1 8 1 8—1 9 h e h a d made a manu scr i p t
Cha mpo l l
i P r emi er
’

D i cti onn a i re
’
on s
l i st of h i er ogl y p hi c w or ds en t i t l e d , ess a i d un
cl a3 5 1 fica t 10n
of des H i éroglyphes Egypti en s addl ng t h e l egen d D a vu s , ,
su m ,
n on

Sif fgg g
‘r‘ c
‘

G di pu s When l at er h e l earned t o di st i ngu i sh t hr ee cl a sses of

t
.

ar
ch arac t er s , figu rat i v e s
y mb o l i c an d p h o n e i c an d w a s ab l e t o

th y t
, ,

p r o v e t h at e w er e e mp l o y e d s i mu l t an e ou s l y i n t h e t ex s o f

al l p er i o d s h e b egan t o co mp i l e a n E gy p ti an D i ct i on ar y He
t
.
,

first w r o e each w ord on a sep a r a t e sl i p p ap er or car d an d

of , ,

t h en c o p i ed e ach on to a s ep ar a t e s h e e t o f s mal l f o l i o p ap er ,

rul ed i n fiv e c ol u mns Col 1 gav e the ch aract er in o u t l i n e an d

t
. .

i t s hi er a t i c for m Col 2 i ts na me Col 3 i t s gr ap hi c ch ar ac er

t t
. .
, ,

(sy mb ol i c , figu ra i v e or p h o n e i c) , C01 4 i t s act u al me an i ng o r

.

v al u e , an d
C01 5 a r efer en ce t o . t h e t e x t i n w h i ch i t h a d t h a t
v al u e Thu s t h e D i ct i on ar y ex i st ed i n d upl i ca t e i n s l i p s an d
.
,

Ro sel l i ni
'
i n sh e et s and i t h ad as su me d v ery l arge p rop or t i on s b ef o r e
“
s ,

Champ ol l i on w en t t o E gy p t i n 1 8 3 8 At t hi s t i me R os el l in i
831
1

Egyp t an i
11 I o l li o n s
w h o w as a gr eat fr i en d o f Champ o l l i on l on g b efo r e h e b eca me
.
,

D i c ti on af Y h i s f el l ow t r av el l er w as mak e a cop y o f t h e D i ct i on ary

, al l ow e d to ,

p r esu mab l y f or hi s o w n u se I t mu st b e t hi s cop y wh i ch h e

t
.

b e q ue a h ed t o t he B i bl i o t eca del l I mp er i al e e R e al e U n i v er si t a o f
’

P i sa ,
an d w hi ch i s t hu s d es cr i b e d i n t h e I n v e nt or y of t h e b e qu e st
by D r G i u s epp e D ei :2 N o 4 case t t e d i v i s e i n c as el l e con t en en t i
t im
. .
,

il n on ma ul at o mol t o av anz at o D i zi onari o d ei G erogl i fici

t
,

es egu i t o i n p ar ecch i e mi gl i ai a di ca r t el l e f a t e p er or d i n e al fab et i co

p e i car a tt er i f on eti ci e me t odi co p er i figu r a ti vi e i deogr afi ci

,

si m b o l i ci
t t
.

Wh en Champ ol l i on w ent t o E gyp t h e t o o k wi h h i m b o h

cop i e s o f h i s D i ct i on ar y an d wh i l e i n t h at co u n ry t he a d de d to
t
,

bo h v er y con s i der ab l
y MM S al v ador Ch eru b i n i an d Len o r mant
t
.

wr o t e many sl i p s for h i m an d t h ei r con t r i bu i on s f or me d p ar t o f

,

t he or i gi n al manu scri p t . On h i s f r om E gyp t h e con

r et u rn

t i nu e d h i s l ab ou r s on t he D i ct i on ary an d added l argel y t o i t .

Bo rn 7 42 di e d 1 83 3 H e w as t he P ermanen t c t Se c t o t he A adé mi e
c pt l tt ll cl c t
1 re ar
, .
y
des I n s ri i on s e t B e l es Le res , an d w as w e kn ow n ass i an d hi s o ri an

c p
as a .

Bi ographi a del Cav P r of I ppol i to Rosel l i n i . . . Fl o ren e, 1 843 , . 1 5 .

 I n tr odu cti on .

w ho h ad on l y s t u di ed E gy p t i an f or a y e ar co u l d p r o du ce an
e l ab ora t e work on di ffi cu l t E gyp i an t t ex t s in t hree v ol u mes

q u ar o t w as a b s u r d on t h e f a ce of it a n d as Ch amp oll i on -Fi ge a c

t tt
,

k n ew t h at hi s b r o h er h ad w ri mo n ograph s o n t he
en v er y t ex t s
t h at w e r e men ti o n ed i n t he p r os p ect u s h e came t o t h e con cl u s i o n

th l
,

at S a l v ol i n i h ad st o en t h e mi s s i n g ma n u scri p t s Thi s w as
t
.

E ffron ery of q u i t e p ossi bl e f or Sal v ol i n i h ad h ad f re e a cce s s t o the s t u dy o f

l tly
,

Sal v ol i n i .
Champ ol i on an d was co n s t an i n hi s h ou se du r i n g hi s l as t
t
,

I n Au gu s
i l l n es s . 1 83 3 a t a p u b l i c mee t i n g of t h e Aca d émi e
, ,

des I n scri p t i on s Si l v es t r e de S acy s ol emn l y cal l ed u p o n t h e man

or men w h o h ad t h e mi ssi n g ma n u s cri p s i n t h ei r p oss essi o n t
t h em t o t h ei r f ami l y S a l v ol i n i h a d t h e
’
to r es t ore a u t h or s an d

j t
,

a u daci t y to oi n hi m i n
mou rn i n g t h e l os s of t h em an d w i h t ears ,

i n hi s e yes h e i mp l or ed t h e man w ho h a d t h em t o gi v e t h em u p
t
.

An d a t t h a t momen t h e w a s an n o u n ci n g t h e p u bl i ca i o n o f t h em
u n d er hi s ow n na me ! Sti l l n o t hi n g w a s h ea r d of the mi s si n g
man u scri p t s I n F e b r u ar y 8 3 8 S al v ol i n i di ed ag e d 2 8 Ch am
publ t t
Sal v o li n i s
’
.
,
1 , ,
.

i ca i o ns
p ol l i o n -Fi
gea c t ri ed t o fin d ou t w h at p ap er s h e h a d l e f t b ehi n d ,
an d dea h
med mess en ger
.

an d wa s t ol d t h a t t h ey h ad b een cl ai by a for ei gn ,

an d t h a t t h e y h ad b e en Se n t b ey on d t h e Al p s As a matt er o f

t
.

f act , t h ey h a d n ev er l ef t P ari s , w h er e t h ey r emai n ed f orgo t en

in so me r oo ms . Wh en S al v ol i n i di ed hi s r el at i v e s co mmi ssi on ed
ar ti s t , Lu i gi V er ar di to wi n d hi s a ffa i r s , an d w h en t h i s
ar tt
Ve rar di t he
is o ffers
an

gen t l eman ex ami n ed t he effect s t h e man u s cri p t s on w hi ch w as

, up

Sal v ol i n i s
t
’

M SS t o . i n scr i b e d th e n ame o f F r an co i s S al v ol i n i s eemed t o b e t h e mos

Len o rman t .
v al u ab l e p ar t s o f t h em V erardi r e al l y b el i e v ed t h at t h e man u
t
.

scr i p s w er e t h e w o r k of S al v ol i ni , an d w i sh i n g t o d o t h e b e s t h e
co u l d for hi s f ri en d f ami l y t ri e d t o sel l t h em b u t
’
s n o on e w ou l d
t
, ,

b u y t h em . F i n al l y , n ot k n o wi n g w h a t el se t o do wi h t h e man u
s cri p t s , h e wi sh ed t o sh o w t h em t o Ch ar l es L e n orman t , t he f ri en d
an d f ell o w t r av el l er of Ch amp ol l i on an d t o t a k e hi s a dv i ce on

j
,

t he s u b ect . At firs t Len o r man t re fu s e d t o l o ok at t h em, b u t

a f t er a t i me , to o bl i ge hi s f ri en d V er ar di , he a gr ee d t o do so .

Leno r man t m
As s oon as L en or an t b egan t o t u r n ov er t h e l eav es o f t h e bu n dl es
c pl
re ogn i ses t he

Ch am o l i o n
of m
an u scri p t s w hi ch b o r e o n t h e
’
S al v ol i n i s n a e , h e r ecogn i s e d m m
tl
M SS s o e n a t o n ce t w o o f t h e w or ks o f Ch a p ol l i on , t he l o s s of w hi ch h ad m
t
.

by Sal v o l i ni b e en p u bl i cl y dep l o r ed b y Si l v est r e de S a cy a t t h e

.
ee i n
g of m
t h e Académi e men ti on e d ab ov e Th ere w as no l on ger an y d ou b t
t t
.

abo u t t he mat t er S al v ol i n i h ad s ol en t he man u s cri p s of hi s

t
.

an d ma s er made n o ’
fri en d a n d as he r esp o n s e t o d e S acy s app e al

t t
,

f o r t h ei r r es t ora t i on , i t w as q ui e cl ear t h a t h e h ad i n en d e d to
k eep t hem . Wi t h th e man u s cri pt s of Champ olli on were s ev e r al
 I n trodu cti on . xxv

p ap er s t h at w er e t he wor k of S al v o l i n i ,
b u t wh en Len orman t
s h ow ed V erardi a wh ol e v ol u me whi ch Ch amp ol l i on h ad w r i tt e n
i n F r en ch w i h h i s t ow n h an d ,

”
p oi n t ed o u t t o hi m t h e t i tl e
an d ,

St o ri a d E gi t t o p ar F S al v oli n i w hi ch S al v ol i n i h ad w r i tt e n
’

tt
.
,

o n t he i l e sh ee t Ver ar di w a s co n v i n ce d t h at h e h ad b ee n
th
,

decei v ed b y hi s dea d fr i e n d H e r eal i se d q u i ckl y . at Ch am

s man u scr i p t s mu s t b e gi v en u p t o hi s h e i r s
’

p ol l i o n a n d sh o w e d

t
,

hi msel f amen ab l e t o L e n orman t s r ep r esen a t i on s L en o rman t Leno rmant

’

i th
.

hi m 6 00 fr an cs f o r t h e docu men t s
gl sgfigi
t he
agr ee d t o gi v e , an d w t hi s ur ‘
l
m f ami l y h ad be L en o r man t
’
su S al v ol i n i s to co n t e n t t oo k Ve r ardi
t
.
.

Ch amp ol l i o n man u scri p t s

’
of al l s ol en
p osses si o n s , an d h an ded
t h em o v er t o t h e G ov e rn men t w ho , b y , a s p eci a l r es ol u t i o n
p assed
on t h e 2 4t h of Ap ri l , 183 3 h a d order ed t hei r a cq u si t i o n
, i n t he
i n t eres t s of s ci e n ce . Sal v ol i n i p u b l i sh ed t he fir s t v ol ume of the
An al ys e G r ammat i cal e in 1 83 6 t he seco n d a n d t hi r d v ol u mes
di d not a pp ear H i s p ap er s fil l fiv e v ol u mes
. S ee Ca t al o gu e .

des P ap yr u s Egyp t i en s d e l a B i bl i o t heq u e N a ti on al e P ari s N o , , .

3 3 1 M S 4t o
, . . S ee al so t he t w o l e t t e r s t o M . C . G azz er a i n D es

p r i n ci p al es ex p r ess i on s q ui s erven t a l a N otati on des D ates su r l es

M on u men ts de l An ci en n e Egy pte P ari 83 2—
’
s, 1 3 8V 0
t
. . .

Ch amp oll i on manu scr i p s h o wev er

’
s , , n eed e d a gr eat d eal o f
al t era t i on a nd ar r ang emen t b e f ore t h e y co u l d be p r i nt e d An d .

the i r e di t or descr i b es i n det ai l h ow h e w as hi msel f o b l i ge d to make

a cop y o f t
t h e D i c i on a r y i n w h i ch h e i nco r p o ra t e d t h e c o n t e nt s

of b ot h t h e s l i p s an d t h e f ol i os as w el l as v ery many i mp or t an t

pl
,

fro m h i s b r ot h er Gr amma i r e Egypti en n e H av i ng Cham o l io n

’

p ar t i cu l ars s .

w r i tt en ou t al l hi s mat er i al h e h ad t o d eci de h o w t o a rr an ge fiffigffigi

t t
,

t h e w o r ds . T h i s w as no ea sy mat er , an d fin a l l y h e a do p e d MSS .

the s y st e m wh i ch w as foresh ado w ed i n h i s b r ot h e r

’
s M émo i r e
su r I
’
Ecr i t u r e H i ér at i qu e , w as p r i n t e d i n 1 8 2 1
an d At t h at .

t i me Champ ol l i on w as en d eav o u r i n g t o cl as s i fy an d arr a n ge t h e

E gyp t i an h i e r ogl y p hs an d fo un d gr e at di fficul y i n do i ng s o t

t
, .

H e b el i e v e d t h a t t h e an ci en t E gy p i an s mu s t h a v e h a d so me

sys e t m of a rr an ge ment for t hem t h ou gh h e h ad n o su pp or t f or

j t
,

t hi s v i ew , an d n o e v i de n ce o n t he s u b ec t w as f or hco mi n g fr o m
n at i v e s ou r ces , an d none from t he w or ks of cl as s i cal wri t er s .

F i n all y h e a do p t e d a me t ho di cal or so to sa y , n a t u ral cl ass i Champo l l i o n

’
s

ti
,

ficat i on
”
t h a t i s , h e g r ou p e d i n t o s ec on s t h e figu re s of men i fefi ifi iati o nl

t lyp
, ,
s

h u man memb ers an i mal s b i r ds fi sh r ep t i l es , p l an s, et c Th i s of hi e ro g hs

t
.
, , , ,

met ho d mo dificat i o n m men t “t he

823 1
0
w as a of the sy s e of arr an ge of

w ord s i n t he i r Vo cab u l ar i es b y t h e C o p t s f o r Ch amp ol l i on ar gu e d Sc l a a

t
, .

t h at i f t h e Co p s wh o ar e r a ci al l y t h e de scen dan t s o f t h e an ci en t
,
 I n tr odu cti on . x x vii

E gyp i an s t an d w hose l angu a ge i s s u b s t an t i a ll y t he sa me as t h at

t th i t hi
,

of the an ci en t E gyp i ans arr an ge d e r Vo cab u l ar i es i n s w ay ,

t
,

t hey mu s t be r e p r o du ci n g a s y s e m t h at h a d b e en i n u se a mon g
t h ei r re mo t e an ces o rs t t h o u s a n ds of ye ar s ea r l i er . Ch amp ol l i o n
h i s b r o t h er gu men t s an d ar ran ge d t h e w o r ds
’
F i ge ac a cce p t e d s ar

t l
,

of t h e D i c i o n ar y a ccor d i n g to t h e o r de r o f t h e Si gn - i s t comp o s e d
b y hi m p r i n e d i n h i s ear l i er w or k
an d t
p t
.
,

Th e f ol l ow i ng p a ra gr ap h w i l l ex p l a i n t h e gen er al sy st em o f The Co
ar ran gi n g w o r d s i n a C op ti c Vo c ab u l ar y t h e co mmon n at i v e n a mes
S aa
,
cl .
ic

for w h i ch ar e n or mo r an d J k o cf or (f l ood e
/
i e Scal a
t
. .
, ,

s ep s A t yp i cal e x amp l e o f su ch a Scal a i s gi v en

or st a i r

t
.

i l
i n t h e b ngui l C p i d A ab c M S
i i n B r i t M u s Or i e n t 1 3 2 5
-
a o c a n r . . .
,

f o l 90 fi l w h er e w e fin d t h e S c al a M agn a ( C0p t n gT
.
,
n on .
,

Arab .

fle fil l x
/

(
Ii ) of I bn K ab r .
2
I t i s d i v i ded i n t o t en G a t
The Ten Ga
es o r t es

D o or s ( po an d e a ch gat e co nt a i n s s ev er al Ch ap t er s
o f t he

S aa cl .

( Ke oa Xe o n ) . T h e F i r s t G at e ( fo l 9OA) co n t ai n s fou r Ch ap t er s
. .

Th e F i r s t Ch a p t er gi v es t h e n a mes o f t he Cr e a t or mpa n rt T e ,
'

n pe c rfl t h e n a mes o f t h e Son f ro m t h e H ol y S cr i p t u r es an d
‘

, ,

t h e n a mes o f t h e H o l y Sp i r i t Th e Se co n d Ch ap t er gi v es t h e .

na mes of t h e w o r l d w h i ch i s ab o v e , n k o cu o c e r ca
'
1199 001, an d

of i ts o r d er s an d r ank s , fie ” . H ec A Z I C rt e ” u e q r a v u a .
'
. Th e
Th i r d Ch a p t e r gi v es t h e n ames o f t h e F i r mamen t an d i t s t owe r s
t
, ,

an d i t s s ar s mc r e pa w u a rt e ” n e q n t pv o c n eu n e qe w fi g
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an d t o w er s of the s econ d s at i o n a n d t he s at i o ns of t he moon ,

mn t pv o c mu Tu m l o g
-
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M A?
) 3 onn Fr i e Th e F o u r t h
t
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)

Ch ap t er de al s w i t h t h e w or l d as it ex i s s an d i t s p h y s i cal co n

s t i t u t i on an d i t s E l ement s mk o cu oc 6T g on n e q cb r c xc
'

t t
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Th e S eco n d G a (fol 97 A) con a i n s Su mmary o f

qc r
t t t
n eu ue o xx ro rt e s ev e n

t
. .

C h ap t er s an d deal s w i t h men t he i r w or sh i p t h ei r qu al i i es
hei r con en s .

ti
, , , ,

occu p a on s , gr a d es , cl o t hi ng , et c . Th en f ol l o w s a s e ri es of

Ch ap t er s me s o f be ast s an d an i mal s ( fol 1 1 8A)

g i v i ng t h e na .
,

b i r ds (fol 1 I 9A) t h e mon s t er s an d fish o f t h e s ea ( fo l 1 2 0A)

.
,
.
,

t r e es an d f ru i t s ( fo l 1 2 1 A) scen t s an d u ngu en t s ( fol I 2 2 A)

t
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s e e ds an d gr a i n ( fol I 2 5 A) p r e ci o u s met al s s on es e t c ( f o l I 2 7A )

t
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col ou r s n ames o f cou n r i es ( fo l I 2 8 A) r i v er s ( I 3 OA) chu r ch e s

t t
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VI I f ol B) e r s o ns me n i on e d i n H o l y Scr i p u r e ( f ol
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I 3 Z A) for e i gn w or ds i n H ol y Scr i p u r e ( G at e I X fol

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mi scel l an eou s seri es o f w ords (Gat e X fol I 3 SE ) , . .

Fo r fu l l des c ptri i on of t he MS R i eu Ca tal ogu e f Ar a bi c M SS

c c
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S uppl emen t No 47
M u seu m No 92 0
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Egypt/en . P aris , 1 842 .

xxx I n tr odu cti on .

Su ch w as t h e arr an ge me n t of w or ds i n t h e mo del w h i ch
Ch amp ol l i o n -F i geac t ook as a gu i de for t h e ar r a n e men t o f
g w or ds
i n h i s b rot h er
’

s E gy p t i an D i c t i o n a r y an d h e , as k s t h e qu e s t i o n
L
’
e x p é r i e n ce ou le r a i son n e men t i n d i q u a i en t i l s une au t r e

mé t ho de ? E x p e r i en c e h e sa y s , s u gge s s a s i n l e e x a
g t mpl e onl y ,

t
,

n a mel y t h e Chi n es e , bu t h av in g descr i be d at so me l en g h t h e

d i ff er en ce s t h at ex i s t b et w ee n t h e C hi n es e an d E gy p ti an l an gu ages ,

he deci des t h at e v en if an al o gi es an d a s i mi l i tu de b e twe en t he se

t wo l an gu ages di d e x i st or i gi n al l y t h ey do so no l on ge r . Th e
Chi n es e D i ct i on ary mu st n ot be e mp l oy ed as the mo del fo r a

H i ero gl yp hi c D i ct i on ary on l y t h e Co p t i c S cal a i s an y u s e f or t h i s

l
,

p u rp os e . Champ ol i o n-F i geac go es on t o men t i on t h at

t h en
a n o t h er m h as beensy s t e p r o p osed an d ev e n t r i e d n amel y t h at ,

a dv o cat e d b y S amu e l B i r ch i n h i s Sk e t ch o f a H i er ogl y ph i cal

t
D i c i on ary
”
H av i ng ex ami n ed t he P r e f ace t o t h i s w or k h e
.

s ay s Th ou gh t h e sp e ci men whi ch I o w e t o t he co u r t es y o f M r
, , .

B i r ch i s b r i ef i t s ee ms t o me t o b e su ffici en t t o mak e cl e ar t h e
, ,

de fect i n t he gene r al p l an a dop t e d b y t h i s scho l ar Th e p h on et i c .

c h a r act ers ar e di v i d e d i n t o v ow el ch ara ct ers an d con son an t al

ch aract ers t he sy mb ol i c or i de ogr ap h i c ch ar a ct er s ar e s ep ar at e d

an d for m a s ec ti on b y t h emse l v e s . H e wh o w ou l d s ea r ch for

t he v a l u e o f on e o f t he e i gh t
hu n dr ed E gyp t i an char act e r s w ou l d
t h en b e o bl i ge d to k n o w fi r s t o f a l l w h et h er i t i s a sy mb o l i c o r

p h o n e t i c ch ar a ct er , an d w h en t h e ch ar a ct er f or ms on e of t hi s
s e con d ser i e s , t o k n ow al so t
wh e h e r i t s v al u e i s t hat o f a v ow e l

o r a c o n s on a n t , t h at i s t o say , t o k n o w b e f o r eh an d al l t h at he
s ee ks Th e gen er al t ab l e p r op o se d b y
t o l e arn i n t h e D i ct i on ary .

Mr B i rch w i l l u n dou b t edl y f aci l i t at e h i s s e ar ch i ngs b u t w o u l d i t

t
.
,

n o t b e mor e a d v a n a ge ou s t o s p ar e s t u den t s ( I ) t h e l ab ou r o f

s e ar ch n g i ( )
2 t h e t r ou b l e fin di ng t h e hu ma n ey e b e l ongin g t o
of

t he v o w el I , t he ar ms b e l on gi n g t o t h e v ow el A t h e l eg b el ongi n g ,

t o t he co n so n an t B, t h e two ar ms r a i s ed b e l o n gi n g t o t h e con

s o n an t K, t h e ha n d b el on gi n g t o t he con s o n a n t T, t he mon th
b el on gi n g t o th e c o n s o n an t R , t he hea d f u l l - aced
f b el o n g i n g t o t h e
a s p i ra e d t co n s on an t g an d (3 ) t he i n ex ti r c ab l e c o n fu s i o n of

ms an d ex p r essi on s t hat r esu l s fr om t he mi x i n g u p

f or t -
of t he
me mb ers o f th e hu man b o dy wi t h qu a dru p eds an d fi sh an d , fl ow er s

On t h e o t he r h an d w ou l d , n o t al l t he an al o gou s ch ar act e r s w h i ch

t h e n at u r al o r r at i o n al s y s t e m w o ul d w r i t e i n t h e same ser i e s o r
t
,

t he memb ers of t h e hu ma n b ody o r an i mal s o r v e ge ab l es p l aced

, , ,

an d e a ch sp e ci es in a s i n gl e ch a p t er , ch ar a ct e r i se
t oge t h er grou p e d
more cl e ar l y a s y s t e m w h i ch i s t ru l y t
n a u r al a n d, in co n se qu en ce ,
 xxxn I n tr odu cti on .

1 8 42 ,
an d h i s gr e at co n e mp orary Lep s i u s s p en t s ome
B i rc h an d t
y ears i n d i ges t i n g t h e s e w ork s Bi rch t ol d me mor e th an fo r t y .

y ea rs a go t ha t t he mo r e h e s t u di e d t h e mon u men t s an d t h e mo r e ,

he cop i e d h i e r at i c p a p yr i t h e mor e he b ecame

h i e r ogl y p h i c an d

t
,

“
con v i n ce d t h a t Ch amp o l l i on s a n d r at i on al s s t em
’
n a u r al y
o f arran gi n w or ds i t h E t i a n D i ct i o n a r w a s h o p el es s l y
g n e gyp y
u n p r ac t i cal H e h a d p r o fo u n d fo r Ch amp ol l i on l ear n i ng
’
. r e s p ec t s

an d ab i l i t y , t o t h e D i cti on
gi v e h i s
b u t he s u ffr age
co u l d n o t

n a i r e as Champ ol l i on —
Fi g ea c h op ed h e w ou l d I n t h e en d he d eci de d .

o n ce an d fo r al l t h at i n co n t i n u i n g h i s l e x i co gr aph i cal l ab ou r s h e
mu st p u r e l y p h on et i c i e al p h ab e t i c arr an gemen t ev en
ad o p t a

j m
,
. .
, ,

t h ou gh i t i mp l i e d t h e r e e ct i o n o f t he
.

i de op h one t i c arran ge en t

w h i ch h e h i mse l f h ad p r op ose d i n 1 8 3 8 M oreov er h i s own

l t
.
,

s t u dy o f t h e S al i e r an d An as as i P ap y r i w h i ch t h e B r i t i sh M u seu m
,

ac q u i re d ab ou t t h a t t i me , co n v i n ce d h i m o f t h e f act t h at t he t i me
f or t h e p u b l i ca t i on o f a r e al l y u sefu l E gy p t i an D i c t i on ary h a d n o t u

y e t co me Mat er i al ou t o f wh i ch a di ct i on ar y mi ght b e co mp i l e d
t
.

ex i s e d in ab u n dan ce , bu t i t w as u np u b l i s h e d Wh at w as mo st
t t
.

want e d w as good C op i es o f t ex s on w hi ch sch o l ar s in ev er y cou n r y

cou l d w o r k an d t he Tr u s ee s , t of t h e B r i t i sh Mu s eu m r en d e r e d

E gyp t ol ogy gr e a t se r v i ce w h en t h e y p u b l i sh e d t h e w on der fu ll y

go o d cop i es o f t h e S al l i er an d An as asi P ap y r i made b y Mr N e he r t t

t
.
,

cl i ft u n de r t he s u p er i n en de n ce o f B i r ch .
1
D r L eeman s . u r ge d t he
G ov er nmen t of t h e N et h e r l a nds t o p u b l i s h t h e monu me n t s an d
p
The Ley de n
P a yr i
.

p apy ri at L e y de n , an d . t he y w i se l y di d so, L ep s i u s p u t an
z
an d

en d t o v agu e t al k a b ou t t h e B o ok of t he D e a d w h en h e p u b l i s h e d
a f acs i mi l e of t he fa mou s Tu r i n Co de x , c on t ai n i ng the Sa i t e
R ecen si on of t hi s i mp o r t an t w ork . F u r t h er , t he l ast -n ame d
sch o l ar , h av i ng p er s u a d e d t he P r u s s i an G o v er n ment of the
i mp or t anc e of col l e ct i n g the fa st -p er i s h i n g i ns cr i p i on s t in
E gyp t , w a s d e s p a t c h ed t o t h a t cou n t r y in 1 842 to ca rr y ou t

t he w ork an d so w as ab l e to p l a ce at th e d i sp o s a l of

t
,

E gyp o l o g i st s t hr o u gh o u t the w orl d hi s C orpu s of

gr eat
E gyp t i an t e x t s and
p apy r i ,
N u b i an i n s cr i p t i o n s , et c .
, c al l e d t he
D en k méi l er
”3
.

(1) P apy r i i n H i eroglyphi c an d H i er ati c Characters etc i n the B ri ti s h M u seu m

c c c
.
, , .

Lon do n 8 44 fo l ; ( 2 ) S el e t P apy r i i n the H i era ti C hara ter w i th pref ato ry

by l bl t l
, 1 , .

r emar ks
[ S Bi rch] Lo n don 1 844 fo l A mass o f v a u a e ma e ri a w as
publ by p c
. . .
, ,

i she d Sh ar e i n h i s Egy pti an I n s r i pti on s f rom the B r i ti sh M useu m and

c
othe r s o u r es Lo n do n —
8 3 7 41
t
.
, 1 .

m E p M o nu en ts
gy ti en s da M u see d An ti qn i tes des P ay s-B us a Lei de [P ar
’ ’ ’

c t c ml t py
s

1 and 2 on ai n fa si i Mo nu me n s an d P a ri ]
es o f Le yden 1 841 —
l
2 . , .

D en kmal er Aegypten a nd Aethi opi en 1 2 B ande l a rge fo i o 1 849-5 9

‘

a ns , , , .
 I n tr odu cti on . x x x iii

B I RC H
’
s D I C TI O NR A Y or HIE R O G LY P H I C S .

B i r ch
’
s deci s i on t o a do p t p u r e l y a p h ab e ti c ar ran gemen i n
a l t
h i s E gyp i an D i ct i on ar y w as t i n du ced l ar gel y b y t he r esu l s o f t h e t
car e fu l s t u dy o f t h e a p h ab e i c h i ero l
g y p s w h i ch E dw ar d H i nc ks
h l t
ca rr i e d ou t a f er t t he a pp e a r an ce o f C hamp ol l i o n
’
s D i cti on n a i r e
Egypti en Wh i lt s maki ng t hi s s tu d
y h e w a s i n fr equ en t co m
t t
.

mu n i cat i on w i h B i r ch w h o w as gr ea l y i mp r essed w i t h h i s cl ea r

t
,

n ess of t h o u gh t an d t he e a se wi h w h i ch he r eco
gn i se d t h e
di fficu l t i es of t he p r ob l e m, an d fo u n d t h e i r t r u e sol u t ion Bi r ch
t t
.

wa s at t ha t ti me en g ag e d i n p rep ar i n g a l i s t o f E gyp i an ch a r ac er s
‘

“
for t he firs t v ol u me of B u n s en s Aegy p t en s St el l e
’ ”
an d the
t t j
,

mat er for t he l ast t h r e e Sec i ons i n i t an d u dgi ng fr om B uns en s 2 ’

t
, ,

re ma r k B i r ch s o ffi ci al du t i es l e f t h i m v er y l i t l e l ei su r e fo r t h e
3 ’

t t
,

co mp i l a i on o f h i s D i ct i o n ar y H i n ck s p u b l i s h e d t h e r esu l s o f
t
.

h i s i n v est i gat i on i n an d i n hat y ea r B i r ch as he h i msel f

t t
,

t ol d me b egan t o w r i e th e sl i p s f o r h i s E gyp i an D i ct i on a r y
t
, ,

an d t o a r r an ge t h e m al p h ab e i cal l y i n b ox e s The w o r k o f
t
.

b l i s h i n a n d r e a di n g n e w e x t s o ccu p i e d h i m f or s e v e r a l
p u g y e ar s
t
,

b u t a t l eng h t h e l ar ge mass o f ma t e r i al w h i ch h e h ad col l ect e d

j t
u s i fie d h i m i n c ons i der i n g t h e p u b l i ca i on o f h i s w o r k Th e r e t
t
.

u p on ar ose t h e t w o d i fficu l t qu e st i o n s Was t h e D i c i on ary t o b e

p r i n t e d o r l i t h o g r ap h ed ? Wh o w ou l d u n de r a k e t h e e x p en se o f t
p u b l i ca i o n t
To p r i n t i t w as i mp o ss i b e fo r t her e w as n o fo u n t l
t t t
,

o f E gy p i an t yp e i n e x i s en ce I t mi gh o f c o u rse b e l i t ho
t t
.
, ,

ra h e d b ut h at p r e-s u p p o s e d t h e w r i i n g o u t o f t h e w h o l e
g p
t t
,

D i c i on ar y o n t ran s fer p ap er b y B i r ch h i msel f a w o r k t h a w o u l d

t ypcul t p l
,

re q u i re a v as t a mou n t of t i me an d l ab o u r As no i mmed i a e T o gr a hi ca

ti t l ti
.

di ffi i es
sol u of d i fficu l y s e e me d p o s s i b
the B i r ch n u ed to
.

on e, con

wr i t e sl i p s an d r e v i s e h i s ma n u scr i p t

t ti
.

Mean w h i l e B u nsen h ad p u b l i s h e d fu r h er a dd i on s to hi s
v ol u mi n o u s H i s t o r i cal I n v e s i ga t i o nt in t o E gy p t
’
s P l ace in

tc t b t c ct
Thi s l i s p t t pl t
o n ai n ed a 83 hara ers , an d w as r in e d o n e i gh

t lu m k ( mbu t
l ou 0 a es

) Ha Go ha 845 8v o
’
i n t he firs e of B un sen wo r rg an d

t t lp ( p
vo s ,
1 . .

2
B u ns e n )
hanks hi s f ri e n ds fo r hei r he Vo rre de x x vi Vo l I u nd

mu l c m tc u m ( lc m l
. .
, ,

Bi r h B ri i s h en Muse i n we he ei n gro sse r The i de r d re i

l t t b c tt t uc c b
Sa e a

A h ni m des B h es ge s hri e s age n w i r D a n k it

u W
e z en s e e r s en en
”
f re di gen ii n s chen
m ll
.

5
Ei n W v o l l st éin di ge s o rt erbxi ch des H i e ro gl yp hen schat ze s it Ma n n i g
t lu t tc
,
a en

m
fal t i gke i t en de r D ars e l n g und i t An fuh ru ng des Tex es de r en s h ei den den
tl l t W lt
S el en dar f d i e ge e h r e c t bl mt l c
v o n H e rr B i r h erw a r en s o a d se i n e a i he n
p
,
e ,

m
B es ch aft i gu n gen i h ( d i e Mu ss e dazu gew ah ren Vo l I
pp c
. .
,

mp
Se e hi s m m p f An a tte t to a s erta i n the n u ber , es an d owers o the

p c c
a e r, na

f the H i er ogly hi
p p m i en t E gy ti an Al ha bet groun ded on the establ i sh en t
cc c c f
l etter s o an ,

f a n ew
p p fp r i nc i l e i n the hon eti hara ters i n t he Tran sa ti on s o the Roy al
c m bl
o u se o

I r i sh A ade y . Du in , 1 8 47 .
4t o .
xx x iv I n tr odu cti on .

U n i v e rs al H i s t o ry , w hi ch gen er al i n eres n o t onl y on t he

e x ci t e d t t
Co n t i n e n t b u t i n E n gl an d an d a n E n gl i s h e di i on w as c al l e d f o r t
t t l
.
, ,

N ego t i at i o n s w i h Mes sr s L o ngman w er e en t e r ed in o, p r es u mab y

th m th
.

b y B u nsen h i ms el f ,
an d t he ou t co me of e w as at , at a v er y

h i ero gl y p h i c t y p e
“
h ea v y co s t , t h ey u n d er t o ok to c as t a f ou nt of

in o r de r t o p r i n t B i r ch
’
s E gy p i an t S i gn -L i s t G r ammar D i c i on ary t
t t t t
, ,

an d Chr est o ma h y a s es sen i al p or i on s o f t he E n gl i sh e di i on

o f t h e fi r s t a n d fif h v o l u me s o f B u ns e n s w o r k
1
t
Thu s a fir m o f
’

t
.

p u b l i s h ers u n der o o k t o p e r fo r m at t h e i r o w n p r i v at e e x p en se
l
, ,

a t as k w h i ch ab roa d w o u l d h av e b e en h ea v i y s u b s i d i s e d b y t h e

G o v ern men t
Th e d es i gn s f or t h e b o l d, h an ds o me t y p e (se e
'

a sp e ci

t J
.

men p age o f t he D i c i on ary on p x x x v i i ) w er e drawn b y Mr os ep h

t ti
. .

B on o mi t h e mat r i ce s w er e cu t b y M r L M ar i n a n d t h e c as ng

t t
. .
, ,

by M r B i rch d i r e c i on
’
w as c arr i e d ou t B r an s on , al l u nd er s

t t
. .

Wh en t he p ri nt i n g of B i rch E gy p i an D i c i on a r y b egan I h a v e
’
s

b een u na b l e t o fin d ou t , b u t I r e me mb er h i s s ay i ng t h at i t t ook
n ear l y t h r ee y ea r s t o p ass t he sh e e s t t h ro u gh t h e p r es s ev e n a f e r t
t yp
,

t he gr e a t er nu mb e r y f o r u se of t he es w er e ca s t an d r ea d

t t
.

Th e E ngl i s h t r ans l a i on o f t h e fi f h v o l u me o f
’

E gy p t s P l ace
i n U n i v ers al H i s t or y ap p e a r e d i n t h e fi rs t h al f o f t h e y ea r 1 8 6 7

t t
,

an d t h e o ffi ci a l d a e s t a mp o f t h e co p y i n t h e B r i i sh Mu s e u m

r ea d s 1 1 J u tl y ] 67 I t w as s ee n t h rou gh t h e p re ss b y B i rch
t t ll l t
.

a ft er t h e d ea h of B u n sen an d Cot re t h e E n g i s h t r an s l a or ,

th
,

and i n t h e P r e face B i r ch say s at a f ew w or ds are r e

qu i r e d t o
i n d i ca t e t he a dd i ti on a l l a b ou r s w hi h c hav e b e en b es t ow e d u p on

it an d t h e i n t r o du c i o n t o f ce r a n ti p or t i o n s w h i ch ar e n ot to be
t t
,

fo u n d i n t h e G er ma n E d i i o n p a ge s w e r e r e v i s e d Th e fir s 1 22

l t lt
.

b y B u n sen w h o w a s e n abl e d t o u s e t h e E ng i s h r an s a i on o f t h e
,

Tu r i n Co de x o f t he B oo k o f t h e D ea d w h i ch B i rch h ad made an d

p l ace d i n h i s h an ds . The H i er ogl y ph i c G r ammar , Ch r es t o ma t hy

an d D i ct i onar y w h i ch , acc o r d i n g t o th e o r i gi n a l pl a n of t h e wo r k
1
Wri t p t mb
i ng at H i ghwo o d Se 2 7t h, 847 B u y i n t he
t c pt t l t l t y
on e er 1 , n se n sa s

P os s ri to t he fi rs E n g i sh e di i on of Vo l Thi s E ng i s h e di i o n o wes man

I
lu bl m t m l l c
.
,

a rks an d a ddi i on s t o e a rn e d f r i en d M r Samu e B i r h p a r

mm t c l l c p c my t l c l p t t
va a e re
y , .
,

t i cu l a rl y i n t he i i hi an d ho og i Tha I
b bl m c ll c t gra
pt t p t
a a , ex o g ra , a ar .

h av e to a ke o u t o f t he i on of E gy i an i
r n ed i n t he
t c mpl t l p c l ct y
ee n a e o e r oo s ,

G er m an e d i i on h i e ro g y hi di i o n ar is m m
o wi n g to hi To hi
l bl c m m t l c ct
,
a o e e a , .

t he re fere n e s t o t he e v i de n e fo r t he s i gn i fi a ion f
yp t p bt ct y
a so e on g onu en a o an

Eg i an w o rd w he re v e r t he r oo f e x hi i ed i n Cha m
po l l i o n s di i o n a r
’

cl t ct y W t u t t bl
, or

mm is no t i s fa i ho a n y a ddi i o n t o t he u k o f t he

lu m t ut cu mb c t t
gra ar e ar o r s a or .

e , an d w i ho in t o t he t he wo rk m
a y n o w be s a i d t o

c t ly c mpl t yp t ct y ll ly
vo an y r an e ex ,

o n ai n t he mm Eg i an g ra a r a nd di i o n ar we t he
t c ll c t t p tt lyp c l t
on o e e , as as on

ex is i ng ion and in a io n o f al l t he hi e rog hi s i gn s in s ho r

t t lc l t m mlm t lyp y t m
o e er re a ; ,

al l ha ho w an to ake hi f as e r o f t he h i e ro g hi c
t m m t
ge ne ra
a s ar s se s s e

udyi ng t he
"
by s on u en s .
 I n tr odu cti on . xxxv

w e r e t o f o r m p ar s o f t he fif h v o l u me we r e n o t co mp l e ed w h en t t t
t l
,

B u n s en di e d on N o v embe r 2 8 t h 1 8 6 0 The u n fin i she d ran s at i on ,

.

of t he co mpa r a t i v e v ocab u l a r i es w as co mp l e t ed b y B i r ch an d

Dr R i e u Assi s t an t K e ep e r of Or i en t al M anu s cr i p t s i n t h e B r i t i sh
c mc pb l t
The

l t
.
,

i ve
m
o a ra
Mu s eu , wh o a s o i n ser t e d B u n s e n s a dd i on s an d correct i o n s v o a u ari es
’

i
'

t lt t t c mcpl t by
.

B i rch s ran s a i o n o f t he B o o k o f t he D e a d , oge h e r w i t h h i s o

’
e ed

t
I n r o du c i on , fil s 2 09 p a ges (pp 1 2 5 t l B i r h an d
t h e E gyp i an D i c i o n ar y R i e t t u
l
.

fi ls p age s (pp 3 3 7
250 an d t h e H i er o gl p h i c G r ammar an d
y
t
.

Chr est oma h y fil l 1 5 3 p ages (pp 5 8 9 Th u s t h e o r i gin al

t l
.

matt er s up p l i e d b y hi m t o t h e fif h v ol u me fil s 6 1 2 p ages or n ear l y

th l t
,

re e -q u ar t e r s o f t h e w ho e v ol u me The mb er o f en r i e s o n a c
t l c t b tt
nu Bi r h s
’

t ti t
.

o n r i u i ons
p age o f t h e E gyp i an D i c on ar y a v er age s e i gh een , an d the t o a

nu mb er o f e n r i es t is th er e f o r e a b o u t lm t o t he fif h
vo u e

ti
.

“
Th e D i ct i o n ar y B i r ch s a ys i n h i s P re face i s ph on e c
t
, ,

i n i ts arran ge men t h e w or ds b ei ng p l a ce d u n d er t h e p h o n et i c
ti t
,

v al u e s [ ] of t he s i gn s a t t he t i me o f co mp i l a on I t i s i mp o r an t

t t
.

to re memb er t hi s ,
as E gyp o l ogi s s gi v e a di ffer en t p o w er t o a
few s i gn s , o r r ega r d o t h er s as p ol y ph on e[ s ] Th e i deograp h i c an d
t ti
.

de er mi n a ve h i er ogl y p h i cs h a v i n g b e en al r e a d y g i v en i n t h e
t
,

firs t v ol u me 1
hav e n ot b e en r ep ea ed i n t hi s an d t h e s t u d en t

t
, ,

mu s s eek t h em i n t he i r ap p rop r i at e p l aces I t i s al s o t o b e b orne

t t
.

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de t er mi n ed an d th at t he resear ch es o f E gy p tl
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e n r i ch t he nu mbe r of in erp re t e d w o r ds A r e f eren c e t o t h e p l ace

t
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.

w h er e i t i s f o u n d i s gi v e n w i h e a ch w o r d bu t i t w a s n o t p oss i b l e

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s

l
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t he n a me of t he s cho l a r wh o d i sco v er ed i t s mean i ng [ h er e f o l o ws

y pt
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’
P l ace Vo l I I ha v e he r w i h
c ub m tt t t cc t c t c m lyp c l
sa s s ,
.
, .
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o ge

Mr Bi r h i ed t o t he of a ri i is a ll t he h i e rog hi s i gn s

t t c l ct pl cl c t m p p
.
, s es u ra e a

hi her ol e ed an d e x ai n e d , an d h av e ass i fie d e a h of he i n i ts
pl c cc t t m t [ l m t l
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t ] m t m u t t t tl m
a e, a arr an ge en . en

t he At t he i I hav e re q es e d ha gen e to add hi s o wn

lu b m k t c ll c t c mpl t c ct
ex t sa e e an

le to hi s ion to an d it
u t c m bl ly m c t c l bu t l
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'

Th ro gh hi s ass i s an I ed t o gi v e , not o n ri i
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s i gn s an d in i on s i ed M r Bi r h fro he r ho r i i es hi s
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hes The i s t he ra o sed an d

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o wn re se ar . a rra n ge en na one , ro

ado ed Cha l i on i n t he f t he s ud of hi e ro g p hi s : viz

t mc l p— c l bj c t m m m l m
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,

s i gn s o f as ro n o i geo g ra hi hu fo r s , an i fro t he
qu up m pl t t t um t
a or a o e s an a s

adr ed do w n t o t he w o r i ns et c an d s i gns

cp tc t c ct
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, as
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c ct c ct
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t p
Co n e m o rary men t i on of H i n ck s , G o o dw i n an d L e P age R en o u f i n E n gl an d ,

E gyp tO IOgi S t S
'

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. de R o u g é D ev é ri a i n ,
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,
.
, ,

L au t h L ep s i u s an d P l ey t e i n G er man y as b e i ng t he men t o w h o m
t
, ,

t h e a dv a n ce o f t h e s u dy o f E gy p t o l o gy i s p r in ci p a l l y du e ] Th e
t t
.

a d v a n ag e o f [ Messrs Lo n gmans ] h i erogl yp h i c y p e t o t h e p r e s e n t

’

v ol u me cann o t b e t oo h i gh l y app r eci at e d as i t h a s r en dere d i t

t
,

r i n t t h e E gyp i an D i ct i on ar y h e G r a mmar an d
p ract i cab l e t o p t
t t t
, ,

t h e Chr es o ma hy i n a f or m w h i ch r e n d er s t h e s u dy o f t h e
h i ero gl yp h s access i b l e b ot h t o th e s t u de n t an d gen e r al en q u i r er
t t hi t
.

p c ’
Bi r h s
Th e D i ct i on ar y i s t h e
o i n i on o f hi s n o r h as a n y h i er ogl yp h i cal d i ct i ona r y
on l y on e h i t h er o p r i n t ed

app e are d e se w h er e ,
in
l
s co u n r y ,

e x c ep t

lp
D ct i o n ar y O f t h at o f Ch a
i
Hi erog y hi cs
mp ol l i o n , p u b l i sh e d i n 1 8 41 [re ad w h i ch con a i n e d t
men t
.

on l y a fe w of t he r i n c i p al w o r d s I t s p h on e t i c a rr a nge Wi ll
p
t t
.
,

i t i s h o p ed r en d er i t p ar i cu l ar l y e asy o f c on s u l t a i on I t h as
t
.
,

b een a great l ab ou r t o co mp i l e an d p r i n t i t and t he e x e cu i on o f

t t
,

i t has b een a t as k o f man y y ea rs O her E gyp t ol o gi s s i n deed

t
.
, ,

h av e a t a ch e d v o ca b u l ar i e s t o t h e i r l ab o u r s on p ar t i cu l ar i n scr i p
t i on s , bu t no di ct i on ar y on a l arge scal e h as as y et b een at e mp e d t t
th
,

”
al o u gh t he ab so l u t e w an t of on e h as b een l on g f el t Thi s
t t
.

P r e f ace i s da ed Ap r i l 1 3 th ,
1 86 7 . The p u b l i ca i on of t h e fir st
E g y p t i an D i c ti on ar y arran ge d on p h on e t i c i e a l p h ab e t i c,

t
. .
, ,

p r i n ci p l es an d p r i n t ed i n h i ero gl yph i c y pe w as a gre at t r i u mph

, ,

f or E ngl i sh E gyp t o l ogy an d t he cr af t o f t h e t y p o gra p her an d t o

t
,

B i r ch t h e Sp o t i sw oo de t h e p r i n t er an d Lon gma n s
co mp i l er an d

l t t tt
,

t he p u b i s he rs ev er y E gy pt o l ogi s o w es a deb o f gra i u de

t
.
,

B u t i t i s qu i t e i mp o ss i b l e t o h i de t h e f a ct t ha t h e i n cl u s i o n
of B i r ch
’
s t
E gyp i an D i ct i on ar y i n t h e fif h t v ol u me of t h e E n gl i s h
t r an s l at i on w as gr eat mi s fo r u n e for t he D i ct i on ar y i se l f an d
a t t
fo r t he b egi n n er i n E gyp ol o gy fo r w h om t h e w o rk w as p r i mar i y t l
i n t e n d ed Th er e w as an i n t e r v al o f s ev en y ear s b e t w een t he
t
.

p u b l i c a t i on of t h e f ou r h an d fi ft h v ol u mes of t h e E n gl i s h tr an sl a
t i on of Aegypten s S tel l e i n der Wel tges chi chte and t her e s ee ms to
t
,

be do u b t t hat p u b l i c i n t er e s i n B u n se n s s che me of ch r on o l ogy

’
no

dro op ed w h en i t s au ho r d i e d i n 1 8 60 t h e y ear w h i ch saw t h e t ‘

t
,

a p p e ar an ce o f t he f ou r h v ol u me , an d w as p r a ct i cal l y d e ad w h en
t h e fi ft h v ol u me w as p u b l i sh ed i n 1 86 7 Acco r di ng t o B i rch
l t t
.
,

t he v ol u me fe l at fl
a n d i t s e d i o r an d
p u b l i sh ers w er e gr ea l y
t
,

d i s ap p o in t e d Wh et h er t he e di i on w as asmal l on e or n ot I h av e
t ai l y h f th
.

n o ev i de n ce to s how , bu t i t was c er n t e a ct at for so me

r e a s on or o th er c op i es o f t he v ol u m e di ffi
w er e cu l t t o ge t in t h e
e arl y s e v e nt i es I t w as sa i d a t h tim th
t e e at t h e p u bl i s h ers
t t
.
,

b ein g di ss at i sfied w i h t he s al e s , h ad d i sp os ed of t he sh e e s
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s D i cti ona ry f H i er og l yp hi cs
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 iii
x x x v- I n tr odu cti on
"

of a l ar ge nu mb er of cop i e s Th e n a u r al t r es u l t w as th t a w h en
Di t i
.

p e o p l e f o u n d o u t t h a t t h e v o l u me c on t ai n ed B i r ch s
’
c on ar
y
a n d G ramma r a n d Ch r e s o ma t h
y t h e co p i es h a t fo u n d h e i r t t t
w ay i n t o t h e mark e tft e ch e d r el a ti v el
y v er y h i gh p r i ce s o r a t al l

t l
,

ev e n t s p r i ces w hi ch e ff ec i v e y p l aced t h e b o o k b ey o n d t h e r ea ch

of the o r di n a r y s u den t
Wh en I at en ded B i r ch t t ’
s E gyp i an t
l ig d
.

cl ass e s in 1 875—76 a n d n e e de d t he b o o k u r g en t l y , I w as ob e

l
Bun sen
’
s t
fi f h t o t ra ce e ach
p age of it on a s ep ar a e t s h ee t of t r aci n g p ap er
ti t
,

m
t mcb
vo u
of
e t he
o mi t ng the r e f er en c es , and w he n t h e se sh ee s w e r e b ou n d I
t
o

t he m f o r me M ore o v er
c t lyp c u s ed y ear s w i h gr e at b en efit t he
’
Bi r h s so

t t lt
.
,

D i i o n ar y o f
Hi e rog hi s
fif h v ol u me o f t he E ngl i sh r an s a i o n o f B un s en
’
s w or k f or me d a
.

v er i t ab l e t o mb for B i r ch
’
s D i ct i on ar
y The t i tl e—
p age of it se s t
t t t Hi t
.
_

f or h qu i e cl ear l y t h a the s w as by o r i cal I nv es ti ga t i on

B u ns en an d th at i t w as t r ans l at e d fr o m t h e G er man b y Ch arl es

t l t t
,

H Co t r e l E sq MA a n d t h a t i t c on ai n s Addi i ons by
“
. .
, , ,

S amu el B i r ch LL D p o s s i b l y i magi ne fro m t h i s

”
B u t w ho co u l d

t th t ti
. .
,

l as re mark at B i r ch
’

s co n r i b u on w a s 5 9 4 p age s i e n earl y
th t
, . .
,

r ee - u a r e r s
q of t he w h ol e v ol u me or t ha t hi s con t r i b u t i o n

t
,

i ncl u ded an E gyp i an D i ct i o n ar y t he fir st ev er p u bl i sh ed

t
,

a rr an ge d p ho n e t i c p r i nc i p l e s
on an d con ai n i n g ab ou t

t t
e n r i es o f E gy p i an w o r ds , an d n a mes o f go d s a n d p l a ces wi h t
t
,

r e f e r en ce s an d t r an sl a i on s an d an E gyp ti an Gr ammar an d
t t hy t
,

Ch r es o ma Or ag a i n , t ak e t h e c ase o f t he s t u dent w h o w an s

th th m
,

to con s u l t e se w orks an d w h o h e ar i n g t h a t co p i e s o f e ar e to
t
,

be s ee n i n t h e B r i i sh Mu seu m Li b r ar y goes t o t h e R e a di n g R o om
t
,

to s ee t h em H e u r ns u p t h e ent r y B i r ch S amu el LL D o f t h e
t t ti
. . .
, , ,

B r i i sh Mu se u m i n t he G r ea t Ca al o gu e , b u t fa i l s t o fin d a n y men
‘

on

t t t hy
,

of t he D i c i on ar y of H i er ogl yp hi cs or Gr a mmar an d Chr e s o ma ,

b ecau se t h ey ar e n o t men ti one d i n an y o n e o f t he col u mn s o f n a m es

of the o t h er b o ok s an d p ap ers w h i ch B i r ch w r o t e Al l th at he w i ll
ti t t t ty
.

fin d con n e c ng B i rch w i h an E gy p i an D i c i on ar y i s t h e en r

t
,

Sk et ch of a H i erogl y p h i cal D i c i o n ar y L on do n 1 83 8 a n d u n l es s

t h h Sk t h t t l
, , ,

he r ecei v es fu r h er i n s r u ct i on he w i l con cl u d e at t e e c

p bl i h d i hi m d t h t B i h E gyp t i
’
83 8 i lu s e Di
n 1 s u s e es s to an a rc s an c

c i t h Bi h
,

m i h
t lt Th
’
Bi r h
’
si y pp td o n ar n ev e r a l ear e e sa e s t e cas e w rc s t r an s a

t i f h B k f h D d h fi e m d d p bl i h d
.

rans a ion o f
t he Bo o k o f
on o t e oo o t e ea t e rst v er a e an u s e

l m f E gy p P l
, ,

tlyp c Li f H i gl yphi Ch t h i h pp d i h fi t l m
t he D e ad an dhi h l pp e h efif h d hi
’
diw c a so a are n t t vo u e o t s a ce , an s
hi s Li s o f
st o er o c a r ac e r s w c a ea re n t e rs vo u e,
Hi ero g hi s
fi t i t h pl t t dly i t h h hi
.

f h rs d w gl yp h i
a es o c ar a c ers , a n s eco n w t e er o c

h t pi t di h c a r ac e r s
yp Th ly m i f Bi h r n e n t e n ew t e e on en t o n o rc

C t l g ti i th h B k f h D d
.

i h G n i t e r ea t a a o ue n conn ec on w t e oo o t e ea

i t i d i h t i l f h T t p bl i t i f h t
s co n a n e n t e t e o t e ru s ee s
’
u ca on o t e tex s
 xl I n tr odu cti on .

i ssi on t o Hi s t or
y of An ci en t E gyp t u n de r i ts na ti ve k i n gs 1
an d i n pub
t t
,

a
l i s hi n g s er i e s of H e w as
geogr ap h i cal t ex s et c
2
at ach e d t o
'

a , .

t h e M i ss i o n t o P er s i a o f t h e B aro n Mi nu t ol i i n 1 8 5 0—5 1 ,
an d s e r v e d

as P r u s s i an Vi ce-Con s u l i n Ca i r o fr om 1 864 t o 1 866 bu t i n sp i t e

t t th t
,

of t he o ffici a l du i es at a ch e d to e se p o s s h e man age d t o fin d

t i me t o e
u n d r ak e t t he co mp i l a ti on o f a H i er o gl y p h i c D i ct i on ar y

t
.

I t is more t h an p rob abl e t h at h e knew h at B i r ch w as en gaged on

a s i mi ar t as k l
b u t i f he h ad t hi s k n ow l edge i t di d n o t p r e v en t
, ,

h i m from mak i n g ar r an ge men t s for t h e p u b l i cat i on o f h i s w or k

t
.

Th at B i r ch k n ew o f t h e se arr ange ment s i s q u i t e cer ai n f or h i s ,

fo r n ame a pp e ar s i n t h e l i st o f s u b scr i b ers i ssu ed b y t h e p u bl i sh e r

t t
.

ty E ach sch o l ar n at u r al l y w i s h e d t o b e t h e fir s i n t he fie l d w i h

3
1
, an d
t
h i s E gy p i a n D i ct i on ar y s o t ha t h e mi ght cl a i m t he cr ed i o f t
l t
5 ,

b ei ng th e fir s t t o p u b l i sh a r eal y l arge co l l ec i on o f an ci e n t E gy p
t i an w or ds a r ran ged al p h ab et i cal l y I n t h i s r ace f or p r i or i y t
fif t h
.

B i rch w as th e w i n n er f o r h e da t e d h i s sh o r t P re f ace t o t he
t
,

v ol u me of E gy p
’
s P l ace
”
Ap r i l 1 3 t h
on , 1 86 7 , an d hi s w ho l e
D i ct i on ar y w as t h en p r i n te d o ff I n t he . o t h er c as e onl
y t he
fi r s t vol u me of B rugsch
’
s H i e r o gl yp h i c-D emot i c D i c ti o n ary , c on

t a i n i ng t h e l e t t er s
k q , , an d
Q ,
was p r in t ed off a t t h at
t i me , an d t h e p u bl i sh e r
’
s a dv er t i se men t on th e c o v er i s da t ed

E n de Ap r i l h o u gh B r u gs ch s P r e f ace i s da ted M 5 1 2 1 8 6 7t ’

t
.

T h e H i er ogl yp h i c D emo t i c D i ct i on ar y o f B ru gsch i s w i h

- 3

ti
,

c
s h
’
s
t he e x ce p on of t he I n t r o du ct i on ,
l i t h o g r ap h e d t hro u gho u t .

mes f or m t h e D i ct i on ar y p r op e r an d con
ig Phi C T h e fir s t f ou r v ol u
’

t ai n p ages an d t h e l a s t t hr ee f or m t he Su pp l e me n t
t
n ar
y .
, ,

a n d con a i n p age s Th e n u mb er o f w or ds t r eat e d i n t h e

t t
.

D i c i on ar y p r o p e r i s n o t cou n i n g t h e addi ti on s i n t h e

m
Su pp l e ent wh i ch w e re d er i v ed fr om n ew l y p u b l i she d t ex s t
Whi l s t t
, .

wr i t i n g h i s D i c i on ar y fo r t h e l i t ho gr ap he r B ru gsch
’
ou t s

j
,

ob ec t s ee ms t o h a v e b e en t o mak e th e w or k as l ar ge as p oss i b l e
t t
.

He s t a es hi s v i ew s on
poi n ts of E gypt i an Gr ammar at
gr e a
bu t un e
q u al l engt h , an d many of h i s p aragra ph s are ll
fi ed w i h t
H i s toi re d Egy pte sous l es R oi s i n di gen es
’
1 P ar i s 1 85 9
c c p
. .
,

2
Geogr aphi s he I n s hr if ten Al tagy pti scher D en kmal er B a nde I —III Lei zi g ,

c p
’

, ,

1 85 7 —
60 D i e Geographi c der Aegy pter h den D en hmal ern Le i zi 86 0
’

na .
g , 1 .

4t o
u l t tl c c
.

3
The f l i e re a ds : H i erogly phi s h-D emoti s hes Wor terbnch en tha l ten d in
c f c
wi ssen s ha tl i her Ano r dn u ng di e Gebr auchl i chsten Warter u nd Gr uppen der he i l igen
c c
'

und der Vol ks -S pra he un d S hrif t der al ten Aegypter n ebst deren E r kl aru ng
c c c
'

i n F ran zos i scher, D eu ts her u nd Ar a bi s her Spra he un d Anga be i hrer Vern/a nd

'

c haf t mi t den en ts p c he n den Wartern

'

des Kopti s hen c un d der S emi ti s he I di ome c

p l ppl m t
re
s
7
—
,

B ai l de , Le i zi g, 1 86 7 1 882 , 4t o , Vo l . I ,
1 8 6 7 ; Vo s . I I -I V , 1 8 68 ; su e en .

Vo l . V, 1 88 0 ; Vol VI , . 1 88 1 ; Vo l VI I .
,
1 88 2 .
 I n tr oducti on . xl i

ex t ra ct s fr om E gy p i an t ex t s fol l o w ed b yt t r an s l at i on s an d w or dy
co mmen t s I n s ome r espe ct s h i s w or k r ese mbl es an E n cy cl o
t t t
.

p aedi a of E gyp o l ogy r a t h er than a D i c i o n ar y a nd con ai n s a

t
,

gr eat de al of i n f or ma i on w hi ch ,
it s ee ms to me ,
s h ou l d hav e
b e e n gi v e n el s e w he re As no p u b l i s h er co u l d affor d t o d e f r ay t h e
t
.

co st o f p r i n t i ng t h e D i ct i on ary e v en on t h e Co n i n ent wh er e gr eat

t
, ,

s chol a r l
y wo r k s ar e o fte n su b si di ze d b y t h e G o v ern men i t w as

p t b y l i t h g ph y
,

d id d
ec e to
p d re B g ro h m
u ce i ru sc
’
s hi h anu s cr o ra w c

bly i l t
,

i
n t h d y l w as i
to m
er a h d f b i
n ex i m ens v e et o B gSCh
'
S
ose a s p
a p o u ca on

it h t h li th ifigfiéf i g
y ’ d
an d B g h ru dsc k un er t oo f to w rf e
ph t e r an s er s or t e o gr a er }
i t h hi
g
E gy p tOIO gY
w s h d
ow n Th han gi p us i l y e f h
w as d v en r a ct ca l a r ee an

by hi p b l i h tiig
.

s u d s Di i
er , an y a ct o n arp g i h co n a n n a es s t e

r e su lt Th m e f E gyp t l gi l k
a ou n t o l dg wh i h h d i o o ca now e e c e s

l d h i f mi l i i t y
.

p yl a si nh i t l y g s t ru k i m r eat l wo r s ar v e ou s , an s a ar

w ith h t t t f h m di ffi l t t t h t h hi gl yphi
e con en s o t e os t cu ex s, w e er er o c,

hi er a t i d m i i ph m l H
c or e o t c, s eno h g E g yp
en a . e w as t e r e at es t

to l gi
o st h t G m y h d p d
at er an d d hi a ro
gy d l u ce d an s en er an ze a an

ti
,

d ev o on d p an f k m
o w er o mm d
w or m ust ev er co an ou r w ar es t

a dmi t i ra onB g h lik ruBi h sc g d e h d i rc hi ar ra n e t e wo r s n s

g l yp h i i t ti g
.
, ,

Hi e ro Di i c y l ph b i l l y
ct o n a r d i i
a a e t ca an t s an n ere s n

b th ly i d p d t ly m
,

fac t th at h l o pp sc o ar s , a ar en t h n e en en ca e to t e

t i l y t m f j ct
,

Ch mp l l i l
’

l i
co n c u s on h t at a o d on s n at u r a an ra on a s s e o He re e s

ar ran g m e m en t b j t
u st d B i h e r e ec e k f m hi
i ttiél fii rc as we n ow ro s
F l s

h fif t h l m f E gyp P l trr ngemen d

.
,
r
’ ”
P f to t h d h i gh t
"
r e ace e vo u e o s ace , a no ra i o n al

f Ch mp l i
t
Egyp i a a
’

pi i Di i i l Di i
ct on n a r e t ct on ar
‘

o n on o a o on s en as a
y
t i d l y f f h p i i p l rd
,

”
for h e sa y h i
s t at t co n a n e on a ew o t e r nc a wo s .

B g h d di
ru sc d hi D i i
e cat e y h M s ct on ar f Ch mp l l i to t e an e s o a o on ,

d ti y th Ch mp l l i
’
an d i hi I
n s n t ro uc on sa sDi i y at hi h a o on s ct o n ar w c

ft th d th
,

p bl i h d fi d
’
w as u s e v e an
y y g t wen t i e ar s a o, a er ts au or s ea ,

un d er h t m f Di i
e na i
e o Egyp i ct on n a r eld d l y l im t en , co u an c an a c a

t o- d y a h at t y l e v er hi m e as t H g to t s
y h t na e e oes on to sa at

t d i t t i f h i mm t l u c
.

it w as p b l i uh d i h s e h w i ll ou t t e w an n en on o t e or a B r gs h
'
s

i t f li tl m “
F re n c h h l sc d ho a r , ani t at t h
cons s s o pi m $ 13 ?f t e or e t an a n e to e

o f h t e d
w or d g p
s an h G mmrou s Egyp
In lS d h yp t
ra ai r e t-
t en n e an t at Eg
P0
i an
on s

t i m t k f h h h m h d h b li w ld
,

it con a n s i i
s a es o w c t e
m
ast e r , a e een a ve, ou
D i eti o n a

n ev e r h l
av e a d hi m l f l o we b g il t y se to e u .
1

D as t mN m de c E pen ei n es u Di ti onn ai re gy ti en v o r f n i und zwanzi g

J c m k t
un er a

ah ren h de m To de Ch a Wpo l l i on s
’
v e roffe n t l i ch e ort e r bu ch u nd

m ll t t A p c N m mc
na onn e ,

k ann erw en i gs e n h eu zu Tage h au f di es en hen

b c t W ll t bl c l t
a a ,
ns ru a en a .

Oh n e A si h un d i des un s i h en f ran z os i sche n Ge ehr e n p u bl i ci r

'

b W t pp
en er ,

en t h al t ei n ah e n u r ei n en Aus zug de r mm er er u nd G ru de r Gra a i re

c ml l b t c ul
es en

E gy ti enn e da zu
p m m i t I r rt h i i de re n si h ni e de r e n de Me i s h di g
mc t b l tu p
, e rn , a s e er s

ge a h ha en w ii rde . Ein ei n g, . III .

 I n tr odu cti on .

Wh i l st B i rch w as p r e p a ri n g t h e ma n u s cr i p o f h i s D i c i on ar y t t
fo r t he t t t
p r i n e r an d s e ei ng t h e s h ee s h r o u gh t h e p r ess o h er t
E gy p t l gi t
, ,

o o
g G d i
s s, e E d R ge Ch b
oo w n, D ei e ou a as , ev r a,

t i l y g g d i p b l i hi g
. . .
, ,

D mi h
ii cL p i en , d Pl y
e s u s an e t e w er e ac ve en a e n u s n

c
c tc mpl t
Bi r h an d l t i g hi
t ran s a gl y p h i
n hi ti d d m ti t A d
er o c, er a c an e o c t ex s n

h h d fi i h d p i t i g hi D i t i
.

on e a es
lon gb f e o re e a n s e y Bi h h d r n n m s c on ar rc a co e

tc t y
a se o n d

h t h m d di t i
,

e di i on hi s
of to t h l i
e con c u s o n p p t a e u st i hi h
re a r e a se co n e on n w c

lp c d f m th
D i i o n ar o f
h e co u l d gi ll h ve a d t e n ew w or
pp d i
s an h or s at a e are n t e
H i e ro g y hi s
t A h d h
.
.

n ew l y p bl i h d u s e t ex s h
s ed r ea
y t e se t ex t s e n ot e e v er

di t i
.

w or d d f m h an or
gh t b i at ouh t to d h e n t e n ew e on , an e con

t inu e d itt o wrl ip f m y y

e s s Th or h h an i it d ear s . o se w o av e v s e

hi m i hi n mi h B i i h M
s roo n t m m y m mb
e r t s h gl u se u a re e er t e as s

b ox t i i g l i p f hi
con a n n s di i s or hi t l s n ew
y t di e t on ; t s a wa s s oo n

f ron t f hi i k t o d
s d
n s an dd d d i ly
an M w as h a e to a or e t an on e

p bli h t ti y
.

u s er dy w as p b l i
r ea h h to d i i u f h i D si t e n ew e on o s c on ar

h i m l t i t di d ti t d hi m
,

b ut s u u d d
n ou s i g y u e s an
p a v an c n e ar s r e v en e

f m ro di g l l h t
r ea n t ha t p bl i h d
e ex s A d h di d
t at w er e u s e n e n ot

ti h m
.

see h t if at h ev e r p b l i eh h w as t o d i u s m
t e n ew e on e u s t a t so e

t im e or th o f m h
er ce a s e i t i g f l ip ro d dd i g
t e wr hi n o s s an a n to s

m ip
a n u s cr d t h an j d h d i b t h f hi p b l i h
so e r e ect e t e a v ce o o s u s er

ti d w it
,

an d hi f i d s d
r en s , an con m nue d m to l ip r e e v er o r e an or e s s

g l yp h i i
.

I n 88 M p
1 2 b g as er o p b l i h h hi e an to u ip i s t e er o c n s cr t on s

f m h P y mi d
ro t e f ra k a h i s h R o Sa k
il d T ra d
n t e ecu e e r a va u x , an

i n h m Bi h f
t e d h l p
rc oun g ph f E gyp t i
w o e t t i mi l
ar a ra s o an ex s ar

to p assa
g i h f
es n y t t e hu ner ar ffi f A m m
t ex s h i h
on t e co n o a u, w c

h e w as p p i g f re
p bli
ar n i by orh T u t N t
ca t on ll y t e ru s ee s a u ra

di t i ib l
.

m y
“

h w e i
as an x o u s i l d i hi to nc u e n p s n ew e on as an as os s e

o f h t e d d f m f m h
w or s an or y s i ro t t d h
e s e v er an c en t ex ts an e set

d th m t t f m h m ddi t i m t t
,

t o w or k to d
r ea e an to ex r ac ro t e a o n al a er

f or hi D i t i s y c H f on a r d hi k m e d i ffi
ou n l h h s t as o re cu t t an e

gh h d b t d h
.

i m gi a d i ne ld b t w ou f h e, or t ou y f e ou e t e a ccu r ac o

m y f han o di gt f M p
e r ea t t h hd m i h
n s o as er o s
’
ex e a no e an s n t e

f ph t g ph t l
,

s h p a e o o o p p ra q s or h aby er s u ee zes w er e to co n r o

t h m e M h
o r eo v er , ty y e f
w as g d
s e v enh i h l th ear s o a e an s ea

f i li g t ggl d g ll t l y d t i d it
.

w as a B n h ut e s ru e on a an an con nu e to wr e

c w di t i f hi D i t i ti
.

l ip f
or t e ne h w c e w as ce r a n y ( hi h h
l c pt
Bi r h di es and s s e on o s c on a r
eav e s hi s
man us ri
e wo u h ld li
v e t o see u nt ea o v e r oo) i
on l d
e ce t h
er 2 t , t k h i m D mb 6 h
88 5 Wh hi b k
e e c s w er e d li t ff t b i g ld
t
fo r t he seco n d 1
e di i o n
s e v era
en s

l b
oo s
.

ox e s co n a n n
an

an
er a r

o u s an s o s s w ere
e n

t i i g m y t h d f l ip
so

ut u
y
p p
u n fini shed .

to b bi d f e or
p t las ad se b i dd ar a e b gh th m
ot , an a er ou t e

f or t en hi l l i g s Th n h s l b f us ty y w t e a ou r o t w en e ar s as

w t d
.

as e .
 I n trodu cti on .

P I E R RE r
'
’
s V OC AB U L AI R E H I ER O G L Y P H I Q U E .

Th e di fficu l y t t o f o b a i n i n g co p i e s o f
‘

B i r ch
’

s t
D i c i o n a ry of H i er o
gl yp h i cs an d t h e p ex en s e o f t
b o h t h at w o r k an d B r u gsch
’
s Wor '

lly l ft t
,

ter b h p
uc i r act ca e t he s tu d en s of t he an ci ent E gyp t i an
l an g g ua i th t di i
e w ou a c t on ar y Th e fi rs t s ch ol ar w ho ma de any

t t mp lp t t
.

i
s er o u s a e t to he t he b e gi nn e r an d t he a d v an ced s u de n

ou t f th io di ffi l t y e r cu w as P au l P i err e t Co n s er v a t eu r ad o i n t j
A i q i t é Egyp i
,

de s nt u s t en n e s au M u s é e d u Lo u v r e an d he se t to
t
,

w ork to co mp i l e t he h an dy an d mp ar a i v el y
co i n e x p en si v e
Voca bu l ai re H i er ogly phi qu e
’
1
w h i ch so many s u den s t t h a v e fo u n d
t 7 5 9 Ii t h g ph d
,

to be a u s e fu l b oo k o f r e f e r en ce It con si s s o f o ra e

g d al p h b t i lly d
.

p ages i n w h i ch t h e w or ds ar e a r r an e a e ca ,
an an

i n d ex t o al l t h e F r en ch w o r s d by hi h h hi w l
g yp h i w d c t e er o c or s

ar e ltd
t r a ns a e in t he v ol u m h i h fil l
e, f t y i gh
w cd bl s or -
e t ou e

co l u m dp g ne a es It con t a i ns , i n d d f m h
a con b t en s e or t e su s an ce

h Di t i
.
,

of t e c o n a r i es of B i r ch an d B r u gsch ,
an d mo s t of t h e 98 7
mes w h i ch L ep s i u s p u b l i s h ed i n h i s K on i gs bu ch der al ten
’

r o y al na

Aegypter ,
B er l i n 1 8 5 8 fo l an d mo st o f t h e
, , ge o gr ap h i ca l
.
,

na mesgi v en b y B r u gs ch i n h i s D i cti on n a i r e Géogr aphi qu e Le i p z i g , ,

1 8 77 fo l 2
I n h i s P r e fa ce P i e r re t cal l s a t t en t i o n t o t he f act t h at
t
.
,

B r u gsch s D i c i o nar y co s t 6 00 f r an cs an d t h i s w as w i t h ou t t h e
’

S u ppl emen t w h i ch co s t ab o u t 5 00 fr an cs mor e w h e n i t w as

t j t
,

co mpl e ed i n 1 882 He us i fies h i s i n cl u si o n o f geo graph i c a l

t
.

n a mes i n h i s Voca bul a i r e b y p o i n i n g o u t w h at ev er y o n e h as

f ou n d w h o h a s t r i ed t o u s e t h e D i cti on n ai r e Géogr aphi qu e h o w
t
,

g i v en n ame in h a t mer v e i l l e d éru di t i o n ”

d i fficu l t i t i s t o fin d
’
a .

He cl a i ms n o sp eci al me r i t f o r h i s Voca bu l a i re a n d s ay s M on , ,

de f ou r n i r au x co mme nean t s u mmoy en d ab o r der di rect e

’
bu t es t

ment l es te t x es , et t on s uh man u el co mmo de et p r a i qu e t

th
.

Th er e i s no dou b t at he su ccee d e d i n hi s ai m .

SI M E O N E LE V I
’
s VO CAB O LA R IO GE R O G LI F I C O CO P TO -E B R AI C O .

F or a f ew y e ar s a f er t h e t a p p e aran ce of t h e l as t v ol u me of

t
_

B r u gsch
’
Wor ter bu ch i n 1 88 2 mp t w as made t o p u b l i sh
at e
’

s no

in a co l l ect e d f or m t h e l ex i co gr ap h i cal ma t er i al h at co u l d b e
‘

t
l
c ol e ct e d fr o m t h e edi ti on s of t
h i h ert o u n p u b l i s h ed t t ex s, w h i ch
w er e ap p ea r i n g f r eq u en t ly i n En gl an d , F ran ce Ge r many R u ssi a
t t l t
, ,

an d I al y . B ut mea nw h i l e t hi s ma e r i al w a s b e i n g d i i ge n l y

1
Vo c a bul ai r e H i eroglyphi qu e c mpo r en an t l es mots de l a L angu e ,
l es N oms
g eographi ques di vi n s phabeti qu emen t
’

, , roy a u x cl hi stor i ques ,

cl ass es al . P ari s , 1 8 75 .

8 vo
t c t p pp
.

Hi s Supplemen t t o hi s wo rk , o n ai n i n g age s , a e ared in 1 8 79-8 0 .

 liv I n troducti on
‘

x .

col l ect e d by on e s ch ol ar at l eas t w h o w as di ssat i s fie d w i t h t he

ex i s ti ng t
E gyp i an D i ct i on ar i es , an d w as de t er mi n e d t o p u b l i sh a
n ew o ne . T h i s w as Si meo n e Le v i , an I t al i an E gy p t ol o gi s t w ho ,

w as w el l k n o w n f o r t h e v er
y u s e fu l l i st o f h i er a t i c ch ar a ct ers w h i ch
h e p u b l i sh ed i n
‘
1 8 80 . tt
U n de r t he i l e o f P a U a tch— u r en M etchu t

KR $§ E M

AD Q—
L i . e .
,
The Gr ea t S ea of Wor ds ,

i -
l
h e b egan t o p u b s h a C opti c H ebr ew H i er oglyphi c Voca bu l ary
t t
w i h t r an sl a i on s o f t h e h i er ogl y ph i c w o r ds i n I t al i an an d n u me r ou s

qu o t ti a ons of C op i c t an d H eb r ew w o r ds w h i ch h e h el d t o b e
co g t
na e t o t he a n c i e nt E gyp t i an w o r ds 2

t
.

Th e Voca bol a r i o p r op er p ar s f ol i o w h i ch w er e
c on s i s t s o f s i x

t t
,

b l i i 88 — con a i n l i h ogr ap h ed do ub l e
p u s h e d n 1 7 88 and
co l u mne d a
p g e s
; t he Su p p l e men t c on si s s o f t w o p ar s an d t t
t
,

co n a i n s P ar t I w a s p u bl i s h e d i n 1 8 8 9 and P ar t I I
6 96 p ages ;
tt
,

i n 1 8 94 I n a v ery cl os el y wr i en P r ef ace w h i ch fil l s 3 0 p ag e s
t
.
, ,

S i gn or L e v i di s cu ss es t h e gr ammar an d t h e s t ru c u r e o f t h e an ci en t
t
E gy p i an l an gu age w h i ch h e t r ea t s as t h o u gh t h e sp eech t ha t i s
t t
,

re v e al e d to us b y t h e h i er ogl yph i c h i e r at i c an d de mo ti c ex s

t
,

b el o ng ed t o th e S emi i c fami l y of l angu age s . I t w as a mi s t ak e

on h i s p ar t t o do t h i s f or h e assu me d t o b e a f act t h at w h i ch h as
t
,

n e ve r b e e n p r o v e d ; t o h i m E gy p t i a n C op i c an d H eb r e w a r e
t
,

su b s t an t i al l y f o r ms o f o n e an d t h e s a me l a n gu age H e ad o p e d
l ph b g
.

an u n u s u al a r r an g e men t of t he a a et , p l aci ng h m an d h
a ft er t ch an d t a ,
or
I) , an d t f ) a f t er sh a n ,
an d kh (X)
men t
an d
1 at the en d o f th e al p h ab e t , e t c . Th u s t h e ar ran ge

a nd t he v al u e s o f t h e l et t er s of hi s al p h a b et ar e as fo l l o w s

k =g
q -N
QQ I = ‘
N \
\i —fi N -
—
a ¢ a a
N or N . . ll t

s s or T .
e o =u or t
s o r t$
Q ua Nan . m a
-
m un
f = -D
—
sa a . '

M M M
, r O r fl m r, l -
,
j l s

O s lD ‘ m 1
w 5h =w o Q , y = t =n 3 D 0 © d 5
1
H Z

Ra cc
dei S egn i I erati i Egi zi n el l e di verse Epo he con i corresponden ti
ol ta c c
c u
,

Gerogl ifici ed i l oro difieren ti val or i f on eti i

’
T ri n 1 8 80 4t o
c
.
.
, .

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c c cc c
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an n o 1 8 8 6 dal l a R A ademi a dei L i n ei e

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r ea l e di l i ngu i sti a onf er i to n el l

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,

b l i ato dopo i n cor r aggi a m cn to del l a g i nn i a del on si gl i o s uper i or e del l a

c
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.
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xlv

Th i s s y st e m see ms to r e p r e s en t a n a t e t mpt to s ho w t ha t t he

a n c i en t E gy p i an s t a do p t e d t he H eb r ew a l ph ab e t By so me
l
.

cu r i o u s o v er s i gh t L e v i fa i ed t o fin d a n e q u i v a l en t for t h e H eb r e w
l et t er y .

H AG E M AN S LE XQ I UE F R AN QA I S -H I ER OG L Y P H I Q U E .

Th e l i s t of l
p u b i sh ed E gyp t i an D i ct i on ar i es en ds w i th t h e
Lex i qu e F r a npa i s -H i er ogly phi qu e h a t w as co mp i l ed b y M
’

G H age man s t . .

H ageman s an d w as p u b l i sh e d a t B ru ss e l s i n 1 8 96 £3 58“
1
I t i s an o ct a v o
2
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t l c
.

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t t
.
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co n a i n a F ren ch-E gy p ti an D i c i on a r y an d Su pp l emen t a h i er o

g l y ph i t t t t ti
,

c, hi e r a i c-d emo i c al p h ab e ,
and a l i st of de er mi n a v es .

TH E P R N ESE T E G Y P TI A N D I C TI O NR A Y .

l
I t w i l p r o b ab l y b e a dmi e d b y a l l h a t t h e co mp i l er o f an tt t
E gy p t i an H i er ogl yph i c D i c i o n ar y s h o u l d k n o w at fir st h an d t
e v ery col ec i on o f E l t
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t
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t ha t h e s hou l d
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an d i n E gyp t E ngl a n d a n d Ame r i ca an d cop i e d o r c o l l a e d w i h t t
t t
, , ,

p r i n ed e di t i on s e v ery hi er ogl y p h i c h i er at i c an d de mo t i c ex t
l ct
, , .

o f i mp or t an ce t h a t he sh o u l d kn ow w el l t h e hi s t or i e s o f E gy p t Qua i fi
,
a i ons
' fo r

fgi fgg
s r
w r i tt e n b y cl as s i ca l w r i t ers an d t h e w o r k s o f th e Ar ab geogr ap h e r s a
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t l
ir
t tpm
,
,
rl

an d Cop i c i n a l l i t s d i a ect s an d h at h e s h o u l d h av e h ad a t h i s E gy i an
t ld h th D mt my
,

mi t i me
r
di sp os al u nl i in b e en abl e
'

ed s ho r t at he s ho u av e

h m k i g f h i E gy p t i t
, .

t o d e v ot e h i s w h ol e l i f e t o t e a n o s an D i c i on a r y
i t t l
.

That h e s hou l d a l s o h av e on e o r m or e a ss s an s t o he p hi m i n
h i s l ab o r i o u s t as k a s o l go es wi t h yi g I m
o u t sa n a con s ci o u s th a t,

f h q l ifi ti
.

u n fo r tun a t e l y , I p o sses s n on e o t e ua ca on s n ecessa r y for

s u ch a great w or k e x cep t n i y l i m
ai t d d
v erg e e r ee N ev er t he
ti y d h I m
.

l ess I hav e w r i t t e n t hi s D i c o nar an ow ca e t o do so the

fo l l o w in g p a r agraph s w i l l show

t
.

B et w ee n t h e y ear s 1 88 0 an d 1 8 83 t he N a t u r al Hi s or y
Col l ect i on s w er e re mo v ed fr om t h e B r i t i sh Mu seu m Bl oo ms b u r y
t
, ,

t o t h e n e w b u i l di n gs w h i ch w er e s
p eci al l y con st r u c e d to r ece i v e

t hem at S o u t h K en s i ng t on . Th e r eu p on s ev e r al of t he ms o f
roo

t he F i rs t an d S eco n d N or t h er n G al l e r i es an d t h e l on g r oo m t ha t

t
,

r an
p ar al l el t o t he fo u r h r oo m o f t h e F i r s t N or t h e rn G al l ery
t
an d h ad con a i n e d t h e s t u di es an d w or kr o o ms o f t h e N a t u r a l R e a rran ge

H i s t or y St aff w er e al l o t t ed to t he D ep ar t ment of Or i en t al
Eggj
fi
t he

t l ct n
,

An t i qu i t i es .
_
Wh en Dr . B i r ch , Keep er of t he D e p ar men t , h a d Co l e i ons in

re mo v e d t he Co l l ect i o n s of E gy p t i an a n d S e mi t i c An t i q u i t i e s

i n t o t hem , an d r e arr an ged th e E gy p ti an Col l ect i on s , he t o ok

x l vi I n trodu cti on .

i n h an d a t as k w h i ch h e h a d c on e t mp l a t ed f or many y e ars na mel y

l i t
, ,

t he co mp i a t on of a de ai l ed descr i p t i on of t he E gyp t i an h i er o
l
g yp h i c an d hi er at i c
fu n e r ar y p ap y r i Th e E n gl i sh t ran sl at i on
it R
.

o f t he S a e ecen s i o n o f t h e B ook O f t h e D ead accor di n g t o t h e

Tu r i n i e l i
w h ch h p u b sh e d n 1 8 6 7 h a d a r ou se d u n i v e r s al
P a py ru s i 1
2

t t
,

in e r e st a n d he w a s u r g e d t o s u pp l emen t I t w i h a v e r s i on o f t h e
,

O l d er Theb an R e cen si on t r a n sl a t e d f r o m t h e r i ch co l l ect i on of

t
X VI I I t h dyn a s y p ap yr i i n t h e B r i i sh M u se u m Th e smal er t l
t t t
.

p ap y r i h ad b e en cu t u p i n o sect i o n s an d mo u n ed u n der s h ee s
t
.

ofgl ass an d w e r e a t t hat i me ar ran ged i n draw e rs i n t h e Tabl e

t
,

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t t
. . .
, ,

meas u r ed fr om 5 t o 3 0 f eet i n l eng h h a d b een mou n ed i n bl ack

l t
,

gl az ed w oo den frames an d hu ng u p o n t h e w al s o f t h e N o r h V es t
- V

St ai rcase B u t as i n t h i s p os i t i on i t w a s wel l —
n i gh i mp o ss i bl e t o

t j
.

c o n su l t t h em an d as i t w as f e ar e d hat t h ey mi gh t su ffer i n u r y
,

t h r o u gh damp t h e y w e r e t a k e n do w n an d, whe r e p o ssi b l e w er e

t ti l t
, ,

cu t up in o sec on s , mou nt ed u n d er s h ee t s o f g ass an d s ore d

w i t h t he s h o r t er p ap y r i D u r i ng t he gen er al r ea r range men t o f

t t
.

th e p apy r i wh i ch f o l l o w e d t h es e al er a i o n s B i r ch se i zed t h e
O p p or u n i y t t o f re -e x a mi n i ng an d des cr i bi g n with mi nu t e c are the

p ap y r i w h i ch P ro fess or N a v i l l e h a d se ec e as au h or i i es for t h e l td t t
t e x t o f h i s e di t i on o f t h e Th eb a n R ecen s i on o f t h e B ook o f t h e
D e ad and h e d i r ec t e d me to ass i s t h i m i n t h i s w o rk H e w as
fly
.
,

ch i e a n x i ou s to co l l e ct v ar i a n t r ea di n gs , an d un u su al f or ms of

w or ds a n d n ew w or ds an d to mak e l i st s of t h e p ap y r i i n w h i ch
t t
, ,

p ar i cu l ar Chap t ers app eared Th e w or k w as l ong an d d i fficu l

fl
.
,

ch i e y b e c au se w e p o s s e s sed n o co n cor dan ce o f t h e w o r d s o f t he

Th eb an R ecen si ons an d t h e r e fo r e cou l d n ot y i d e n ti f y t h e

e as i l

t t
,

Ch ap er s i n w h i ch t he y o ccu rre d in mu t i l a e d p ap r i
y So l on g
t t t
.

as w e w ere d eal i ng w i h p apy ri c on a i n i n g t h e S ai e R e c en s i o n

we fou n d Li eb l ei n s l i t l e I n de x
’
t v er y u s e fu l b u t for i den i fyi n g
, t
Chap t er s d p ass ages i n t h e Th eb an
an R ecen si on i t a ffo r ded n o
he p l H av i n g gr o u p ed t h e fu n erary p ap yr i ch r on o l ogi cal l y , i e

t t t
. .
.
,

a cco r d i n g t o dyn as i es , B i r ch b egan t o w r i e h i s descr i p i on s of

t h e p a py r i an d h e d i r ec t ed me to mak e a co n co r d a n ce t o t he m
t th t t th
, ,

an d i n t ende d t o i n c o r p o r a e the sl i
p s at I wro e wi h o se w h i ch
h e w a s h eap i n g u p as mat er i al fo r th e n e w e di ti on o f hi s D i ct i on ary

1
F o r t he E gy pt t t i an Le p si us , D as Todten bu ch Le i p zi g , 1 8 42
t lm c
ex see . .

i n U n i versal H i s tory Lo ndo n 86 7

’
I n t he fif h e of Egypt Pla
pp
3
vo u s e 1
—
.
, ,

. 1 61 3 26 .

5
Li eb l ei n J I n dex Al pha béti que de tou s l es M ots con ten us dan s l e Li vre des
t p
.
,

M orts publ i e par R Lepsi us d apres l e P apy rus de Tur i n Li hogra hed P a ri s ,
’ ’
. . .

1 8 75 8 vo . .
 x l vi ii I n trodu cti on .

of
9900) h as s o mu ch in
t h e D e a d i n t h e B r i is h Mu seu m ( N o t
tb t t
.

I y e di i o n o f co mmon w i h t h a t o f N u Tak in g 1 1 5 Chap er s fr om t h e P a py ru s .

2 7 fr o m t h e P a p y r u s O f
he The an
o f Nu 2 5 fro m t h e P a py ru s o f N eb s en i
{ ece n si o n o f , ,

he B o o k o f An i a n d so me h al f-d o zen h y mn s etc fro m th e P ap yr i o f H u ne fer

t t
.
, , , ,

he D ead
Mu t -h et ep a nd N e kh t I p r e p ar e d an ed i t i o n o f t h e E gyp i an ex t s
.

t t
,

an d t r an s l a e d t he m Wh en I v en u re d to su g ges t t o M essrs
l ti
. .

Kegan P au l , wh o u n der t oo k t o p u b i sh t h e ed i on , t ha t t e x t
an d t r an sl a t i o n sh ou l d be acco mp an i e d by a Co n cor dance t h ey
demu rre d ,
s ay i ng t h at no w pu l d b u y t h e Co n cor dan ce , o r
o ne

V o c ab u l a r y ,
f or no on e w an t e d s u ch a t h in g F i n al l y t h e y .

de ci ded t o p r i n t 7 5 0 co p i es o f t he E gyp t i an t e x t and Vo cab u l ar y ,

an d co p i es o f t he Tr an sl a t i o n t h i n k i n g t h er e w ou l d b e a l ar ge r ,

d eman d for i t t h an f o r t he fir s t t wo v ol u mes of t h e w or k Tw o

t ti
.

y e a r s l at er t he y w r o e t o me s ay i n g t h a t t h e w h o l e edi on o f t he
t t
E gy p i an t e x a n d Vocab u l ar y w as sol d and t h a t as ab o u t 23 0

l ti th y
,

co p i e s of t h e Tr an s a on w er e u nso l d e h ad deci de d t o s el l

th m e as a
“
re mai n der an d t h e y di d so Thu s i t w as p r o v ed
th
.
,

t h at er e w as a co n s i d er ab l e d ema n d f o r an E gyp t i an Vo cab u l ar y

My
c bul b t o t h e The b an R ece n si on of t h e B oo k of t he D ea d an d th h at t ere

t t l th y
,

Vo a ary
w er e s t u d en s w h o w ou l d n o t b u y t h e Tran sl a i on u n es s e

c
of t he The an

R e e n si o n cou l d h av e t h e Vo cab u l a r y w i t h i t I n p ri n i n g t h e o ca u a r y t V b l
t t l ti f
.
.

I adop t e d a p l a n h i he r o u nt r i e d I p a ce d t h e t r an s t er a on o li
t t
.

t he E gy p i an w or ds i n t h e fir s t i n s ea d o f i n t h e s econ d co l u mn

as w as u s u al , fo r i t s ee med to me t h a t i t w ou l d enabl e t h e be gi nn er
t o fin d t h e w or d h e w an t ed mor e e as i l y and q u i ckl y Th i s p l an
l t
.

has b een mu ch app r o v e d o f i n E ng an d , a n d as i t h as b een a do p e d

in an Ae gy p t i s ch e s Gl o s sar p u b l i sh ed i n B er i n i n 1 904 i t h as l
e v i den t l y s ee me d u se fu l t o t he p t
r ac i cal Te u on i c mi n d t .

Th e s u cce ss of t h e Vocabu l ary t o t h e B oo k of t h e D ea d

and t he en co u r age men t of many f r i e n ds emb ol den ed me t o w ri t e
an E gyp t i an H i ero gl yp h i c t
Di c i o n ar y 1
an d w i th t hi s o b e ct j
t t t
,

in V i ew I b egan to col l ect w or ds fr o m E gyp i an l i era u r e

ct ll c tl
The o e i o n gen er al l y I fir st l ai d u n der
. t
co n t r i b u i o n t h e D i c i on ar i e s o f t
o f ma e ri a

tc t
for hi s
B i r ch B rugsch an d P i err e t and
do u b t f u l
,

F rom t he Vocab u
v er i fie d,

l
as f ar as p os s i bl e , a l l

t t
D i i o n ary r ea d i n gs ar i es p u b l i s he d w i h e di i on s
t
.
.

of s p eci al t ex t s I o b t a i n ed mu ch ma e r i al a n d f ro m my o w n

t t
,

read i ng of t ex s, b ot h pu bl i sh ed an d u np u b l i s h e d , I Ob a i n e d a

As B ru gs h di e d i n c t
8 94 W al l ho p e o f a n e w edi i on of hi s er ter buch
’

ha d
b p t c py t k p c t
1 ,

t o be an do n e d His ri v a e of hi s w o r w as hase d b y t he B ri i s h
b y p m t pt y
a . o ur

m
M us e u a nd is n ow i n t h e Li of t he D e a rt o f E gy i an an d Ass r i an
t t t l l lu m t t
, ra r en

An i qu i i es I t i s i n e r e av e d an d i n an d t he e x e n si v e n o e s

t t t t t c t mpl t
. se v e ra vo es ,

a n d addi i o n s i n hi s own han dw ri i n ha he a ed t he i ssu e of

t
sugge s on e
g
a n ew e di i on .
 I n trodu cti on . x l ix

gr eat deal mor e The r esu l t o f al l t hi s w ork w as t h at I fil l ed man y

.

b ox es an d draw ers w i t h sl i p s o n each o f wh i ch a w or d was w r i t t en ,

wi th i t s cer t a i n or p ro b l e mat i cal mean i ng , an d a r e f er en ce t o t he

t ex t or monu men t w her e i t w as t o b e f ou n d . In 908 I h a d
1

w r i t t en o v er t hr ee hu n dr e d t h ou san d sl i p s , an d in sp i t e o f t he

c on s t a n t hel p of my w i fe i n a r r an gi n g t he m an d i n maki ng in cor

a mass O f mat er i al
p or at i on s I r eal i s ed t h at t he p u b l i cat i o n o f su ch
t
,

was i mp oss i bl e N o o ne man cou l d w r i e t h e fai r cop y o f i t for

t
.

p r ess an d no p u bl i she r cou l d affo r d t o u n der ak e i t s p u b l i ca t i on

,
.

I t her efor e s et t o w or k t o r ev i se t h e sl i p s and t o d es t r oy al l t h a t

'

had r edun dant r e fer en ce s an d r ef eren ces t o w or ds t he mean i n gs ,

of whi ch w er e co mmon l y a cce p t e d . I n t hi s r e v i s i on I go t ri d of

more t h an o n e -h al f of the sl i p s , bu t e v en t hen t h e co mp i l at i on

w a s f ar t o o l a r ge an d fu r t h e r r ev i s i o n w as n e ces s a r y I t h en
t t
.
,

cu t ou t al l t he nu mer ou s q u o at i on s fr o m t e x s, an d - n e ar l y al l

co mment s ab b r e v i a t e d the r e fer en ce s t o p u b l i sh ed w ork s an d ,

t
, ,

at t he r i sk of makin g a so mewh at b al d E gy p i a n Vo cab u l ar y

t
,

e sch ew e d , e x cep t in v er y r ar e cas es an y a t emp t t o d i scu ss

,

t h e or et i ca l r en der i ngs of w o r ds . Th i s s eco n d r ev i s i on w as co m

p l e t e d i n 1 91 3 an d t he sl i p s wh i ch I p ro p o s e d t o p r i nt nu mb ere d
ly
,

n ear

Th e qu es t i on o f p u b l i cat i on t h en arose . D u r i ng th e ear l y

s t age s of t h e w r i t i n g o f t h i s D i ct i on a r y an u n ders t an di n g

t
e x i s ed b e t w een Mr B l a ck et t Man ager of Mes srs K egan
l
. .
, ,

P au l ,
Tr ench ,
Tr u b n e r 8 :
Co .
,
an d my s el f t h a t h i s fi rm w ou d
en deav o u r t o i n cl u de i t
t h e i r p u b l i ca t i on s b u t b y t h e a mon g ,

t i me t h e manu scr i p t w a s r e a dy f o r t h e p r i n t er , h e h a d l e ft t h e i r
s e r v i ce an d t h ey w e r e n o t in a p os i t i on t o fu l fil h i s w i sh
, I t al k e d .

t he matt er o v er w i t h Mr . H or a ce H ar t ,
P r i n t er t o t h e Ox fo r d
U ni v ers i t y P ress ,
a nd s h o w ed h i m t he manu scr i pt of t he
D i ct i on ary , an d , h a v i ng mad e a r o u gh ca l cu l at i on o f t h e p r ob abl e
co st of p r i n t i ng it he came t o t he con cl u si on t hat n o p u b l i sh e r
t t t
,

o u ght to u n d er a k e t h e w or k w i h o u t a su b s i dy H e t h ou gh
t
.

t h at t h e cos t p ro du c i on mi ght b e l ow er ed b y p r i nt i n g i t i n
of

Vi enn a ,
an d S p ok e h i ghl
y o f t he Au s t r i an firm o f M ess r s Adol f .

H ol zhau sen ,
w ho had p r i n t ed s ev er al b o ok s o f mi n e
a l r e a dy ,

an d w i t h w h o se e x ce l l en t t y p ogr ap h y I w as w el l a cqu a i n t e d .

F u r t h er en
qu i ry made by me a mon g p r i n t er s an d p u b l i sh er s

s ho w e d M r H ar t s O p i ni o n , accep t e d it
’
t he e orr ect n ess o f an d I
t
.

as fin al I deci ded t hat i t was u nw i s e to at e mp t to r ep ro du ce

t
.

my man u scr i p t l i h o grap h y b ecau se w o r k s o f r e fer en ce

by ,

pr i n t e d b y l i t ho gr aphy ar e o ft en v er y u n sat i s fact or y an d di ffi cu l t

d
 I n tr odu cti on .

to u se , an d I l ack ed t he sk i l l of B r u gsch in wi t i r ng t he
t r an sf ers .

A f ri en d o ffe rs S oon a f t er my co nv ersat i on wi t h M r H ar t I h a d t h e

.
pp or O
t he
t u n i ty of p l a ci ng my di ffi cu l t y b e fo r e a fri en d—an E n gl i sh gen t l e
p t
ri n i n g t he man who h as b e en al l h i s l i f e i n t en s e l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e an ci en t
D i Cfi o n a W l angu ages of t he N ear E as t , an d h as p ro v e d h i msel f t o b e a
t n n d s u p o r t er o f E n gl i sh ar ch aeol o gi cal en t er r i s e
gen er ou s p a ro a p p
i n E gyp t an d West er n As i a for man y y ear s p ast . Th i s gen t l eman ,

w h o p ers i s t s i n h i s d et er mi n at i o n t o r emai n an ony mou s gav e ,

me a sy mp ath et i c h ear i n g
fe w day s l at er wro t e an d a an d off er e d

t
,

t o d efr ay t h e cos t o f p r in t i n g t h e D i ct i on ar y i n Vi en n a . Wi h
he ar t f el t grat i t u de I accep t ed t h i s mun i ficen t O ffer an d , made
p r ep ar at i on s t o t ak e t h e manu scr i p t w hi ch fil l ed s e v en l ar ge
t
,

t ray -b o x es , e a ch ab ou t t w o f e et t h r ee i n ch e s i n l en g h t o Vi enn a ,

i n May 1 91 4 Th e co mp l et i n g o f a p i ece o f w o r k o n wh i ch I

t
.
,

w as t h en engaged made i t n ece ss ar y fo r me t o p o s p on e my

j ou r n e y fr o m t h e sp r i n g t i l l t he e ar l y au t u mn w h en I h o p e d
t
,

to con cl u d e my n e go t i a t i o n s wi h M ess r s . H ol zhau sen sp ee di l

y ,

an d t o b e gi n t o pr i n t b e for e t he en d of t he y ear . The del ay

w as p rov i den t i al for t h e D i ct i on ar y ,
f or -t h e Gr e at War b r ok e
ou t i n Au gu st an d my manu scr i p t w as s af e i n E n gl an d ;
e ar l y ,

h ad i t b e en i n Vi en n a i t w ou l d h av e b een i mp oss i b l e t o r ega i n

p os s e ss i o n o f i t f or a v er y con s i de r ab l e t i me , an d ev en i f I h ad
e v en tu al l y s u cce ed ed in r ecov e r i n g it ,
i t s p u bl i cat i on mu s t h av e
b e en d el a y e d f o r so me y e ars . AS t hi n gs w er e I w a s abl e , ,

t p t
The ri n i n g w i th t he con se nt of my fr i e n d an d b en e f a c t o r ,
to o p en

O f he
n e go t i at i o n s w i t h M essrs H arri son an d Son s f or t h e p r i nt i ng
t
. .
' '

D t r ry
égfifi of t he b oo k , an d v er y s oon a ft e r t hei r co mp l e i on t h e p r I n t I n g
b
l
E n g an d .
b egan .

Th e p r es ent D i ct i on ar y o f E gy p t i an H i er ogl yp hs co n t a i n s

n ear l y t w en t y -t hr ee t h o u s an d fo r ms o f E gyp t i an w o r ds c ol l ec e d t
f r om t e x t s p er i o ds b et w een t h e t i me o f t he I I I r d D yn ast y
o f al l

a n d t h e R oman P er i od St r i ct l y sp eak i ng t h e w o r ds b el ongi n g

.
,

t o each o f t h e grea t p er i o ds o f E gyp t i an l i t e r a t u r e s ho u l d h a v e

b een p r i nt ed i n s ep ar at e s ect i ons b u t t h e t i me f or maki n g su ch ,

a s er i es o f E gyp t i an D i ct i on ar i e s h as n ot y e t ar r i v e d i t s eems t o ,

me B i r ch e x cl u de d fr o m hi s D i ct i on ar y t h e mes o f dei t i es
na

l t
.

an d t he na mes of p a ce s , an d p ri n t ed l i s s o f t he m a s App en di ce s
t o b i s D i ct i on ar y
’

of w o r ds . P i err et i n cl u de d i n h i s Vocab u
l ai r e t he na mes of dei t i es kin gs an d p l aces an d made i t t o
l t
, ,

con t ain p r act i cal y al l the essen i al p ar t s o f t he H i erogl y p h i c

D i ct i on ar i es o f B i rch an d B ru gs ch ,
Champ ol l i on
’
s P an h éont
 I n tr odu cti on . li

Egyp t i en ,
”1
Le p s i u s
’
B oo k of Kin gs ,
”2
an d B ru gsch
’
s G eo
”3
gr ap h i cal D i ct i on ary An d B ru gsch ex p ect i n g t he s t u den t t o
t
.
,

r e fe r a t fi rs t h an d t o t he s e w or k s d ev o e d al l t h e Sp ace i n h i s ,

Worter bu ch t o re gi st e ri n g an d e x p l ai ni n g E gy p t i an w ords Th ou gh
t
.

t h er e i s mu ch t o b e sai d i n f a v o u r o f f o l l ow i n g t hi s p l an s r i ct l y , Nm
a es o f gods
I hav e n ev er t h el e s s i n cl u de d i n t h e D i ct i on ar y E gy p t i an w o r ds f m
of d gOddeSS CS

t he na mes o f al l t h e go ds an d
g o ddes s es a n d o t h er my h o l ogi cal
mel u ded
t '

th t
,

b ei n gs at I h av e b e en ab l e t o co l l ec a n d t hu s t h e t o t al , nu mb er
o f en t r i e s i n t hi s s ect i o n o f t h e b o ok mou nt sa to
P i err e t
’
s t
i n s i n ct w h i ch t ol d h i m t h at a V o cab u l ai r e H i er o
t t
,

gl y ph i qu e t h a w a s i n t en de d t o h e l p b e gi n n e rs i n t h e s u dy O f
E gyp t ol ogy o u gh t t o con ai n t h e n a me s o f k i ngs w a s u n dou b t edl y
, t ,

co rre ct b u t i t s ee ms t o me t h a t h e ma d e a mi s t ak e i n s ca t t er i n g
,

t h e m t h r o u gh ou t h i s w o r k As t h e K On i gsb u ch of L ep s i u s
Nm
.
,

”
and th e Li v r e des R o i s B o u r i an t of
‘
of B ru gs ch an d ar e ou t a es

pri n t a n d s ca r ce , an d the e di ti on o f my ow n B oo k of K i n gs
”5
8553 3 5;
is rap i dl y b eco mi n g e x h au s e d , t Ih av e p r i n t e d a fu l l l i s t o f t h e
na me s of E gyp i an k i n gs t as P ar t I I O f h i s w o r k Th i s w as t .

D as H an dbu ch der Aegypti schen K on i gs n amen b y

fo r of
'

n e ce ss ar y ,

P i ep e r an d B u r ch ar dt o n l
y on e p ar t h as app ear e d ( B er l i n 1 9 1 2 8 v o )
t
, , ,

an d f ew s u d en t s c an e v er h op e to p o s ses s th e s p l en d i d bu t
e x p en s i v e L e L i vr e des R oi s de l Egypte wh i ch G au thi er h as
’

t
,

l i i M m A l i l I i
’

p u b s h e d n t h e e oi res o f t h e F r e n ch r ch aeo o g ca n s tut e

of Ca i r o
i n fi v e p ar s f ol i o ( Ca i r o 1 902
,
My Li s t con t a i n s t , ,

43 9 en t r i es w h i ch g i v e t he n ame s o f al l t h e kn o wn k i n gs fr o m
, ,

M en a t h e fir s t k i n g o f al l E gy p t t o t he R o ma n E mp er o r D eci u s
, ,
.

I t i n cl u des al l t h e i r p r i n ci p a l Ka an d N eb t i na mes an d t h ei r
t
,

na mes an d t i l es as t h e H or u s of G ol d t h e K i n g of t h e So u t h an d

l
,

N or t h an d t he So n Of Ra I t i l u st r at es at a l a n ce t h e de v e l o p
g
m
.
,

men t o f t h e u se o f t hese n a mes an d t i t l es w h i ch i n a n y cas e s

t t
,

r esembl e t h e
g n a mes
”
s tr o n t ha w er e ado p ed b y t h e k i n gs

c
Col l e ti on des person n ages my thol ogi qu es de l an i enn e Egypte d apri s l es
’
c ’

c c
’
,

M on u men s es figu res d apr es l es des si n s

’

ave u n tex te ex l i ati

p f p F C t l
c c c
‘

, ar e . .

de L j D u boi s Ave 90 pl an he s en ou l eur P ar i s 1 82 3 — 4t o

l
. . . 25 .
, . .

K on i gsbu ch der al ten Aegypter B er i n 1 8 5 8 F ol

c p
2
. .
,
.

5
D i ti on n a i re Geogr aphi qu e de l Anci en n e Egypte Lei zi g 1 8 77 Fo l
’ ’

p
. .
. ,

S uppl emen t Lei zi g , 1 8 79—80 Fol

c b c
. . .

E B ru gs h-B e y et Ur ai n Bo u ri an t Le L i vr e des R oi s on ten an t l a Li sl e

c c
.
, ,

Chron ol ogi que des R oi s ,

R ei n es , P ri n es , P ri n es s es , et P erson n ages I mportants
de l Egypte depu i s M en es j
’

Cai ro 88 7
' ’
usqu d N ectan ebo I I .
, 1 .

The B ook H oru s S u ten B at a n d Ré

f the K i ngs f E gypt the K a , N ebti
5

c
o o or , ,

mes of the P ha r aohs wi th tran s l i tera ti on s f r om M en es the first dy n asti ki ng of

c
na , ,

Egy pt to the E mperor D e i us wi th Chapters on the R oy al N a mes C hron ol ogy

l
, , ,
,

etc . Lon do n , 2 Vo s .
,
1 908 . 8vo .

d z
111 I n trodu cti on .

of D aho mey . S ome of t he ab n o r mal l y l o ng s tr i n

gs of b omb as t i c
ep i t h et s w h i ch t h e l at e r P h araoh s l ov ed t o s ee p r e fix e d t o t h e i r
na mes as K i ngs of t he Sou th an d N or t h I h av e omi t t e d f or t h e
y ,

on l y c on t a i n qu i t e or di n ar y t i t l es
t
.

Th e i mp or an ce t o t h e b egi n n e r of h av i n g a l i s t ofgeograp h i cal

na mes av a il ab l e f or h an dy r e fer en ce is so o b v i o u s t h at no

ap ol ogy is n ee ded f or dev o t i n g a s e ct i o n o f t hi s w or k t o a r egi st er

of t he n ames o f co u nt r i e s , di s t r i ct s ,
l o cal i i es t , ci t i es , t ow n s ,
et c .
,

i n E gyp t t he E gyp t i an Sudan an d We st ern As i a B r u gs ch s

’

, .

D i cti on n a i r e Geogr aphi qu e L e i p zi g 1 88 7 — 8 0 an d t h e t hr e ev ol u mes

’

, , ,

o f h i s Geographi sche I n s chr if ten Al ta

gyp ti sc her D en k m al er ; L ei p zi g
‘

1 8 5 7—
60 con t a in a v ast a mou nt o f i n for mat i on bu t t h e f act s
t
, ,

n e ede d r e-s t a t i ng a n d su pp l e men t i n i n t h e l i gh t o f t h e s u di e s

g
ofmo dern E gyp t ol ogi st s . In dr awi ng u p t he G eo gr ap h i cal L i s t ,

whi ch for ms P ar t I I I o f t h i s D i ct i on ar y ,
an d con t ai n s n ear l y

en t r i e s , I h av e der i v ed mu ch h el p f ro m M ul l er As i en
’
s u nd

E u r opa n a ch Al tagypti s chen D en kmal er n Le i p z i g 8 93 an d

'

, ,
1 ,

D i e Al tkan aa n ai s chen F r emdworte E i gen n a men i m

’
B u r char dt un d
'

Aegypti schen ,
L ei p zi g , 1 909 1 0
— . I n t h e fir s t Of t h e s e t h e w r i t er
h as t r eat ed t h e geograp hy o f E gyp t an d h er col on i es h i s t or i cal l y
an d chr o n o l ogi cal l y an d h as grou p e d i n a cl ear an d s s t ema i c
, y , t
mann er al l t he f act s t h at w ere av ai l abl e a t t h e t i me w h en h e
,

w ro t e t h e b o ok I n t he s econ d , t he au t h or co l l e ct ed a mas s Of

t t
.

mat eri al of t he ut mo st i mp o r an ce f or t h e s t u den t of E gyp i an

G eogr ap hy an d P hi l ol ogy H i s w or k i s of p ecu l i ar v al u e b e cau s e
th
.

h e p o ss es s ed a goo d w ork i ng k n o w l edge o f H eb r e w an d o er

S emi t i c di al ect s an d w as ab l e t o u s e i t au t h o r i t at i v el y i n deal i n g

,

w i t h E gy p t i an f o r ms o f S e mi t i c w o r ds an d p l ace -n a me s E v e ry
t
.

E gyp t ol o gi s t mu st l amen t t he u nt i me l y dea t h o f h i s s ou n d

s ch o l a r I h av e al s o ob t ai n ed mu ch hel p i n i d e n t i fy i n g t h e
t
.

o r i gin al na mes
Syr i an a n d P al e st i n i an p l a ce s men i on e d i n
of

E gyp t i an t e x t s fr o m Knu dt zo n s D i e E l — Amarn a Taf el n L ei p zi g

’

t t t
, ,

a n d Wi nck l er s co mp l e e e d i i on o f t h e t ex s f r om t h e
’

1 907

t
,

Tal l al Amarn ah Tabl e ( D er Thon taf elf u n d El A ma rn a

‘
- s von ,

B er l i n , p ossi b l e I h a v e added t h e cu n ei fo r m
Wh er ev er
or i gi n al s i n t h e E gy p t i an G eogr ap h i cal L i st s f r om t h e Tal l a l
‘
Amarn ah Tab l e t s an d f ro m t h e h i s o r i cal i n s cr i p i on s o f t he t t
k i n gs of t h e l a t e r As sy ri an E mp i r es w h i ch fl ou r i s h e d b e t w een
13 50 an d 62 0 B C Th e ex act p os i t i o n s o f s co r es o f p l aces mu s t
t
. .

al w a y s re mai n un kn o w n b e cau s e t h ei r con qu e r o r s w h e h er

t ti t
,

E gy p t i an Assyr i an o f t en d es ro y e d ci es an d t ow n s u t er l ,
or y
ld b t
,

an d in a gene rati on o r t w o t he i r si t es wo u e forgo t en .

 I n tr odu cti on . l iii

Th e l as t s ect i on of t hi s D i ct i on ar y con t ai n s a se r i e s of

I n de x es Th e F i rs t I n dex con t a i n s a co mpl et e al ph ab et i cal l i st

t
.

of al l t h e E n gl i s h w o r ds wi h r e f er en ces , w h i ch ar e u s ed to
t
,

t r an s l a t e t h e E gy p i an w o r ds , an d i t for ms a kin d of E n gl i sh
E gy p i an Di c i on ary t t . I h av e f ou n d t h e F r en ch I n dex i n P i err et
’
s

Voca bu l a i re H i eroglyphi qu e v e r y u s e fu l in r ea din g E gyp t i an t ex t s

’

mi ne mu ch
'

an d I h op e t ha t ,
w h i ch i s l ar ger an d fu l l er ,
an d

con ta i n s o v er si x t y t h ou s an d r ef er en ces , wi l l be accep t ab l e to

t h e b egi n n er .

Th e S eco n d I n de x o u gh t to as s i s t i n t he i den ti ficat i on of

ro
y al n a mes w h en t hey o ccu r i n mu i at ed t ex s I n i t man y tl t
t t
.

o f t he p ren o me ns w h i ch b e gi n w i h R a o r s o me o h er go d s
’

The I n dex o f
na me ,
are gi v en un der t w o f o r ms t hu s O tan g) j ,
t h e p r en o m e n Ki n s n ames
g
’

t t
.

of Se i I , w i l l b e f ou n d b o h u n d er R é -men -Ma at an d M en -Ma i t

Ra Th e H e br ew an d G r eek f o r ms of
y al n ame s
E gy p t i an ro

t t t
.
,

t h e i de n t i fica i on s of w h i ch ar e o l e r ab l
y cer a i n a r e al so g i v en ,
.

Th e Th i r d I n de x c o n t ai n s a l i st of geogr ap hi cal n ames

t
,

wi h r e f erences , u nde r t he o r d i n ar y for ms i n whi ch t h ey ar e

fo u n d i n E ngl i s h b o o k s Th es e ar e fo l l o w e d b y l i s t s o f t h e
t
.

f o r ms i n w h i ch t h ey o ccu r i n C op t i c Li erat u re i n t h e w or k s
t t
,

of G r e ek w r i er s , i n t he H eb r ew B i bl e ,
i n S emi i c t ex t s , an d

i n t he cu n e i fo r m i ns cr i p t i ons b o t h Assy r i an an d P er s i an
t t
.
,

Th e F o u r h I n de x c on ai n s a l i st of al l
t h e Co p t i c w or d s , Co pti cjn dex ,

wi th r e fe r en ces , t h at o ccu r i n t he D i ct i o n ar y an d t h e F i f t h
t
,

I n de x co n si s s of l i st s of al l t he n on —
E gyp t i an w o r ds ,
H eb r e w ,

Syr i ac , Arab i c ,
E t hi o p i c , Amh ar i c an d G r e ek t h a t , ar e qu o t ed I n dex o f
se ml t’c wo rds
r e f e rr e d to i n i t
’

or

t
.

ys em on w hi ch t h e w or ds are arranged i n t he
Th e s

Di ct i on ar y i s al p h ab et i ca l i k e t hat f ol l ow e d b y B i rch i n hi s l ,

D i ct i on ar y o f H i er ogl y p h i cs an d b y B ru gsch in hi s WOr t er b u ch

‘ ’

, ,

an d by t he mak er s of Vocab u l a r i es t o e d i t i on s of sp eci a l t ex t s ,

e g b y S ern an d E rman i n t 1 2
G er many Li eb l e i n 3 in N or w ay
t
.
,
.
, ,

P i eh l i n Sw eden Sch i ap ar el l i i n I
‘ ls
,
al y , M a s p er o 6
an d Mor et ’
in

2
See t he Vo l l st an di ge s H i ero g y hi s h -La ei n i s hes G ossar b y L S ern lp c t c l t
b c c
.
,

i n Vo l I I o f E e rs P apy ros E bers das her meti s he B u h con servi r t i n der U n i

p
.
, ,

ver s i tei ts-B i bl i othek Lei pzi g Lei zi g , 1 8 75 Fo l

c l l
’

zu . . .

Di e M ar hen des P apy r u s Westcar B er i n 890

c
, 2 vo s .
,
1 .

I n dex alphabeti que de tous l es M ots dan s l e L i vre des M orts P ari s
’

on ten us .
,

8 75 8vq
c p l
1 . .

D i ti on n a i re du P apy ru s H arr i s No U 88 2 8 vo
‘

I sa a , 1
—
.
, . . .

I l Li bro dei F u n er al i . Tu ri n ,
8 80 8 3
1 . Fo l .

Les M emo i res de S i n ou hi t P ar i s 1 908

’

.
, 4t o
. .

L e Ri tu el du Cu l te D i vi n jou rn al i er . P ari s 1 902 , .

 l iv I n tr odu cti on .

F r ance , by Gr i ffit h ,
1
an d by G r i ffit h an d Th omp s on 2
in t hei r
D emo t i c Gl ossar i es an d by mys el f in E ngl an d
“ I n t he . ca s e o f
,

s ev er al w or ds b el o n gi n g t o t h e l at e p er i o d h er e an d t h er e i n con
si s t e n cy w i l l b e f o u n d b u t t h i s i s du e ch i e y t o t he fact t h at
, fl
many s i gn s wh i ch had syl l ab i c v al u es u n der t h e Mi ddl e and N ew
E mp i r es w er e u s e d as mere l e t t er s i n t h e l at e t e x s And E gyp t .

t i an s cr i b es w er e t he msel v es i ncon si st en t i n t h ei r s p el l i ngs .

Thr ou gh o u t t hi s b o ok t h e t r ans l i t er at i on of t h e E gy p t i an w or d
i s pl ace d fir st i n t h e en t r y a ccor di ng t o t h e pl an fol l ow ed i n ,

my Vo cabu l ary t o t he Th eb an R ecensi on o f t h e B oo k o f t h e

D ea d . Th en f ol l ow s t h e E gyp t i an w o r d i n h i er o gl yp h s fr equ en t l y ,

wi th a r e fe r ence t o t h e t e x t w h er e i t i s f ou n d an d t h ei r t h e ,

meani ng . N ow , t he ex a ct mean i n g of many w o r ds i s u n k n o wn ,

a n d ca n o n l y b e gu ess ed a t b y t h e con t e x t I n s o me cases th e .

co nt e x t ma k e s t h e me an i ng o f an un kn o wn w or d co mp a r at i v e l
y
cer t ai n , b u t i n o t h er s esp eci al l y
wh er e n o p r ob ab l e Cop t i c equ i v al ent
,

is fo r t h comi n g i t doe s n ot and t h en any me an i ng su gges t e d

, ,

is l i tt l e el s e t han t h e r esu l t o f gu esswor k I n many cas es t h en .

, ,

t he E n gl i sh w or ds t hat ar e s e t d ow n a s t r an sl a t i on s o f r a r e an d

di ffi cu l t E gyp t i an w or ds mu s t o nl y b e r egar de d as s u gges t i on s

as meani ngs Thi s i s esp eci al l y t h e case w i t h

t o t h e p r o b ab l e .

c er t ai n w or ds i n t h e P y ra mi d T e x t s Th e mean i n g o f s ome o f .

t h em i s t o l er ab l y cl ear fro m t h e d e t er mi n a t i v e s b u t t h er e ar e
t
,

a co n s i d er ab l e n u mb er o f w o r ds i n t h es e di ffi cu l t do cu men s f or

wh i ch n o o n e h as s o f ar p ro p os ed mean i ngs t h a t may b e con

s i der ed co r r ect Th e s p el l s an d magi cal formu l ae w h i ch ab ou n d
.

i n t h ese Te x t s ar e n o t onl y di fficu l t t o t r an sl a t e b ecau s e of the

w or ds o f u n k n o wn mean i n g i n t h em b u t , al so b ecau s e i t i s no t

a l w ay s cl ear w h er e on e wo r d e n ds an d t he n ex t b egi n s . E v en
Masp er o foun d hi msel f u n ab l e t o t r a n sl a t e w h o l e s en t en ce s an d

p assages i n t h em ,
a n d as n o n e of t h e t r ans l a t i o ns o f t h em p r o
mi sed b y G erman h as ye t ap p ear e d i t s eems as t h o u gh
scho l ar s

t
,

t h e di ffi cu l t i es w h i ch t he y b el i t t l e d i n d e s cr i b i n g Masp e ro s edi i on
’

o f t h e P yr ami d Tex t s h a v e v an qu i sh ed t he m

t
.

D i ct i o n ar y o f H i er ogl yphi cs
’
Th e or der o f t he l e t er s i n B i r ch s

l tt
Orde r o f t he

k J i qq
e e rs
is f ol l ow s a“ ID . Z3
.

as : _ _ a, , , . . , U . ,

P hA
Sq
D,
) 0 G, O E C]
W O cf zs , , , ,
, , , , ,

2
C atal ogue f the D emoti c P apy r i i n the john Ry l an ds Li brary Vo l III
c t
o , . .

Man he s 909
c
e r, 1 .

2
The D emoti c M agi al P apy ru s f
o London an d Lei den Vo l , . I II . Lo ndo n ,

909
c c
1 .

Vo a bul ar
y to the Theban R e ensi on o f the B ook f
o the D ead . Lon do n , 1 898 .
 l vi I n tr odu cti on .

r e f er en ces re qu i r e d as mu ch S
p ace as t he E gyp t i an w or ds , an d
I deci ded t h a t man y ,
r e f eren ce s to t h e o l der p r i n t e d l i t er at u re
mu s t be cu t ou t , an d o n l
y a l i mi t ed nu mb er to r ecen t p u b l i ca

t i on s ad mi t t ed . F u r th er ,
i t w as cl ea r t h at t h e n ame s o f a u t ho r s

an d t h ei r p ap er s p r i n t e d i n t h e R ecu ei l de Tr avau x , t h e Tr an s ac
ti on s an d P r oceedi ngs of t h e S o ci et y of B i bl i cal Arch aeol ogy ,
t he
Ar chwatogi a of t he S o ci e t y of An t i qu ar i es L on don t h e Aegyp
of

fl j
,

ti sche Z ei tschr i an d o t h e r s ci en t ific our n al s o f t h e k i n d w ou l d

j
, ,

ha v e t o b e o mi tt ed and , t he n ame of t he ou rnal qu ot e d in an

abb r e v i at ed f o r m A l i st of t he abb r e v i a t i on s o f t h e t i t l es o f al l

—
.

b ook s y a ct u al l
q u ot ed on pp l x x v l x x x vi i Th i s i s
w i ll b e fou n d . .

fol l ow e d b y a l i st o f all t he p r i n ci p al b ook s t h at h av e b een u s ed or

c on su l t e d i n t h e w r i t i n f t h i D i t i t h t t h b i e r
g o s c o n ar y s o a e e g nn ,

may kn ow t o w ha t b o ok s t o t u r n i n t h e p r o secu t i on o f h i s s t u di e s .

F ol l ow i n g t he mean i ng o f t he wo r d and a t t he end o f t he

en t ry isgi v en t he e qu i v al en t o f
o f t en an E gyp t i an w or d i n t he
l at es t s t age o f t h e l an gu age i e Co p t i c ,
. .
, . In sel e ct i n g t h e s e Co p t i c
e qu i v al en t s I h a v e n o t co p i e d t h e m s t r a i ght ou t of a C op t i c
D i ct i on ary b u t h av e sa t i sfi ed my s el f t h at t h e y b ear t h e mean i ng
t
,

w hi ch t he E gy p i an w or ds h a v e i n p as s ages i n t h e Co p t i c v er s i on s

o f t h e B i b l e , an d i n Co p t i c p at r i s ti c l i t er at u r e gen er al l y H ad .

t he gre at C orpu s of Co p t i c w or ds u p on w h i ch Mr . W . E . Cru m

h as b ee n at w or k f or s o many y ears b een i l
av a l ab e t h e
1
nu mber
of Cop ti c e qu i v a l en t squ o t e d i n t h i s D i ct i onar y w ou l d p r ob ab l y
h av e b een qu adru p l e d Th e H ebr ew , Syr i ac Ar ab i c an d o t her
.
,

Semi t i c w or ds qu o t e d i n t h e en t r i es s t an d i n a di ffer en t r el a t i on
s h i p t o t h e E gy p t i an for t h ey mer el y r ep r esen t b or r ow i n gs o f
,

w or ds , u su al l y b y t h e E gy p t i an s fro m t h e Semi t es , w h i l s t t he
t r u e Co p t i c w or ds ar e n at i v e E gyp t i an The y s eem t o me t o .

s t an d i n qu i t e a di ffer en t fr om th e p r onou ns wh i ch w er e
ca t egory

b o rr o wed at a v er y ea r l y p er i o d b y t h e E gy p t i an s fro m t he p eop l e

w h o m f or w an t o f a b ett er n ame w e may cal l P ro t o -Se mi t es

”
.
, ,

B o rrowed An d t h e gr e a ter nu mb er of t h e m w er e c er t ai nl y i n t r odu ced i n t o

Se mi t i c wo rds .

E gyp t i an tex t s a f er t t h e E gy p t i a n s f ou n d e d Co l on i es i n Sy r i a
and P a l es t i n e b y s cr i b es wh o e i t h er k n ew no t
E gyp i an w or ds
t h at w er e e x a ct l y f o r t h e i r p u r p o s e o r w h o w i s h ed t o
su i tab l e

t t
,

orn a men t t hei r c omp os i i on s b y t he u s e o f Semi i c w or ds or t o

s h ow t he i r eru di t i on

b
.

t
When t he Grea Wa r roke ou t i n 1 91 4 Mr Crumwas i n Vi enn a an d had
t t l t bu t
.
,

hi s en o rmo u s mass o f ma e ri al wi h hi m H e succeeded i n eav i ng t he ci y

pt t c bl t t
.
,

hi s manu s cri s re mai n e d her e fo r a o n si de ra e i me a f erw ards an d hi s wo rk

b p c p bl t pt t
,

has een h am ere d i n on se qu en ce an d t he u i ca i on o f hi s Co i c D i c i on ary

l
,

de a
ye d fo r fiv e years .
 I n tr odu cti on . l v 11

I n t h e t r an s l i t e r a t i o n s of t h e E gy p t i an w o r ds i n t hi s Dic lt
D i ffic i e s
u
h t e ra
of

t i o n ar y t h e l et t er s t h e E gyp t i an
of
ggf
’

I h av e fol l owe d t h e o r der o f

t hi
,

w o r ds , but I cann o t nk t ha t t he s e t r an sl i t era ti on s al w ay s

r ep r esen t t h e t r u e p r o n u n ci at i on of t h e w o r ds . Th u s i n t h e w o r d

mjk k fi p l an t i t i s i mp os s i b l e t o t h i nk t h at t h e
‘

aaa , a ,

E gy p t i a n s t ook .
t h e t r o u b l e t o p r on ou n ce t w o l on g v ow e l s h av i n g

e x act l y the sa me s ou n d a n d t o gi v e i ts v al u e , al w ay s su p p os i n g

i t ha d a p h on e t i c v al u e i n t hi s w or d . Th e an al o gi e s i n Cop t i c
su
gges t t h at w e s h ou l d r ea d t h e w or d
'

si mpl y -am , n e v e r t h e l es s

t he scr i b e w ro t j k fix
e Agai n i n t h e w or d N en u i [t] or

N u i [t] M é
fi qq t he p r i mev al w at ery mass , w e h av e

n ~vw v~ en M n ~w w ~ nu D i e f ou r n so u n d s ; t h at
t
. .
, ,

an y E gyp t i an e v er t oo k t he ro u b l e t o p ro n o u n ce al l of t h em
in thi s w or d i s i n co n cei v abl e I t i s p os s i bl e h at t h e scr i b e t
t
.

w i sh e d t h e r ea d er to u n de r s an d th a t o ne u h a d t o b e p r o n o u n ce d

l i k e t h e Sp an i sh i i or t h e Amh ar i c an d w r ot e n fou r t i mes

t o mak e cer a i n t
h a t h e di d s o In t man y t r an s l i t e r a t i on s of

t tt tl tt
.

E gyp i an w or ds I h av e a dd ed t he l e er e, n ot be cau s e I t hi nk Addi i o n o f

t he e er e‘
it r ep r e s e n t s t he v o w el w hi ch t he E gy p t i a n s u s ed in t hes e

p l aces b u t , mer el y to mak e t h e w or ds p r on ou n ceab l e an d t h er e fo r e

e as y to r eme mb er . Thu s t h e w or d
3 Q fi x or g QP g» , is

t r an s l i t er at e d hes by me , bu t t h e Co p t i c e qu i val en t a w e s ho w s

“
‘

t h a t t h e v o w el s o u n d b e t we en t he t w o con son an t s w as n o t an e ,

met h i ng l i ke h an d i n
P
bu t so an 0 . On t he o t h er
to
l
,

su b merge ,
t he Co pt i c g a me
e q u i v a en t su gge s t s t h a t i n t hi s
w or d at l e ast t h e v o w el s o u n d w as t h at of so me ki nd of a .

IK i K ll
M

An d in C ”
n etchern B ’ or ’ s w ee t , p l e as ant , t he

Cop t i c e q u i v a l en t 11 01 1 1 0
4 . s u gges t s t h e fir s t v ow e l s ou nd i n t h e E vi den
Co
c
pt t t
ic
e of
ex s
me
.

w or d w a s u o r 0 a nd t he s econ d t ha t of so ki n d of e or a .

m m
Wi t hou t v o w el s of so me k i n d ho w can t h e n a me of t h e go d

nt w u =
u J
‘
m w or w ~ =
a or
i ,

b e p ro no un ced ? I n t ran sl i t er at i ng W W I h a v e w r i t t en en o r n e
t t
,

and t h er e i s go o d au h or i y f or doi ng s o n amel y t h e mo st an ci en t ,

Co p ti c p ap yru s Codex o f t he B ook of D eu t er on omy an d t h e Act s

o f t h e Ap os t l e s
‘
fi mi e xfi T
Thu s i n gj . ew fi T g fi g a k ( D eu t 1 3 1 0) .
,

the l i ne ov er t h e us and t he F .
p r o v es t h at t h e r eader h ad t o

B ri t Mus MS I t was w ri en n o t
Ori en t al No tt lt t han t he
7 5 94
c t c c
. . . . . a er

mi ddl e o f t he fou rt h en ury o f o u r E ra See my Copti B i bl i . al Tex ts i n the

D i al ect of U pper Egy pt Lon do n 1 9 1 2 8 vo .
, . .
 l vi i i I n tr odu cti on .

su pp l y so me v o w el
wh en p r on ou n ci ng t h es e l e t er s ei h er an a t t
t
,

or a n e p r o b ab l y t h e l a t er An d t hi s w as t h e case w i t h
t
.
,
-
s ev er al o t h er l e t e rs b es i des u an d u f or w e h av e u r e r u o mw gg fi ,
’

(D eu t (i bi d T e r no vrw g q (i bi d ) ammo uv
'
. 1 , .
g ,

T Efi o q (i bi d .
4 ,
fi n e xfiu fi f pe ( i bi d . ” E 11 6 7 3 g n o
(i bi d . H HO T T G e r
'
o ri
g (i bi d KA T A T . .
5 eg mT a pE (i bi d .
,

e T OOT K
(i bi d ) , gga m '

q q o ro
r
me fi o k as t w n e r fipw o w (i bi d 8 '

.
,

n ? T E 5 nw fi g
(i bi d . 25, an p (Act s 5 01 1 m
'
m: ,

n x n cr r e (Act s I O, et c F r o m t h es e e x a mpl e s w e s ee t h at l i ne s
t
.

w er e w r i tt en o v er t he l e t er s 61 u n, n, p c, T q 59 gK, r

t t
, , , , , , ,

an d x , an d t h at i n cer ai np o si i on s i n w o r ds a h el p i n g v o w e l w a s
n ecess ar y f or t h ei r p r on u n ci at i on .

Th e w hol e qu es t i on o f t h e u s e o f t h e s e p ar at e v ow e l s w h i ch
we fi n d i n E gyp t i an w or ds i s o n e o f con s i derab l e di ffi cu l t y an d
tt
,

it s ee ms to me
qu i t e cl ear fro m t h e s a e men t s t h at a re made
on t he j
s u b e ct b y E g p t o l ogi s s t h at n o
y t on e h as y e t su cce ede d i n
s ol v i n gt h e p r ob l e m I t i s qu i e o b v i o u s t t h a t t h e s cri b es sy s e t
t l
.

mat i cal l y w r o t e cer ai n w o r ds w i t h ou t v ow e s an d e x p ect e d t he

r e a de r to su p pl
y t hem , e .

g .
, t he n a me of t h e go d
gfiél F TH .

N ow i t i s i mpo s s i bl e t o p r on o u n ce t hi s n ame w i h ou t t a dd n g o n e i
t t
,

v ow e l at l eas t b u t t he r e i s n o h i ng i n E gy p i an t o s h ow w h at
pt
,

E gy i an t h at v o w el mu s t be or w h er e i t i s t o b e p l ace d . I n t he case o f

P t h t h e G r e e ks , w h o
,
sp el t t he na me ( M oi ,
or (D 98 , su pp l y t he

names v o w el an d su ggest th a t t h e E gy p t i an s p ro n ou nced i t so met hi n g

t
, ,

l i ke P ah Or t ake t h e n ame of t he go d H o r u s , w hi ch t h e

fl
.
,

t
E gyp i ans w r o t e HE R §
i % ,
$7 ,
(
, an d t fi
y fi
,

W i t h ou t a ddi ng an y v o w el . Th e t r an s cr i p t i on s of t h e n ame i n
H eb r ew (T m) Cop ti c ( amp) Ca p s) p r ov e t h at t he
an d G r e ek o

t
,

mi ssi ng v o wel is 6 bu t t h e E gy p i an f or ms o f t h e n ame gi v e n o

t
,

i n di cat i on of t hi s f a ct . I n t h e P y rami d Tex s w e fin d t h e for m

fii fi fi (M .
45 4) whi ch w as h el d b y on e E gy p t ol o gi s t to

me t e r min at e d i n a cco r d i n g
’
t ha t the go d bu t
‘

s na u
p rov e , ,

Vo we s l pl c
a ed t o M N av i l l e s v i ew , wh i ch i s p r o b ab y corr ect , t he
.
’
i s r e al l y l
a t t he e n ds
o f w o rds .
t h e v o w el t h a t i s w an t i n g i n t h e n a e , w h i ch w e ou gh t t o r ea d m
H ur , or H or ,
as i n H eb r ew , Co p t i c an d G r e ek . Th i s sa me
s ch ol ar t h in ks th at an o t h e r ex a mp l e of t he u se o f t he in t h i s

way is f o u nd in
a §
f i
fl fi
e
fl v ar i an s t of

fl
, or ,
g CD u D
$
As t he Copt i c fo r m
EL fi
, a nd . of t h e w or d i s
5 } n

n u, t he an ci en t E gyp t i an for m of t he wo r d cl e a r l y i ncl u de d

 I n tr odu cti on . l ix

t he v o w el o, an d t h i s i s p ro v e d b y t he or Q i n t h e fir st t w o
=9= med me
fo r ms of q u o t ed ab o v e . I t h as see to for s ev era l

y ear s p as t t h a t t he v o w e l s i gn s w hi ch w e fin d i n man y E gyp t i an Vo we l s as

t
w o r ds w ere i n en d ed n o t t o b e r ead n ecessar i l y p art s o f t h e
as
ifif isggfig
’

w o r ds bu t on l y t o i n di ca t e or l i mi t t h e i r s i n i fica t i on
g B u t the of wo r d s o r
j t
.
,

v e rb al fo rms
su b ect i s t o o l ar ge t o d i s cu s s i n an I n t ro du ct i on t o a D i c i on a r y , '

an d deman ds a b o o k t o i t se l f . M ean whi l e ,

I u n d er s an d t t h at
M N av i l l e i s p re p ar i n g a v ol u me on t h e w h ol e qu e s t i o n , an d a s
l
.

t her e i s ev ery r e ason t o b el i e v e t h a t h e w i l p r esen t i n a n ew l i gh t

many i mp or t an t f ac t s b ear i n g u p on E gyp t i an p h on e t i cs i ts
t
,

a p p e ara n ce is e a ger l y a w a i e d

t pt
.

The s ys t e m o f t ran sl i e r a t i on w h i ch
i n t h i s The E gy i a n I hav e u se d

a mo di fica t i on
o f t h a t w h i ch w as em l o ed b
figfi
be t i n
D i ct i o n ar y i s p y y Bi rch
and s ome o f t h e o l der E gy p t o l ogi s t s an d b y B ru gs ch u n t i l t h e ,

l as t y ears o f h i s l i f e Th e f o l l ow i n g i s t h e t r an sl i t er at i on o f t h e
l t
.

l et t ers t h e E gyp t i an A p h a b e t w h i ch B r u gs ch p r i n
of ed i n the
fir s t v ol u me o f h i s Wor ter bu ch ( 1 86 7 )
'

5) na
(w)

In 1 8 80 t h e f o l l o w i ng modi ficat i on o f t hi s Al ph ab et ap p ear ed

t h i s Wor ter bu ch ( F o l ge u n d U ms chr e i bu n g
,

i n t h e fif h v ol u me of
‘

d er a l ph ba e t i sch en Ze i ch en )

a. Vowel s an d h al f-v o wel s

a .

fl a w) . i .
[Mi , y ()
w ,

Q U ,
w
 I n tr oducti on .

Con sonan t s

—
J b, v
(3 ) s

JVE J K ’
M )
B

h MT T) .

“
i h ( c) 1 M y)
(n ) A I ) ( v)
’

t a
x . c ,

In 1 8 91 ( D i e Aegyptol ogi e p 94) h e p u bl i sh ed a fu r h e r

, . t
mo di ficat i on of t h e E gy p t i an Al ph abet wh i ch r eads a s f ol l ow s

1 .
( a) 9 . f

k g (a) 10 .

r, l ( r)
2 1 A
1 3 .
[m rw
] (l )
22 . o

14 . h
23 a:

b 1 5 . h
24 .

p 1 6 .
b ( x) 2 5 .

b c t
o n ai n s a l t
is of dou bl e v o we s andl l
h a f-v owe l s .
 I n trodu cti on . lxi .

In 8 94 D r E r man p r o po s ed so me mo di ficat i on s o f h i s The E gyp i an t t

lp b t
1

t
.

sys e m o f t r a n sl i t er a t i n g t h e E gyp t i a n Al h ab e t an d
p p r i n t ed t he
A h a e in
,
I 8 94
f ol l o w i n g E i a n Gra mm L ondon 8 94 p 6 )
( gypt ar , , 1 , ,

In 1 91 1 he made t h e fo l l o w i ng ch an g e s an d a ddi t i on

ti s che Gr arn ma ti k B erl i n , , 1 91 1 , p . 20 )

Q i or y . o r =fi a nd 5 .
mh = n .

fi h -C

n —h
o
,
— a s . C z s= m l A k =
p .

O k =3 . o t =n . g © d =w
H T
S QQ =
Y ~

y (lit l t e y h
o d ) .

F ro m h es e w e t s ee t h at D r E r man i n t r o du c e s t he ut-
s i gn n o
as

t
.

a l et t er of t h e E gyp t i an Al p h a b e t , and d i s t i ngu i sh es b e w een th e

two s i b i l an s t an d
p ; t hat h e gi v e s y as an a l t er n at i v e

v al u e to q ,
an d r ega r ds as a l i t t l e y o dh , an d t hat he t
re ai n s

3 !
Z and as t h e t r an s l i t er a t i on s of q an d r es
p ect i v el y .

It is al s o t o b e n o t e d t h at h i s s y s t e m i n cl u des t h e l ett ers I) l_1 , ,

’

s,
t,

an d 31,
mak i n g wi t h an d 7
. se v e n n ew ch a r act er s w hi ch mu st
b e s p eci al l y cu t f or t he co mp osi t or s u se man y j
’

Th er e ar e ob ec

t
.

t i on s t h a t mi gh t b e u r ge d a ga i n s t t h i s s y s e mo f t r an sl i t era t i on , bu t
t he i n n o v a t i o n s i n i t ar e n o t w o rt h di scu ssi o n . It is s u ffi ci en t to
s ay t h a t w h en t h e act u al mi st ak es i n t he o l der sy st em t hat w as u se d
b y B ir ch ,
Lep si u s , B ru gsch an d o h er s ar e e l i mi n at ed i t t main s
re ,

in my O p i n i on , t h e b es t t hat h as y e t b e en p rop ose d . Th e mo di

ficat i o n s w hi ch I h av e ma de i n i t f or t he p u rp oses of t h i s b oo k
a re n o t in an y w ay i n t en de d t o b e i mp rov e men t s or e v en cor

rec ti on s ; t h ey w e re made so l el
y w i th t h e v i ew o f si mpl i fyi n g
t h e t r an sl i t e r a t i on f or t h e u se of t h e
begin n e r an d o f r e du cin g s i
The
mpl i fied
t m
,

mp os i man y
t h e l ab ou r of the I h av e t r i e d t o get r i d o f as
tt b
t ran s er ‘

co or

t
.

i o n u se d a
l ett er s w i t h di acr i i cal mar ks as po s m b l e b ecau s e t hey , o ft en i n hi s o o k ,
 l x ii I n tr odu cti on .

b r e ak o ff in t he p ro ce ss of pr i n i ng ;t b ut I h av e re t a in ed a

fo r q , a f or _ 4 1, h for g an d t for a ; t hr ee of t h es e , a h , an d t ,

are f ami l i ar to e v er y s t u de n t of Or i en t al l an gu a ges I h av e

j
.

r e ect e d 3 and Z an d an d l et t e r s w i t h l i n es or a s e mi -
ci r cl e u n d e r

t h em i ,
. e .
, b li , _ , t , (l _ , an d s wi h t a n accen t I h av e e s ch e w e d

en t i re l y f or t h e r eason s gi v en i n t h e fol l o wi ng p aragr ap hs .

M asp e ro w i t h i n fin i t e p ai ns col l ect ed i n h i s I n trodu cti on

’
Etu de de l a P hon eti qu e Egypti en n e mb er
’

d l P ar i s 91 7 1 a nu of

l ti
, , ,

ex a mpl es il u st r a ng t he v ar i ou s v ow el s ou n ds wh i ch t he

E gyp t i an s t h emsel v es gav e t o t he s i gn s an d An d

fro m h i s con cl u si o n si t is cl ear t hat e v en t hou gh w e t ran sl i t er a t e

k by A the A wi l l , n o t r e p r esen t a l l the v ar i ou s mo di fie d s ou nds

w h i ch t h e hu man mo u th can gi v e t o t h a t l e t t e r ;
1
an d t hi s i s al s o

the cas e w i th q and Accor di n g t o hi m t h e p r i mi t i v e p h on et i c

v al u e o f t he s i gn [1i n P yrami d t i mes w as nu A moy en l i ke

t h e F re n ch A i n p atte, cage, t h at i s t o s ay , an A ,
or an o p en A
w h i ch b o r der s on E as i n t h e p o pu l ar p r onu n ci at i on M on tp En a ss e
f o r M on tpAr n a ss e ; A is A gr ave b or d er i ng on O ,
as in t he

an d p op u l ar P ar i s i an p ron u n ci at i on s g Or for gAre or i n t h e E ngl i sh

l
,

Al l wOs for wAs i s A gu t t u ra w h i ch r e cal l s t h e s ou n d o f

,
i
y b u t do es n o t cor r es p on d to i t e x a ct l y a n d t u rn s so met i mes
5 ’

to t h e A gu an d so me t i mes t o t he A gr a ve
ai I n fac w e s ee t
t
,

t h at in ar e b al o E i a l e s h o n emes v a r i es d e l a l angu e
gyp n p
’ ’

p o s t ér i eu r e n e ét ai en t p as p r o du i t s en co re e t qu i l av a i t
’
s , n y
a i n s i qu e s ou s ch acu n des s i gn e s
’
s ou s ch a cu n d eu x ,
r econ n u s

p ou r co n son n es p ar t o u s l es sav an t s
J , D, a“ , U , ra , et c .
,

p ho n eme
’
u n i qu e , si l es gr ou p es de n u an ces
’

qu un ou , l on v eu t ,

v o ca l i q u es l h ab i t u d e d e d es i gner p ar u ms i gn e
’

qu e n ous a v on s

u n i qu e . Accep i ng t hes e t con cl u si on s t

he ar il y i t h as se e med to

me k q
‘

i
q t e u n n ecessar y
u to u se an y o t h e r s i gn s to r ep r e s en t y

and t han a, a a n d a re sp ect i v el y

l ll
.

A il
'
1
Si do n c n ou s di son s q u e l e s i gne an g ai s figu re u ne vo ye e, n y a
pas de ra i so n p our qu e l es s i gn es l] k
“J
ne figuren t p as de s v o ye l l es B i en

t p t t pl t
.
, ,

j pas l a ré e n i o n d a ffi rme r qu e s i k m e so nn ai A il
’
e n ai
’
en en du ,

t u p l bl mm c t p ar
,
ex e ,

y a v ai so s
’
cc s i gn e
qu u n seu des A o ssi es
’
m Co haqu e o di fica i on
b c p ut y ll c y ll
n . e

de fo r me dan s l a o u he humai ne ro d i u n e v o de
t mb y l l u t c bl
e e o u u n e n u an e vo e e

di ffé ren lo des el e s e t de an ces e st re o n si d era auss i

u pp l c mm m t
e, no re vo e u rs n s e

l es s i gn e s e o n s s i gn es -voy el l es uné A E I et c rep r é

t t lt p c l tt
qu e n o s a o en , , , .
,

réa i é de s g ro u e s de n uan es v o ca i qu es di ffé ran m res l égé re en t

l l ut c p t tc
sen en en
’ ’ '
de o n si dérer a l e s s i gn e s qu i re r é ha cu n d
’
u ne a re e t l o n s en en eu x

mm c t c p (p
,

l] ,
E en gypt i en co e ou v ran cha un de ces gro u es .
l x iv I n tr odu cti on .

w or d for j ack al w r i t ten +§J m or — % ms

J
’

a b or s b,

mal zeebh am
.

an d t h e H eb r e w w or d f or t h e an i is But . we al s o

fin d a form b egi n n i n g w i t h t he
p , t hu s
J 5PW
m an d as sev er al , ,

t hi s f or m b e gi n
v ar i an t s o f al s o wi t h
Dt he f or m t h a t b egi n s w i t h
,

is n o t a v er y s u r e grou n d fo r t h e s t at emen t t h a t T. Th e
z s ou n d mu st h av e b een v er y r ar e i n E gyp t f or mos t , of t h e w or ds
u nde r Z in t h e Co p t i c D i ct i on ar i e s ar e of G r ee k or i gi n {w i n
fo r cw n T
(s ee P ar t he y s Vocabu l ari u rn )
’
s ee ms t o h av e b een t h e
r es u l t o f c arel e ss p ronu n ci at i on . Wh en t he E gyp t i an s mer ged t he
s ou n d of i n t h at of
[ I is not k n ow n , b u t t he mergi ng mu st
h av e h ap p ene d l on g b e for e t h e Chr i s t i an E r a b egan for t h e Cop ts
t t t
,

re p r e s en t b o t h s i gn s b y c An d t h e E gyp i an r an scr i p i ons o f .

mes
Can aan i t e geograp h i cal na p r ov e t h a t b o t h an d
P r e p re

s en t 0 a n d Q5 . I n t he i r t ransl i t er at i on s o f t he s i gn s an d
[ I
t h e G er man E gyp t ol o gi s t s di st i ngu i sh by s an d
P by bu t i n

t h i s D i ct i o n ary I h av e f o l l o w e d th e ex a mp l e of B i rch an d B ru gs ch
an d M asp er o an d r ega r de d t h e m as h av in g p r act i cal y l o ne an d t he
t
,

me s ou n d N ev er h el ess re memb eri n g the l ar ge nu mb er of

fl
sa .
,

wor ds t h at b egi n wi t h t he si gn s —an d and w i th t h e v i ew of

t
,

s i mpl i fyi n g t h e t as k o f t h e se ar ch er wh o may u se t hi s D i c i on ar y ,

I h av e p ri n t ed al l t h e wo rds b egi n n i n g wi h t —l n on e s ect i on ,

a n d all t h ose b egi n n i n g wi h t H im h t e s ec ti on f ol l o w i n g .

B y t ransl i t er at i n g A by q l t a et er w i th di acr i i cal p o i n t ( k)

a t
t
,

h as b een go t r i d o f an d t ho u gh t h e ,
t r a n sl i t e r a i ng o f [A b y g

does n o t se em q u i t e sat i s f act or y I h av e f ol l ow ed t h e ex a mp l e

t l
,

1
of t he E gy p t ol o gi st s i n t h i s p a r i cu ar
o l d er Th e . s i gn s a an d

h are b oth t ran sl i t erat ed by t an d b y u s i n g th for , t h e Gr ee k

0 an d a l e t t e r wi h t a l in e u n de r it ,
(t ) ar e el i mi na t ed . I n t he
case of g : I h av e . r et ai n ed t h e t r a n s l i t er a t i on t an d h av e n ot

a do pt ed d b y w h i ch i t i s n o w s omet i mes t r an sl i t e rat e d M a sp er o

t
.

h as sh o w n t h a t i n Se mi i c ge ograp h i ca l n a me s i n t h e X V I I I th

dyn as ty c : o f ent t h
r e p r es e n s t e H eb re w
‘

7, e .
g .
, in
(o fi
i
mj
fi ,

m [M ? § th
m
M

na mes s ho w
H eb . i
H , an d
2J _ N 1211 2 , bu t o er

h ba jfi
“
t h at 1 is r ep r esen t e d i n E gy p t i an b y ,
t ,
e .
g .
, .

H eb .
DIDD J
‘

. At a l at e r p e r i o d a i s t rans i t e ra t ed b y l to, e .
g .
,

In one Co pt c
i wo rd, mg e ree d, t he K re p resen s t Q fo r t he hi ero

l c p
, ,
.

g yp hi fo rm i s Q
k m
q( I see E r man Aegypti s ches Gl ossar 1 3 9

p c p
.
, , ,

an d Mas e ro , I n trodu ti on , .
3 9 .
 I n tr odu cti on . lxv

i n the na me fli p , t h e Ar ame an t r an s cr i p i on

m
t of w h i ch i s c
a
n (I
“
( ll

§
t ( to)
me f Aramean
I or
w o ven, an d in t he na cf > Ab yd a os , t he

t r an s c r i p t i o n of w hi ch is man I th e G r ee k p er i od é
flk
.
n
A
qz gs
o
re
p r e s en t s t he G r ee k T as in K Aeo n ofr p a ‘
c ’
2 1 ; 0 Q

an d A, as in Ai o s [ll] k Q 59
1 . In the Co p t i c

p e r i o d w he n
, t he h i er ogl y p h s w ere no l o nge r in u se , the
scr i b es w r o t e al l t he na mes w hi ch in t he ol d l an gu age h ad
wi th 9 F i n al l y M a sp ero a dmi t s t h at t h e s ou n d
1
a a or a 3 as

tly
.
,

of a wa s no t e x ac t h at of t he G r ee k A or t he Ar ab i c J
b t t l
,

I ha v e t ho ught i t es to r e ai n t as t h e t r a n s i t e r at i o n of C E)

l t
.

I t i s p oss i b e t ha t t he s o u n d o f t h e G r e ek A di d ex i s t at o n e i me
t
i n E gyp i an b u t w h en t h e Co p s fo r mu l a t e d t h ei r a p h ab e t i t h a d t l
t
,

di sa pp ear ed fr om t he mou hs o f o rdi n ary fol k

Th er e re mai n s t o men t i on n o w o nl y t h e t ran s li t t i er a on of “ =t s an d

i th
1
:

i n s ome
a w hi ch w or ks d l i ne
r ece n t ap p ear s as t or w a t ch .

t t
“
u n der it , d . I n t he t r an scr i p i on of Se mi i c geograp h i cal na mes
1

1
r ep r es en s t bo h 3 t an d T, e .
g .
,
C 3
an d

m B u t t h er e i s may
A , a b u n d an t p roof t h at i t be

cor r ect l y t ra n s l i t e ra t ed b y b o h ts t an d tch , an d I hav e

”
a do p t e d

t he l at t e r ,
w h i ch i s p ron o u n ce d l i ke t h e ch in ch i l d , or the c

in ci ce ro ne .

E G Y P TI A N AN AF R N I CA LA N G U AG E FU N D AM E N TAL L Y .

D u r i n g t h e ye ar s w h i ch I s p en t i n co l l ec i n g t he ma e r i a s The a eged t t l l t ll p
for t h i s D i ct i on ar y I l oo ke d e ager l y i n t h e t ex s for any e v i de n ce E
re a i o n shi

gyp i an t o
of
t t tc
t h a t w ou l d t h ro w l i gh t o n th e r e l a i o n s h i p o f t h e an ci en t E gyp t he Se mi i t l
t i an l an gu a ge t o t he Semi t i c l an gu a ge s
an guages
an d t o t he l an gu age s f
.

N or t h E ast er n Af r i ca Th ough t h e s u b e ct j is on e o f co n s i d er ab l e

l
.

i mp ort an ce p hi l o l o gi ca l y i t h as n ev e r b een in my o p i n i on
l
,
, , ,

p rop er l y di scu ssed b ecau s e t h e S emi t i c sch o ar s w h o h av e w r i t t en

,

ab ou t i t h av e l acked t h e E gy p t o l o gi c al k n o w l edge n eces s ary for

a r r i v i n g a t a d eci s i on an d t h e E
gy p t o l o gi s s w i t h t h e e x ce p i on t t
t
, ,

of t h e l a men ed B u r ch ardt h av e h ad n o a de q u a t e k n o w l e d ge of

t
,

Semi t i c l an gu a ge s an d li er a t u r e B e n f ey ca me t o the con cl u s i on

t ty
.

t h a t t h e an ci en t E gy p i an l an gu age h a d cl ose affi n i w i t h t he B en fe y s

p
’

Semi t i c fami l y of l an gu ages b u t t he n h e , al so s a i d th at t h e Se mi t es O i ni o n .

b el onged t o a gr e at gr ou p of p e o p l e s w h i ch n ot o n l y i n cl u ded t he

I n troducti on p Nt e st do n c jp l i n t rade nt al e fai

’
bl A,
t
, .
3 0, o re a e e n se , e
“
,

et il est a qu i ét é mo men a
j
cc a un 0 .
lx vi I n tr odu cti on .

i t
E gyp an s b u t a l l t he p e p
o l es o f A f r i ca
1
wh i ch i s ob v i ou sl y
t
, ,

ab s u r d Al hou gh h i s e x cu r s i o ns i n t o Cop t i c ha d di s as t r ou s
t
.

r e su l t s so far as hi s re
pu at i o n w as con cern e d , hi s v i ew t h at t h e r e
w as a cl ose a ffin i t y b e t ween t h e E gy p t i an an d S emi i c l an gu age s t
f ou n d a ccep t an ce w i t h man y sch ol ar s a mo n g t h em b e i n g E d e ,
.

R ou ge, E b er s an d B ru gs ch , al l of
n
w h om w e r e E gy p t ol ogi st s .

v i ew
B i r ch p or t i on o f t h e w or ds
’
s w as t h at the gr e a t e r
[in th e a nci en t E gyp t i an l an gu ag e] ar e a n o l d f o r m o f t h e Co t i c
p
o th ers , n o l o n ge r f ou n d i n t h a t t o n gu e , ap p e ar (t o b e) of Semi t i c
o r i gi n , an d h av e b e en gra du a l y i n ro du ce d i n o t h e l an gu age l .

t t
f r o m t he Ar amai c an d ot her so u rce s A few w or ds ar e I n d0 ~

tt ly h
.

G er man i c for m
”2
B ru gsch s a ed ca t ego r i cal t at t he o l de s t

tdi
.

of t he a n ci en t E gy p t i an l an guage i s roo e n Semi t i c an d he

t
,

p r o p h es i e d t h a t day p hi l ol ogi cal sci en ce w ou l d b e as on i sh ed

’

on e

a t t h e c o s en ess l o f t h e r el at i o n sh i p w h i ch e x i s t e d b e t w e en E gy p

t i an an d t h e Se mi ti c l an gu ages H e w as con v i n ce d t h at t h ey h ad
th th i
.

a mo er in co mmon ,
an d t h at e r or i
gi n al ho me w as t o b e
sou gh t for on t h e b an k s of t h e T i gr i s a n d E u ph r a t e s
a
B r u gsch
ti
.

h el d t h ese v i e ws p r ac cal l y to t he en d o f h i s l i fe , for i n h i s Di e

Aegyptol ogi e L ei p zi g 1 8 9 1 p 9 1 h e q u ot es fro m hi s Worter bu ch
, , ,
.
,

t h e w or ds w h i ch h e w r o t e i n t h e p r ef ace i n 1 86 7 St er n t he .
,

e mi n en t Co p t i c s ch o l ar , al s o decl ar ed t h at t h e E gyp t i a n h ad an
a ffi n i t y w i t h t h e S emi t i c l an gu ages w h i ch s h ow s i s el f i n t h e
,
t
pron omi n a l for mat i o n s an d i n t h e r oo t s wh i ch ar e co mmon t o
al l b u t t h ou ght t h a t i t sep ar at e d i t sel f fr om i t s As i a i c si st ers
, t
p e r i o d a n d de v e l o p e d a l o n g l i n e s o f i t s o w n
‘
at a v ery e ar l y

t
.

Th ese v i ew s w h i ch t h e ol de r E gyp t ol o gi s s ex p r essed i n

,

g e n e r a l t er ms w er e cr y s t al l i z e d by E r ma n i n a p ap er w h i ch h e
t
,

co n ri b u t e d to t he Z ei ts chr if t der D eu ts chen M orgen l ezn di s chen

‘ ’

B e n fe y Uber das Ver hal tn i ss der Aegypti schen Sprache S emi ti s he n c

p
, zu rn

Spr achstamme Lei zi g 1 844

c p
. .
,

B u n se n Egy pt s P l a e Vo l V
’
61 8
t t t p c
, , .
, . .

E 5 s eh mi r n aml i ch fes dass di e al t agyp t i s che S he d h di e al t e st e

’

t lt tc lb
lt
,
ra , . .

G es de rse i m Se mi i s hen wu rze Im kan n i ch

p c cu b tut
a u ng en , . vo rau s es

w ei ss agen , d ass di e S hfo rs h n g e i n es Tages se i n w i rd fi das

t c t lc p c
ra ers a n er

B an d de r Verw an d m h af we hes di e ag yp t i sche S he i t i h ren

tc c t b tt m j t t c
e n ge s ,
ra

mi i s hen S hwes mm en kn ii p ft u nd fi di e ir ho n f es s e h en

ll u tt b
se e rn zu s a , er e z s

de That s ache m m
dass a e ei n e ei n sa M ha de ren U rsi t ze de n
p t p ge
, e er en , an

U fern de s E u hra W
un d Ti gri s zu su ch e n i st
”
or ter buch, Bd I ix
b t t lt tc t c l m
. . . .
,

Es es eh e i ne a e v erwan d s ha f zw i s hen de r agyp t i schen w e che de

hami i s hen tc t mm mt c p c c
e an ge h ort , ti n d
’

den i i s hen s ra hen wi e si h u n v e r

,

b c m c
s a se ,

ke n n h m in de r m m
p ron o i nal bi l dun g u n d i n hen ei n sa

l t c c t c tc
ar no an ge en

wu rze n ze i g ; do h p m
hei n s i h das agy t i sche v o n de n asi a i s hen s chw est e

t t b p c
s

f r ii h ge renn zu ha en u n d s ei n en ei gen en w eg gegangen zu se i n , K o ti s he

Grammati k p 4 , . .
 I n tr odu cti on . l x vii

Gesel l schaf t i n I n t h i s he p o i n t ed ou t i n a sy s t ema i c t

man n er t h e de t ai l s t
o f E gy p i a n Gr a mmar t hat h a v e h ei r cou n t er t
p ar s t i n t h e Semi t i c l an gu ages an d pr i n ed a t Li s t of t h e w or d s
t t c t
,

t h a t w er e co mmon t o t h e E g y p i an an d S emi i c l angu ages

R e en v i ews . Mo st o f
t h es e w o r ds h a d b een re m ar k e d u p on b y B r u gsch i n hi s or ter bu ch, 13 6 1 W
13 23 1
bu t E rman
’
s Li s t h e i gh t en s t h e i r cu m
13 5
u l a t i v e e ff ect , a n d at t h e o i ni o n
5

p .

firs t s i gh t of it many i n v es t i gat ors w o u l d b e i n cl i n ed t o say

w i t h ou t an y h es i t at i on , E gy p t i an i s a Se mi t i c l an gu age .
”
A
v e ry mp arat i v e p hi l ol ogi s t o f t h e Semi t i c L an gu age s
abl e co ,

Car l B rock el mann i mp resse d b y t h e r emar k s o f B r u gsch q u o t ed

t t
,

ab o v e an d b y t h i s Li s t say s h at E gyp t i an mu s t cer ai nl y b e

,

i n cl u ded among t h e Semi t i c Lan gu ages an d t h at t h e mor e t h e

t
,

o l d es t for m of i t su ch as ha t made k n o w n b y t h e P y r ami d

t l
,

Te x t s i s i n v est i ga ed t h e mor e co n v i n ci n g y app ar en t b eco mes

, ,

i t s si mi l ari t y t o t h e S emi t i c Langu ages Li k e B ru gsch h e t h i n k s .

,

t h at i t s ep ar a t ed i t s el f fro m i t s s i st er t o n gu es t h o u san ds o f y ear s

ago an d w en t i t s o wn w ay Acco rdi n g t o h i m t he E gyp t i an
l
.
,

l an gu age dev el op ed mor e qu i ck y t han t he l an gu ages o f t h e

t t
o h er S e mi es w h i ch w a s d u e p ar y t o t h e mi x i n g o f t h e p e op l e tl
l
,

cau s ed b y t h e i n v a si on o f t h e N i e V al l e y b y Se mi t es an d t h e

i th l
,

r a p i di t y w w h i ch t h e E gy p t i an ci v i i z at i on reach e d i t s zen i t h
l
,

mu ch i n t he s ame w a y as E n g i sh h as go n e f ar aw a y f rom t h e o t h er
Ger mani c l an gu ages 2
Wri gh t t h o u gh t t ha t t he co nn ect i on

t
.

b et w e en t h e S e mi t i c an d t h e E gy p i an l an gu age s w as cl os er t h an
t h a t w h i ch can be sa i d to ex i s t b et w een t h e S emi i c t an d the
I n do -E u r o p e an B u t he cal l e d at t en t i on t o t h e f act t h at t he
j t l b
.

ma or i t y of E gy p t i an roo s ar e mon o syl l ab i c i n form and t h at Mo no s y l a i c

t t
,

t he y do n o t ex hi bi t Semi i c t r i l i t eral i y H e w a s p r e p ar e d t o
th t t t
.

ad mi t at t he n o t a f ew s r u ct u ra l a ffin i i e s
”
mi gh t p erh ap s roo s

j t t
.

b e t h ou gh t s u ffici en t to us i fy t h ose l i n gu i s s w h o h ol d t h a t
E gyp t i an i s a re l i c o f the e ar l i e s t age o f Semi i sm i t , . e .
,
of Se mi t i c

D as Verhdl tn i ss des Aegy pti schen zu den semi ti s hen Sprachen ( B d X LVI ) c .
,

p 93 ff
c t l
E s s hei n seh r v i e es daf ii r zu s re chen dass di e Aegyp t e r ei gen li h i n p tc
c
,

di ese n Krei s hi nei n zu be zi ehen si n d J e me hr di e Fo r s hu n g den al t est en

b y m t t l
.

F o rmen des Aegyp t i s chen wi e i n den P i den i egt

cl t t t tt m mt c
au , er ra e x en vor , er ~

h i ess des fi b erras chen de r ri Aehn l i chkei t m i t de Se i i s hen Tage

c mt lt
s ,
o zu .

D u r h di e Verrn i schu n g der ei n wan dern den m Se i i t den a

p c lt l lt lt
en eren ,

an ders s hi gen Be wo hn ern de s Ni a s und du rch di e fri i he B u e i h rer Ku

l c l c t t c lt
ra ur

se idas Aegypt i s che v i e s hn el er un d du r hgrei fe n de r f o r en wi ke al s di e

p c t
S ra hen der an deren Semi en ahn l i ch wi e das E n g i s he si h ti n er den se en lc c t ,

lb
mt t m c p c t
,

U anden wei den an de ren an i s fe rn t ha t

'

h en S hen
m c p c l
s so v on ger ra en .

Grun dr i ss der vergl ei chenden Grammati k der se i ti s hen S ra hen . B er i n , 1 908 ,

P 3'
 l x vi i i I n tr odu cti on .

sp eech as i t w as b efor e i t p as sed i n o t h e p ecu l i ar fo r m i n wh i ch

'

t
w e ma y b e sa d t o n w t h s t
i k o i i o r i ca l l y
1

t t
.

N ow n o on e wh o h a s wor ke d at E gyp i an can p oss i bl y dou b

t h at t he r e are man y S emi t i c w or ds i n t he l an gu age o r h at ma n y , t
of t h e p r on o u n s , me o f t he nu mber s and so me o f i t s gram
so

t
,

mat i cal forms r ese mbl e h o se f ou nd i n t h e Semi t i c l an gu ages .

B u t e v en admi t t i ng al l t h e s i mi l ar i t i es t hat E r man h as cl ai me d

t
,

i t i s s t il l i mp o ssi bl e t o me t o be l i e v e t h at E gyp t i an i s a S emi i c

l an gu a ge fu n d amen al l y t
Th er e i s i t i s r u e mu ch i n t h e P y ra t
yp t t t l t l t
,
.
,

Eg i an mi d Tex s h at r ecal s p o i n t s an d de ai s o f Se mi i c Grammar

t t l
,

fu n damen t al l y
c bu t a ft e r dedu ct i n g al l t h e t ri l i er al r oo s t h e r e s t i l r e mai n s a
l u
a n Af ri an

t
,

an g age v e r y l ar ge n u mb e r o f w o r ds t h a t a r e n o t S e mi i c a n d w er e n e v er

t
.
,

i n v en t ed b y a Se mi i c p e op l e Th ese w o r d s ar e mon osy l l ab i c

t t
.
,

an d w er e i n v en t e d b y on e o f t he o l des Afr i can (or H ami i c i f

l
,

t h at w o r d be p re f err e d) p e op l es i n t h e Val l e y of the Ni e of w h o se

t
w r i t en l angu age w e h av e an y re mai n s Th e s e ar e w or ds u se d

t
.

to e x p r es s fu n damen al r el a t i o n s h i p s a n d f eel i n gs , an d b e l i e fs w h i ch
ar e p ecu l i ar l y Afr i can an d ar e fo r ei gn i n e v e r y p art i cu l ar t o
Semi t i c p eo p l es The p r i mi t i v e home o f t he p eop l e w h o i n v en t e d
.

t h ese w or ds l ay f ar t o t h e s ou t h o f E gy p t an d al l t h a t w e kn ow
t t t
,

of t h e P re dyn a s i c E gy p i an s su gges s t ha t i t w as i n t h e n e i gh
b ou rh ood of p r ob ab l y t o t h e e as o f h e m Th e
t h e G r e a t L ak e s t t
t
.
,

w h ol e l en g h o f t h e Val l e y o f t h e N i l e l ay t h en as n o w Op en t o
p t u tl t
, ,

Per e a p eo p l es wh o dwel t t o t he w es t an d e ast o f i t an d t her e mu s

t
,

i mmi gr a i o n
t ll y N l
i n o t he
Va e
i e
al w a y s

i n h ab i an t s t
h av e b een a mi ngl i ng
i t s ab or i gi n al
Th ese l as t b or r ow ed man y w o r ds fr o m t he n ew
of i mmi gr an s wi t h

t
. .

co mer s es p eci al l
y f r om t h e p r o o Semi t i c p eop l e s from t he
-
,

c o u n t r y n o w cal l ed Ar a b i a an d f r o m t he dw e l l er s i n t h e l a n d s

th y
,

be t ween t h e N i l e an d t h e R e d Se a an d I n di a n Oc e an bu t e

t th i p i mi t i
,

B o r ro wi n gs co n t i n u e d to u se t h e i r n a i v e w ords to e x p r ess e r ow n r ve
f ro m
p tro o -S e m i i tc i deas , e sp eci al l
y in r es
p e ct of r el i gi ou s b e l i e fs an d ce r e mon i es .

t t
.

Wo r ds “ “
g l
Q ”
l i ke tef f a h er ,
sa ,
so n , se n b r o h er ,

df
a s“
“
fl es h , ges P A b on e ,
”
tep 8
? “
h ea d ,
db 0 “
h ear t ,

a tches HP s el f , ka ( j
_
do u b l e, ba sou l ,

aa kb “s i i
p r t , an d s co r e s of o th ers th a t a r e u se d fr o m t he
ear li es t t o t he l a t es t t i me s are Afr i can and h av e no t hi ng t o do
t t t t
,

w i h t h e Se mi i c l a gu age s n
Wh en h ey h a d i n v en e d o r borr o w ed
t t t t
.

t h e ar t o f w r i i n g , he y w e re q u i ck t o p e r ce i v e t h e a dv a n age o f
c t l
Addi i o n
o n v en
s i gn s
of

i o na
a ddi n g t o t
he i r p i ct u r e s si gn s t ha w ou l d h e p t h e e y e o f t he t l
c c b
.

Le tu r es on the Co mpa rati ve Gramma r of the S e mi ti Langu ages Ca m ri dge

—
.
,

3 3 3 4
 I n trodu cti on .

r e ade r , a n d con v e y t o hi s mi nd a n ex a ct concep t i on o f w h at t h e

wri t er in t en de d to e x p r ess Th e na mes of t he c ard i n al nu mbers
th l
.

i n v e n t e d t h e w o r ds q u o t e d ab o v e
sh o w w ho
b
at t he Bo rro wi n g
p e op e
m
c ou n t ed b y fiv es ,
for th y h e av e w or ds f or o ne
d
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n
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3 , t h r ee F % “
fo u r
”

zfi , an d fiv e c f : an d th i e r

t
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n ex t nu mbe r is t en 0: Wh en t hey came i n co n act wi t h the

Semi t es t h e y b o rr o w e d f r o m t h em t h e nu mb er s si x
m '

“ “ H eb
m
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Ka l tfi II

p u
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gi gg
l e si gn

b orr o w e d t o a s a s i gn o f t h e f e mi n i n e , an d sev e r a l o f t h e p r on o u n s fe mi n i n e .

t
,

an d at a mu ch l at er p er i o d man y o f t h e S e mi i c w or ds t hat w er e
cu rr ent at t he t i me i n Syr i a an d P al es t i n e An d i t h as al w ay s
th t
.

s ee med t o me at so me of the ab or i gi n al w or ds of t h e p r i mi i v e

E gyp t i an s fou n d he i r w ay i n t o t n e i gh b o u r i n g co u n t r i es , w h e r e h ey t
st i ll li ve . Thu s t he co mmon E gy p t i an wor d khef ti
a “
en e my w h i ch h as it s e q u i v a l en t i n t h e Co p ti c s haf t gga crr
l um cl
,

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fou n d i n Amh ar i c t he for m s haf ta i1 6 5 Th e S

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is a so u n de r . rv i v a s in

t
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fi t, p ygmy ,
se e ms t o b e p r e s er v e d
A h a ri .

i n t he Amh ar i c dan k
k
g
Th e E gy p t i an w or d tu at
0
’

morn i ng ,
”
see ms to s u rv i v e i n t h e Am h ar i c t u wat mf l '

n ,
an d w i h t
t h e E gyp i an S a t 1
or
Bi l man , p er s on may be co m
p a red t h e Amh ar i c s a w man or w o man p e r son
t f h l
.
,

As n on e o f t h e l i t e r a u re o t e p e op l es who i v e d on e ach

s i de o f t h e V a l ey l of t he Ni l h b e as een p r es erv e d w e h a v e n o means

h th y b t ll
.
,

of fin d i n g ou t how mu c e orr o w e d l i n gu i s i ca y f rom t h e

E gy p i an s t t
t he E gyp i a ns fr o m t h em b u t I be l i e v e t h e E gy p i an s
or t
t lu
,

w er e as mu ch i n deb te d t o t he m as t o t h e Se mi es I do n o t f or Va e Of

t h bi t t
.

mo men t mo de rn $53 ?
0
one s u gge s t t h at s u ch l i t er a u r e as t he in a an s

of t h e Va l ey l f h Ni l d h o t e e an t e n e i gh b o u r i n g co u n r i e s t p o s s ess
l ct
1
di a e s fo r

w he h e r t i b th h e t t o se o n t e e as or t hos e on t h e w es t of t he N i l e a
Epé
r r l afi v e

t i l i d f pl i i g t t p
, es

ca n be u ze or ex a n n an ci en t E gy p i a n t e x s, bu t the
co mpara t i ly m l l m
ve f s a a ou n t o a t t en t i o n w h i ch I h a v e b een ab l e

to dev o t e h g mm to d t e ra ar s an v o cab u ar i e s l of so me of t he
l an gu ages no w s p o k en i n t h e E ast er n Sfi dan has co n v i n ce d me
th th y at e con t ai n mu ch t h at i s u s ef u l for t he t
s u dy o f t h e l an

gu age o f t he h i er o gl yp hs . Th e a nc i en t E gypt i an s w er e Afr i can s ,

an d t h ey s p ok e a n
p eop l es o fAfr i can l an gu age , an d the modern
t h e E a s t ern Sfi dan a r e Afr i ca n s , an d t h e y sp ea k Afr i c an l a n

gu age s an d t h er e i s i n con s e q u e nce mu ch i n mo dern n a i v e

, t
e 3
 lxx I n tr odu cti on .

Sfi dani l i t erat u r e w h i ch w i l l he l p t h e s t u de n t o f an ci en t E gy p t i an
i n h i s wo r k F r o m t h e b ook s K r ap f M i tt er u t zn er ‘
of Tu t s ch ek 1 2

t
.
, , ,

an d f rom t h e r ecen t l
y p u b l i sh ed w o r ks o f Cap ai n Ow en an d
‘

West er mann 5
a s t u de n t w i t h t h e n e ces s ary l e i s u r e ca n col l ect a

t ti t
,

l ar ge nu mb er of f act s of i mp or a n ce f or t h e co mp ar a ve s ud
y
of N i l ot i c l an gu ages b o t h an ci en t a n d mo der n .

TH E I NR T O D U C TI O N IN X
, DE E S, S E M I T I C ALP H AB E Ts ,
E Tc .

h i t t
t
The
I n ro ducti o n .

of the
In t e n ro du ct o r y s e ct i o n o f

mmon est E gy p i an si gn s w i t h t he i r v al u es as p h on et i cs
co t
t h i s b ook I h av e gi v en a l is

t t
,

a nd de er mi n at i v es arr a nge d p r act i ca l l y accor di n g t o t h e L i s s

l
,

of E
gy p t i a n H i er o g yp h i c S i gn s p u b l i s h e d b y t h e e mi n e n t p r i n t i ng

fir ms o f The i nh ar d t i n B erl i n H ol zh au sen i n V i en n a an d ,

6
,
7

H ar r i son S on s i n L on d on 8
Cer t ai n l y n on e of t h e se l i s t s i s
ti
.

ab sol u t el y cor r e ct s i n ce t he cl ass i fica on of s e v e r al of t he s i gn s

i s t he r esu l t of
gu ess w o rk , f or t he s i mp l e r e a s on th at E gyp t o l o

gi st s do no t kno w what o b e ct s j ti
c er a n s i gn s ar e i n t en d e d t o
r e p r e s en t Th e on l y n a ti ve E gy p ti an Li s t of H i er ogl y phs kn ow n
G i ffi t h
.
,

w as p u b l i sh ed b y r Two H i er oglyphi c P apy r i f r om Tun i s , ,

Lon don 1 88 9 4t o b u t t h i s do es n o t h el p u s mu ch i n t h e i den t i

, , ,

fica t i on of Th e fir st p r i n t e d Li s t o f H i ero gl y p h s
t h e h i ero gl y p h s .

w as p u b l i sh ed b y Ch amp ol l i on i n h i s Gr ammai re Egypti en n e ,

P ar i s 1 8 3 6 an d con t a i n s 2 6 0 h i e r o gl yp h s
, , I n 1 8 48 B i r ch p u b .

l i sh e d a fu l l er L i s t w i t h de t ai l e d d es cr i p t i on s ( s ee ab o v e p x x x iii ) .

i n t h e fi r st v ol u me of t h e G er man an d E n gl i s h e di t i o n s o f B un s en s
’

Aegy p t en s S t el l e Th i s he r e v i se d an d en l ar ge d , an d re

t
.

p ubl i she d i n 1 8 6 7 i n t h e secon d edi i on o f th e fir s t v ol u me

,

o f t h e E n gl i s h ed i t i on pp 5 5 55 9
0 — I t cont a i n e d 8 90 hi ero ,
. .

gl yp hs a n d 2 01 d et er mi n at i v es w e re gro u p e d s ep ar at el y I n 1 85 1 .

E d e R o u gé i s su e d
. a L i st of h i e ro gl y p h s i n h i s C a tal ogu e des s i gn es

hi ér ogly phi qu es de l I
’
mpr i mer i e N ati on a l e P ar i s 1 85 1 an d he
t ti t
, , ,

r ep r i n t e d i t wi h e x p l an a on s and descr i p i ons i n t h e first p ar t

1
Gra mmar o f the Gal l a -L anguage . Mu ni h c ,
1 8 45 an d hi s Lex i c on . Mu ni ch ,

841
c
1 .

Vo a bu l ary o f the C al l a -La ngu age Lo ndon 842

c t
.
, 1 .

D i e D i n ka-Spra he i n Cen tral Af ri ka (wi h Worter buch) B ri x en 8 66

c
'

.
, 1 .

B ari Gr ammar and Vo a bu l ary Lo n do n 908

l
. , 1 .

The S hi l l u k P eopl e thei r L a nguage a n d F ol kl ore B er i n Die

b l
. ,
1 91 2
S u dan sprac hen H am The N u er L angu age B er i n

p c l
. u rg , 1 91 1 .
, 1 91 2 .

Li ste der H i erogly hi s hen Ty

p der S chr if tgi esserei Be r i n 87 5
lt by p
en aus . , 1 .

Th i s i s w as arran ge d Le s i us
t) tc t u lt p
.

H i erogly hen
p ( Vi enn a da Thi s Li s on ai n s al l t he
p c ll p t p t t
no e u nu s a es
. .
y
i a y cu t to ri n M as e ro s edi i o n o f t he P yr ami d Tex
’
w hi ch were

p c
s e s .

L i st
f p o Egy ti an H i erogly hi s Lon do n 1 892 .
, .
 lxxn I n tr odu cti on .

Champ o l l i o n Le p s i u s and Ta t t am an d r ep r o du c i on s o f p a ge s t of

p t
, , ,

B i rch s S ketch of a H i er ogly phi cal D i cti on ary Y ou ng s R u di men ts

’ ’
io ns
Re ro du c
, of
gégi jf; Ch am
e
r
an E gypti a n D i cti on a ry i n the a n ci en t E n chor i a l C har a cter ,

p o l l i on s D i cti onn a i re Egypti en an d B i rch s D i cti on ary of H i er o

or
’
E gyp tOIOgi cal
’

w ks
gly phi cs Th ese w ork s are n ot t o b e f ou n d i n e v er y p u b l i c s t i l l
'

l t l
.
,

l ess pri v at e i b rar y an d I b el i e v e h a t man y a r e ader w i l e x ami n e

t
, ,

an d s u d
y t h e m i f o n l y f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e b i b l i ogr a h er
p
ti
.
,

The i n de x es t o t h e Cop t i c an d to t h e n on -E gy p an w or d s
an d geogr ap hi cal n a me s w hi ch a re a t t he e n d of t h e b o o k wi l l sh o w

t hat a con s i d er ab l e nu mb er of Co p t i c , H eb r ew , Syr i ac ,

Ar ab i c ,

E t h i op i c ,
Amhar i c ,
As s y r i an an d P ers i an w o r ds an d na me s ar e
q u o t e d i n t h i s D i ct i o n ar y Th e b egi n n er w h o w i sh es t o e x a mi n e

l
.

t he s e w or ds w il l ne e d t o l e ar n t he a ph ab et s o f t h e p r i n ci p al
Se mi t i c l an gu age s an d as I k no w of no E gy p t o l o gi cal w or k i n
l t
,

wh i ch t h e y t o b e f ou n d I h av e i n c u de d t he m i n t h i s I n
'

ar e ro

t
,

duct i on ,
an d t h e y f ol l o w t h e Li st of E gy p i an H i er o gl y p h s .

AP OLO G I A AN D TH A N KS .

I n t he p rep ara t i on o f t he man u s cr i p t o f h i s D i c ti on ar y t

fo r t
t h e p r i n er I h av e n o t sp ar e d l ab o u r or t r o u bl e o r i me o r , , t
a t t e n t i o n , an d mad e e v ery effor t du ri n g t h e p r o o f r eadin g
I h av e
t o r e duce mi sp r i n s t o a mi n i mu m t
I h av e c op i e d t oo man y .

t e x t s i n t h e co u r s e o f my l i f e n o t t o k n o w h o w e as y i t i s f o r t h e
a t t en ti on t o b e d i s t rac t ed, an d t he ey e t o b e d e c ei v e d an d t he
t hi t
,

h an d t o w r i t e so me ng w h i ch i t o u ght n o t t o wr i e w h en d o i n g
wo r k of t hi s k i n d Th e p r of es s i on al c op y i s s o f t h e B oo k o f t
t
.

mo n as ti c scr i be s w h o l ab o ri ou sl y r an scr ib e d
3 13 11253
11 51
t h e D ead an d t he

t cb t t
,
5
ran s ri e rs , Co p t i c Sy r i ac Ar ab i c an d E hi op i c te x t s i n E gyp t E h i op i a
t l
, , ,

an d Sy r i a ma de man y mi s akes mi s sp e t t h e w or ds o f t h e ar ch e -

t l l
, ,

t y p e s i n t h e i r co p i e s o mi t e d w h o e i n e s an d ma d e n o n sen s e
tt t t t
, ,

o f man y p a ss a ge s b y o mi i n g p ar s o f w or ds an d mi x i n g o ge h er
t h e r e ma i n i n g p a r s t
I t see ms t o me ob v i ou s f ro m h ese f act s t
t t t
.

t ha e v ery on e w ho u n d er a k es a l o ng and v er y e d i ou s w ork

lik e t he mak i n g of an t
E gyp i an Di c i o n ar y t mu s t b e gu i l y o f t
t t
,

t h e p er p e t r a i o n of mi s ak e s , b l u n de rs a n d e r r o rs in h i s c o py i n g
lh l
, ,

ho w ev er c ar e fu e may be In my w o r k t her e wi l b e fou n d i n co n

t t l
.

mi su n ders an di n gs
s i s t en c i e s , an d mi s p r i n s an d p r o b ab y do w n

t tt t t
, ,

ri h
g m i s s a e men s a n d a s M asp ero s a i d i n h i s e d i i on o f t h e

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u n e i n fi r mi t e d e l a n a u r e hu ma i n e do n on fin i t par p re n d r e s on
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p ar t i co mme de b i en d aut r es N o w i h s and i n g su ch d e fec s

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t t t t
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 I n tr odu cti on . l x x iii

be gi n n er an d wi l l s av e h i m t i me an d t r o ub l e an d g i v e h i m h el
p
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an d my
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wh o made t he p r i n t i n g of t h e b oo k p o ss i b l e w i l l b e e ff e ct e d , an d

t
my o wn i me an d l abo u r w i l n o t h av e b e en w a s e d Man y l t
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t
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tt t
gr a i u de t o h o s e w ho ha v e en ab l ed me t o p ro du ce t h i s b oo k Than ks t o
t tl
.

F i r st a nd f or emos t h e y a re du e t o t h e ge n eman w h o h av i n g
liii id ii
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l p bl i c t i
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m“
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kn o w n o n y a s an E ngl i s h ge n e man w h o i s i n er e s e d i n e v er y
t hi g t h
n h hi t y
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o f i
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h t i f h E gy p t i d C i ti
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t a s to
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d ply i t ti f W t A i
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or e a t e en ea v o u rs a e t e

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t h B i bl
e O i g
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h p i ti g t d
.

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ta k en p l d i
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d id d t h t h d th l
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as pp a d by h i m
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,

h e f i h d h
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w ages an d

i ll b th i p i t g
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in J y 9 l u 6 1 h t1 p tt h e i co s d b y er l t
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to my m
an o n
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r en or re a e an s at ur n

t h le f
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my i f m y t h t lp i h t i g
.

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an d i n co r
p t i f l ip d f ora on oi t s i h s, di g f an or a ss s a n ce n t e r ea n o

p f
ro o s Sh h l e d f d ith m h p
as a s o r e a f d i
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h t mp l t i l g ly
.

o f e v ery sf h b k ee d i
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r g m t
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h er h lp e d an e n cou a e en

p t
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T Mo E dg r H i ar i h fi m f H
arr s o n , i a r n er n t e r o arr s on M r E dgar
m i d bt d i th F m t t fiih
.

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on s , a n e y s ar n s

tk h d p i t p i ti
.

h e h as a en t e i hee es t f h n er e s t n t e r n ng o t e

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y d h ,
d an y t hi g h as l d b t h ffi i l l y
o ne e v er n e co u , o o c a
l x x iv I n tr odu cti on .

an d p r i v a el ,
y t t o f o r w ar d my w or k D u r i n g t he War w h en t h e
t th i
.
,

r e s ou rces o f t h e F i r m w er e s r a i n ed to e r ut mos t to c ar r
y out

t he u r ge n t w o r k wh i ch w a s t h r u s t u p on t hem b y t h e G o v er n
men t ,
an d ev e r y a v ail ab l e
h an d was p r ess ed i nt o t h i s s erv i ce
w he n ,

h e s o meh o w man ag e d t o k eep go i n g t h e c o mp osi t i on o f t h i s b oo k ,

an d f ou n d me an s o f mach i n i n g e ach s h e e t w h en r ea dy f or p r e s s .

B e s i de s t h i s , h e h ad man y h u n dr eds o f n e w ch ar a ct e rs cu t , an d

s p ar e d no t rou b l e in r ep r o du ci n
g my manu scr i p t an d wh e n
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,

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,

di s t r i b u t i o n of t h e t yp e of wor k ed-o ff s h e et s At t h e p r esen t

t t
.

ti me h i s fo un E gy p i an t yp e i s t h e l ar ges t an d most comp r e

of

h en s i v e an d co mp l e e i n t h e w o r l d t
At my r e qu es h e h as p r e t
t
.

p are d a hi s E gyp i an H i er o gl yp h i c t y p es w h i ch w i l l b e
l i st of

fo u n d at t h e en d o f t h e v o l u me On t h e Co n t i n en t gr e at pr i n t i n g .

fir ms l i k e H ar r i son Son s wh o enl ar ge an d co mp l et e t h e i r fo u n t s

t
,

of Or i en al t yp es , r ecei v e s u b s i d i es f ro m G ov er n me n t s or fro m
l t
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i r s a n d t h e s at i s f a ct i on w h i ch t h e y f eel wh en t h e
gi v en t o p r n t e
y
—
,

h av e d o n e a p u b l i c sp i r i t ed act of t hi s k i n d i s th e i r so l e r ew ar d .

That M ess r s Lo n gman ca s t at t h ei r o wn e x pe n s e t he fou n t of

t
.

E gy p t i an t yp e t h at w as u se d fo r p r i n t i ng B i r ch s
’

s ol i d Li s
o f H i er o gl y ph i cs
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an d h i s Di c i on ar y o f H i er o gl yp h i cs t an d

th i
, ,

t h at Me s s r s . H ar r i son s h av e cu t , a t e r o wn ex p en se , t he v er
y
e x t en s i v e an d c o mpl et e f ou n t of l i n ear hi e ro gl y p h i c t yp e s u se d

i n t he p r i n t i ng o f t h e p r esen w or k w e v er t ,
i ll r ed o u n d t o t he c r ed i t

o f t h e gr ea t co mp an y o f E n gl i sh p u b l i sh er s an d mast er-pr i n t ers

t l
.

D e di ca i on t he co o u r ed b or der w as dr aw n b y M r Al fr ed Cat on
l t t
. .

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t
,

r ece i v e d f ro m M r A E F i sh t he a b l e co mp osi or i n t he e mpl o y

t hi t
. . .
,

of M essr s H arr i so n s w h o s et t he t y p e of s D i c i o n ary H e h as

ll t
. .

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ti t
,

e x p er i e n ce h a v e r u mph ed o v er man y d i ffi cu l i e s an d made

t
,

th e p r oo f r ea d i n g e as i e r He i s a w o r hy s u cce s so r o f Mr M ab e y
gr ea t t t t yp
. .
,

M essrs H arr i so n s Or i en al Co mp o s i
’
or , w ho se t th e e

t t
.

G eorge Smi h mon u men The H i story f Ass ur

’

for s al w or k o

ban i pal L o n do n 1 87 1 an d of Mr Fi sh er w h o s et t h e t y p e for

t
.
, , ,

my t ex v ol u me of t h e B ook o f the D ead Lo n don , 1 8 94 p u bl i sh ed

t
, ,

b y t h e Tr u s t ees of t h e B r i i s h M u s eu m .

E RNE ST WAL LI S B U D GE
R
.

B I TI S H MU SE U M ,

F ebr u ary 2 5 th, 1 92 0 .

 A L I ST
O f t h e p r i n ci p al w o r ks u s ed i n the p r e p a r at i o n of t h i s D i ct i on ar y ,
an d of th e ab b r ev i a t i o n s of t he i r t i t l e s b y w h i ch t he y ar e
i n d i cat ed

U r ku n den des Al ten R ei chs bear bei tet v on K . S ethe .

Le i p z i g , 1 903 L a rg e 8 v o . .

H i eroglyphi sche U r ku n den der Gr i echi s ch-R omi schen Z ei t

bear bei tet von K S ethe L ei p z i g 1 904 L ar g e 8 v o . .
, . .

U r ku n den der dl teren Aethi open kon i ge bear bei tet von K
'

S ethe Lei p zi g 1 908

. L a r ge 8 v o ,
. .

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U r ku n den der 1 8 Dy n a sti c B dn de I I I u n d I V bear

—
,

bei tel von K S ethe L e i p zi g 1 906 09 La r g e 8 v o

. .
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t t
.

E di ed b y G S ei n do r ff )
t
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P ap N o 1 0 1 8 3 Th e h i erat i c t ex t w as
. . . .

p u bl i sh e d by B i r ch in S el ect P apy ri L o n do n 1 8 6 0
Vo l i i pl s 9—
. .
,

. 19 ,
. .

Wi l ki n so n
An ci en t
,

E
J G . The M an n ers .
, and C u stoms f
o the
gy pti an s E d B i r ch 3 v ol s 1 8 7 8 8v o
tt
. . . . . .

M ar i e e, A .
,
M on u men ts D i ver s , pl 1 4 . .

B u r ch ar dt M D i e Al tkan aa n di s chen F r emdwor te u n d

L ei p z i g 1 909—
.
, ,

E i gen n a men i mAegypti schen 1 0 4t o .

, . .

B i r ch S , E gypti a n Tex ts of the earl i est per i od f r om

.
,

the C ofii n of Ama mu i n the B r i ti sh M u s eu m Lon do n .

,

1 8 86 F ol i o
t
. .

Th e B o o k o f P r e cep s o f Amen -e m-ap t t he s o n o f

i

K a-n ekh t acco r di n g t o t h e P ap yru s i n t h e B r i t i sh

,

M u s e um ( N o .

N ewb err y P , . E .
, The Amher st P apy r i . L o n do n ,

1 8 9 4t o
9
t
. .

Th e An as t asi P a p yr i i n t h e B r i i sh M u seu m P ubl i sh ed .

b y S B i r ch .S el ect P apy r i i n the H i er ati c Char acter

.

f r omthe C ol l ecti on s of the B r i ti s h M u s eu m Lo n do n

l
.
,

M D CCC X L I I I Fo i o P 1 3 5 ff . . . .

A n n al es du S er vi ce des An ti qu i tes de l Egypte Cai ro

’ ’
.
,

Vol i . 1 900 4t o
. I n p ro gr ess . . .

U n gn a d A Ar amdi sche P apy ru s a u s E l ephan ti n e

,
.
, .

L ei p zi g 1 91 1 8v o ( N o 4 o f H i lf s bi i cher zu r
, . . .

K u n de des al ten Or i en ts ) .

Asi en M ii l l er W M ax A si en u n d E u r opa n ach al tdgypti schen

, .
,

D en kmdl en 8 93 8v o . L e i p zi g , 1 . .

A Z Z ei tschr if t f ur Agypti sche Spr ache u n d Al terthu msku n de

'

. .
.

L ei p zi g 4t o V ol i 1 8 6 3 I n p r o gr e s s
tl
. . . .
, .

B an i s h me n t S e e Th e t e x t i s fo un d i n B rugsch R ei se p l 2 2 , , . .

B ar s h ah . N ew b e r r y P E l B ers heh P a r t i b y N e wb e r r y a n d
, .
,
~
.

F r aser : P ar t i i b y N ew b e r r y G r i ffi t h an d F ras er , .

Lo n don ( u n dat ed) 4t o . .

l x x vii i P r i n ci pa l Works u s ed i n P r epar a ti on o f D i cti on ary .

B D Th e h i er ogl yp hi c t ex o f t h e Th eb an R ecen si on o f t h e t
l
. .

B ook o f t h e D ead S ee E A Wal i s B u dge The . . .

,

C hapter s of C omi ng F orth by D ay E di t ed wi th

t
.

a r a n sl a t i o n , v o cab ul ar y etc Lon don 1 8 98 , .

,
.

3 v ol s 8v o
t
. .

TH E B OO K O F T H E D E A D : P apy ru s of An i e d i ed by
l
,

E A Wal l i s B ud ge
. . L o n d o n 1 8 90 Fo io .
,
. .

B i r ch S P hotogr aphs of the P apy r u s of N ebsen i i n the

, .
,

B r i ti sh M u s eu m L o n do n 1 8 7 6 F ol i o .
,
. .

TH E B O O K O F T H E D E A D F acs i mi l es of the P apy r i of

H u n ef er An ha i K cr a sher a n d N etchemet wi th s uppl e
, , , ,

men tary tex t f r om the P apy ru s of N u Lo n do n

l
.
,

18 99 Fo io . .

B D . .
( S a I t e) . Th e h i ero gl yp h i c t ex t of t h e B oo k of t he D e a d a cco r d

Q§ ¥ g §
M

i n g t o t h e P a pyr u s of Au f-an kh M L L

I t was p u b l i sh ed b y R L ep si u s D as Todten bu ch der .

,

Aegypter n a ch demhi eroglyphi schen P apy r u s i n Tu r i n .

L ei p zi g 1 8 42 ,
.

B ru s ch H D i cti on n ai r e Géogr aphi qu e de l a n ci en n e

’

—
.
, ,

gy p te 2 v o l s L ei zi
p g 1 8
.
7 7 1 88 0 F ol i o .
, . .

R a w l i n so n H C The P e r si an Cu n ei form I n scri p t i on

, . .
,

a t B ehi s t u n d ecy p h e r e d a n d t ra n sl a t e d L o n do n .
,

1 8 46 8 v o ( F or mi n g v o l x o f t h e j
. ou r n al of the
. . .

R oy a l As i a ti c S oci ety ) S e e al so The S cu l ptu r es an d .

I n s cr i pti on s of D ar i u s the Great on the R ock of

B ehi s tzi n i n P er s i a E di e d an d t r an sl a t e d b y t h e t
t
.

l a t e P r o f L W K i n g assi s ed b y M r R C Th omp
. . .
, . . .

s on L o n do n 1 907
.
4t o , . .

B en i H as an N ew b err y P E , . .
, an d G . W . F r as e r ,
B en i H as an .

2 v ol s Lo n do n 4t o 1 8 93
tt
. .
, .

B er g I .
,
B erg I I . . v on B ergman n E rn s t R i e r D er S ar cophag des , ,

P a n chemi s i s i n t h e j a hr bu ch der K u n s thi s tor i s chen

S a mml u ngen des a l l er hbchsten K ai s er ha u s es 2 v ol s

’

. .

Vi en n a 1 8 8 3 - 4 4t o
t
. .
,

Egyp B i bl i othequ e E gyptol ogi qu e pu bl i ce s ou s l a D i r ecti on de

‘ '

B i bl
t
. .

G M asper o P ar i s 1 8 93 ( v ol i ) 8v o [At l eas

t
. .
, . . .

fo r y v o l u mes h av e app ear e d ]

B o ok of B r eat h i n gs B ri t . M u s P a p N o 999 5 B udge E A
. . .
, , . . W B OOK O F .
,

THE D E AD F a cs i mi l es o f the P apy r i of H u n ef er etc ,

.

L o n d on , 1 8 99 F ol i o . .

B ook of G at es . B o n o mi J an d Sh ar p e S The Al a ba ster S ar cophagu s

, .
, , .
,

of Oi men eptha h I S oa n e s M u seu m

’
n ow i n Si r , .

L o n do n 1 86 4 4t o ; B u dg e E , A W The .
,
. . .
,

E gypti a n H ea ven an d H el l L o n do n 1 906 , v ol i i .

,
. .

B r u gsch H R ecu ei l de M on u men ts Egypti en s

1 86 2 —
. .
, ,

Le i p z i g . P ar t s i a n d i i 3 4t o . . .

B r ii n n o w R E A C l a ss ified L i s t f al l si mpl e and

t
, . .
, o
C ompou n d C u n eif or m i deographs P ar s i - i i i
‘

et c
N
. .
,

Ley de n 1 88 7 —89 4t o Th e I
. . . D I CE S w er e p u b
l i s h e d i n 1 8 97 .
lx x x P r i n ci pa l Works u s ed i n P r epar ati on f
o D i cti on ary .

E b er s P a p E b ers G , P apy r os E bers

, das hermeti sche B u ch u ber
.

di e A rzen ei mi ttel der al ten Aegypter i n hi er ati scher

S chr i f t Mi t hi er ogl yphi sch -l at ei n i s ch em Gl oss ar
.

v on L S t er n 2 v ol s L ei p z i g 1 8 7 5 F ol i o
t
. . . . .
,

E b er s P ap V oc . . S ern , L Gl os s a r i u m H i er oglyphi cu m qu o papy r i

.
,

M edi ci n al i s hi er ati ci L i ps i ae asser vati cl a cl ar i ss i mo

E ber s edi ti ( P r i n t ed i n t he se co n d v ol u me o f t he
.

p r ece di n g w o rk )
J86
.

D ii mi ch en , Al tagypti sche Tempel -I ns chriften , v ol . I .

L e i p zi g 7 1 F ol i o
ti
, . .

Pe r e, W . M F . .
,
K optos . L on d o n ,
1 8 96 .
4t o pl 8 , . .

D av i s ,
N . de G .
, The R ock Tombs of E l Amarn a .

5 v ol s .
(v ol i .
,
L o n do n 4t o . .

M i i l l er W , E gyptol ogi cal R esearches R esu l ts

. M .
, ,
o
f
a j ou r n ey i n 1 904 Washi n gt o n P ubli cat i on of
t
. .

t h e C arn egi e I n s t i u t i o n No 53 1 902 4t o . . . . .

H i er oglyphi c Tex ts f r om E gypti a n S tel ae et c i n the

B r i ti sh M u s eu m P t s I —
.
, ,

V Lo n do n . . .
, 1 91 1 (p t i ) . .

F ol i o
t
.

E x com S t el e S t el e of t h e E x co mmu n i ca t i o n
t h e E gyp i an w in
t
. . no
M u seu m, Cai r o P u bl i sh ed b y M ari e t e M on u
men ts D i vers P ari s 1 8 7 2 —8 9 fol i o pl 1 0 Sch af er
.
,

.
, , , , ,

K l i o B d v i , p 2 8 7 ff
, an d i n U r ku n den der dl ter en
. . .

Aethi open kon i ge L ei p zi g 1 908 L ar ge 8v o

'

. . .
,

F ami n e S t el e B r u gs ch H D i e bi bl i schen s i eben j

, akr e der H u ngers n oth
.
,
.

L e i p zi g 1 8 9 1 8v o , . .

F es t s chri ft AE GY P TI AC A F estschr if t f ur Georg E bers zu m 1 M dre

’

. .
,

1 8 97 L ei p zi g 1 897 8V O
t
. . .
,

L eeman s P l ey t e W (an d o t hers ) E tu des Archeol ogi qu es dedi ees

'
F es s ch ri f t ,
’

. .
, ,

d C L eeman s . L ey den 1 88 5 4t o .
,
. .

G en E p i s t M asp er o G D u Gen re epi stol ai r e chez l es E gypti en s

'

. . .
, ,

P ar i s 1 8 7 2 8v o
’ '

de l epoqu e pharaon i qu e .
,
. .

G I
. . B r u gsch H Geogr aphi s che I n s chr i ften
,
D i e Geo
.
,

gr aphi c des Al ten Aegypten s Lei p zi g 1 8 5 7 4to .

, . .

G n os t i c G r i ffi t h F Ll an d Th omp son H F H The D emoti c

, . .
, ,
. . .
,

M agi cal P apy r u s of L on don an d L ei den L o n do n

1 904—
.
,

09 8 v o an d f o l i o . .

G ol é n i s ch eff W E pi gr aphi cal R es ul ts of an ex cu r si on ,

— t
.

to d i H amma mdt St P e e rs u r 8 8
b g 1 7 pp 5 79 6
—
. . , , .
,

p l a t es 1 18 .

G 01 P ap G ol én i scheff W L es P apy r u s hi erati qu es 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 6A

’

.
.
, .
, ,

et 1 1 1 6 13 de l E r m i tage I mper i al d S t P ters bou rg

’
‘
e . .

S t P é t ers b o u rg 1 9 1 3
. F ol i o ,
. .

N av i l l e E The S hr i n e of S af t cl -H en n eh an d the L a n d
, .
,

o Goshen
f Lo n d o n 1 88 7 4t o
J
. . .
,
’ ’

G r ee n e B F ou i l l es ex ecu tees d Thebes dan s l a nn ec

’ ’

. .
, ,

1 85 5 P ari s 1 8 5 5 F ol i o
t
. . .
,

B ri M u s P a pyr u s N O 9900
. . F or t h e facsi mil e s ee . .

B i rch S F acs i mi l e of an E gypti an H i er ati c P apy r u s

, .
,

of R ames es I I I i n the B r i ti sh M us eu m ( Gr eat H ar r i s

P apyr us) Lon don , 1 8 7 6 Long fol i o . . .

 P r i n ci pa l Works u s ed i n P r epa rati on o f D i cti on ary . lx xxi

H arr i s 5 00 B ri t . M u s P ap N o F acsi mi l es o f s ev er al p ages

. . . 1 006 0 .

o f t h i s p a py r u s h av e b een p u bli s h e d b y M as p er o ,

R oman s et P oes i es du P apy r u s H a rr i s N o 5 00 P ari s

’

.
, ,

9 an d C ha n ts d Amou r e t c P ar i s 1 8 8 3
’
1 87 , ,
.
, , .

H arri s 5 01 B ri t Mu s P ap N o 1 0042
. S ee Ch ab as F
. Le . . .
, .
,

P apy r u s M agi qu e H a rr i s Ch al on -su r -Saon e 1 8 6 0 , , .

4t o ; B u dge E A Wal l i s , F a csi mi l es of E gy pti a n ,

. .

H i erati c P apy r i i n the B r i ti s h M u s eu m Lo n don

F ol i o pp 3 4—
.
,

1 91 0 .
40 , . .

D er L on don er M edi zi n i sche P apy ru s

und der P apy r u s H ear s t L e i p zi g 1 9 1 2 4t o .
, . .

Te x t o f Her -he t ep A t ran scri p t o f t hi s t ex t i s gi v en .

b y M asp er o Tr oi s An n ees de F ou i l l es i n M emoi res

’ ’

, ,

de l a M i s s i on Archéol ogi qu e F r a npa i s e au C a i r e

1 88 1 —
,

84 P ari s 1 88 4 F o l i o p 1 3 7 ff
.
,
.
, . .

H or apol l o L eeman s C ,
H or apol l i n i s N i l oi H i er oglyphi ca edi di t
.
, ,

i tem hi er ogly phi cor u m i magi n es et i n di ces

a d eci tj . Ams t er d am 1 8 3 5 8v o ,
. .

H ymn Nil e M as p e r o Hy mn e a u N i l pu bl i c ci tr adu i t

, G .
,
a pres
l es deux tex tes du M u s ee B r i tan n i qu e
’

P ari s 1 8 68
t
. .
,

4t o (l i h o gr ap h ed ) a n d Hy mn e au N i l C ai r o .
91 2 , 1 .

The t e x t w as p u b l i s hed b y B r u gs ch R ei s e n a ch der

—
,

en Oa se K har a h L e i i 1 8 7 8 l 2 5 27
g ross g z
p g p .
, ,
. .

E rman A Hy mn en a n das D i adem der P har a on en

,
.
,

(i n Abh K P Akad der Wi ssen schaf ten B erl i n

. . . . .
,

1 91 1 4to ) . .

I . H . B i r ch S I n scr i pti on s i n the H i er ati c an d D emoti c

,
.
,

Cha r a cter f rom the C ol l ecti on s i n the B r i ti sh M u s eu m .

Lo n don 1 868 F ol i o , . .

I kh ern e fe r t Sch af er H D i e M y ster i en des Os i r i s i n Aby dos u n ter

, .
,

K on i g S esos tr i s I I I L ei p zi g 1 904 4t o [ I n v ol
’

. . .
, .

i v o f S e t h e s U n ters u chu ngen zu r Geschi chte u n d

’

Al ter tu ms ku n de Aegy pten s ]

I n scri p i o nt of D ari u s . S ee u n d er H y mn of D a ri u s .

I n scri p of Hen u L e p si u s C R D en kmal er Ab t h 11 B 1 1 5 o a an d

’

. . . .
, .
, , ,

G ol é n i s ch eff H ammdmdt pl 1 5 —1 7
t
. .
, ,

I s r ael S el e Th e i n s cr i p t i o n o f M er -en -P t ah w hi ch i s fo u n d on
-
t he b a ck o f a s el e o f A men — he t ep I I I (n o w i n Cai r o) t ,

p u bl i sh ed b y Sp i egel b e rg Aeg Z ei t Bd x x x i v ,
. .
, .

p 1 ff. .

P ar t he y a n d P i n dar I ti n er ar i u m An ton i n i , et H i er o
soly mi tan u m B erl i n 1 8 48 8v o .
,
. .

jou r n al Asi ati qu e P ari s I n pr ogr es s . . .

The j ou r n al of E gy pti a n Ar cha eol ogy v ol s , . i -i v . Lo n don ,

1 91 4 f 4t o I n pr ogr ess
t
. . .

G ri ffi h F M , f r om K ahun an d
. .
,
H i er ati c P apy r i
Gu r ob 2 v ol s .
4t o . Lo n d o n 1 8 9 8 , . .

P r i sse d Av en nes M on uments Egypti en s

’
P ari s , 1 8 47 , . .

F ol i o p l 2 1 , . .
l x x xii P r i n ci pal Works u s ed i n P repar a ti on o f D i cti on ary .

L acau L aca u S arcophages an ter i eu r es a u N ou vel E mpi r e

’

1 903 —
.
,

Cai ro ( A l me o f t h e r eat C ai ro
4
t t
.
,
v o u g .

M u seu m Ca al o gu e edi ed b y M asp ero ) .

Lagu s S t el e M ari et t e, A .
,
M on u men ts D i vers pl , . 1 4 .

L a n zo n e L an zon e R V ,
. .
,
D i zi on ar i o di M i tol ogi a E gi zi a ,

t s i —v Tu r i n 1 88 1 f 8v o
p . .
,
. .

La n zon e D omi ci l i o L an zon e R V Le D omi ci l e des E spr i ts ; P apy ru s da

, . .
,

M u s ée de Tu r i n P ari s 1 8 7 9 F ol i o .
,
. .

Leeman s P ap Eg L eeman s C and P l ey t e W P apy r u s E gy pti en

—
. . . .
, .
, , ,

L e y de n ,
1 83
9 1 905 .

Li b F u n
. . l
S chi ap ar el i I l L i br o dei F u n eral i r i cavato da
,
E
M m en ti i n edi ti pu bbl i cato Tav ol e Tu ri n
R m Fl
on u e . .

o e- oren ce 1 88 1 f ol i o ; S chi ap a rel l i E It , , ,

.
,

L i bro dei F u n eral i degl i an ti chi E gi zi an i tr a dotto e

com men ta to v ol i R o me-Tu r i n -F l or en ce 1 88 2 ,
.
, , ,

fol i o See al s o Atti del l a R Accademi a dei Li n cei

. .
,

a n n o CCL X X X VI I 1 8 90 S er i e Qu ar t a Cl asse . . .

di Sci en z e mo r al e s t o r i ch e e fil ol ogi ch e v ol v i i , , . .

R ome 1 8 90 , .

L D . . L e psi u s C D en kma l er au s Aegypten u n d Aethi opi en

, .
,

B erl i n 1 849 4t o an d t w el v e v ol u mes o f pl at es

, .
, ,

l a r ge f o l i o .

Le yden P a p . G ar di n er A H , The Admon i ti on s of an Egypti a n S age

. .
,

f r om a papy r u s i n L ei den ( P ap L ei den 3 44 r ect o ) .

,

L ei p zi g ,
1 909 .
4t o .

Li ebl ei n D i ct Li ebl ei n D i cti on n ai r e de n oms hi er ogly phi qu es v ol s

t
. .
, , ,

i a n d i i C h r i s i an i a 1 8 7 1 8 v o ; v o l s i i i an d i v
, , ,
.
,

Lei p zi g 1 8 92 8 v o , , .

L a L i tan i e du S ol ei l i n scr i pti on s r ecu ei l l i es dan s l es

tombea u x des r oi s d Thebes Lei p zi g 1 8 7 5 4t o .
, . .

Thi s s t el e w as p u b l i shed b y L ep si u s Au s wahl der ,

w i chti gs ten U r ku n den des a gypti s chen Al ter thu ms

’

B e r l i n 1 8 42 p l 9 P ri sse d Av en n es M on u men ts
’

, , , ,

Egypti en s P ari s 1 847 pl 7 a n d s e e M asp ero , ,

.
,

Tr ans S oc B i bl Ar ch v ol v p 5 5 5 ff
. . .
,
.
, . .

M ii l l er , W . Max ,
D i e L i ebespoes i e der a l ten Aegypter .

L ei p zi g ,
1 8 99 .
4t o .

The fu n erar y t ex t s of K i n g M er i -R é ( 0 <1 [I f]

i i . e .
,

P epi I , an d o f K i n g M er-e u -R a l O pu b
l i s h e d b y M as p ero L es I n scr i pti ons des P y r ami des de
S aqqar a h P ari s 1 8 94 4to ; an d by K S e he ,
, ,
,

, . t
D i e Al tagypti schen P y r a mi den tex te n ach den P api er
'

a bdr ucken u n d P hoto r a hi en des B erl i n er M u s eu m

g p
‘

s
2 v o l s 1 908 —
.

1 9 1 0 L e i p zi g
, 4t o ,
. .

Mar Ab y . . M ar i e t t e A , Aby dos descr i pti on des f ou i l l es

.
, . Vo l . i ,

P ar i s ,
1 86 9 Vo l i i P a ri s 1 8 80 F ol i o
. .
, , . .
 P r i n ci pal Works . u sed i n P repar a ti on o f D i cti on ary . l x x x i ii

M ar Ca t
. . M ari e t e, A t
C a tal ogu e g en er al des M on u men ts
’ ’

d Aby dos decou ver ts pendan t l es f ou i l l es de cette vi l l e

’ ’

P ari s , 1 880 . Fol i o .

M ar K ar M ar i e t t e A K a r n a k
’

etu de topographi qu e et archeol o

’

t
. . .
, ,

gi gu e L ei p z i g 1 8 7 5
. Te x t 4t o Wi h a v ol ume , . .

o f p l a t es f o l i o

t
.
,

M ar M D M ari et e A M on u men ts di vers recu ei l l i s en Egy pte et

P ari s 1 8 7 2 — t
. . . .
, ,

en N u bi e 89 F ol i o [ Wi h t ex t b y
.
,
. .

M asp er o ]
M ar i e t e A t
L es P apy ru s Egypti en s da M u s ée de
,

—
.
,

B ou l a 3 l P i 1 8 7 1 6 F ol i o
g v o s a r s , .
, ,
. .

M ar i e t t e A L es M astabas de l An ci en E mpi re
'
’
P an s
1 88 2 — t
. .
, , ,

85 F ol i o [The wo r k w a s edi ed b y
. .

M as p er o ]
Bl ackman A M , . .
, The R ock Tombs o f M ei r . L on don ,

1 91 4 .
4t o .

N av i ll e E , The S tor e-ci ty of P i thom an d the R ou te of

, . ,

the E x odu s L on do n 1 88 5 4t o An o t h e r t r an .
,
. .

s cr i p t o f t h e t e x t w i l l b e f o u n d i n Aeg Z ei ts chr if t .
,

B d x x x i i 1 8 94 p 7 4 ff
.
, ,
. .

M eren p t ah I D ii mi ch en J H i s tor i sche I n s chr if ten B d I B 1 2 ff ;

M ari ett e A K a rn ak pl l 5 2 —
. .
, .
, , ,

5 5 ; a n d de R o u gé
, .
, ,
.
,

I n s cr i pti on s H i er oglyphi qu es p 1 79 ff
’
. .
,

M e t he n . L ep si u s D en kmdl er Ab th I I
,
Bl l 3 7
— S ch afer , .
,
.

Aegypt I n schr iften a u s den K bn i gl M a s een eu B er l i n

'

. .

B d I B l l 68 7 3 —8 7
. S et h e U r ku n den i p 1 ff
, .
, , , , . .

G ol én i sch eff W D i e M etter n i chstel e i n der Or i gi n al gr ii s s e

, .
,

zu m ers ten M al her au sgeg eben L ei p zi g 1 8 77 4to .

, . .

M asp er o M emoi r es de l a M i ss i on Ar cheol ogi qu e F r a n

’ ’

pa i s e au C ai r e . P ari s . F ol i o . Vol i w as p u bl i shed

.

in 1 88 4 .

Di e B ei den Totenpapy ru s R hi n d des M u s eu ms zu

E di n burgh L ei p zi g 1 9 1 3 4t o .
, . .

L an z on e R V L es P apy r u s du L ac M oer i s
,
Tu ri n . .
,
.
,

1 8 96 F ol i o . .

N av il l e E Tex tes r el atif s au M y the d H oru s r ecu ei l l i s

’
.
, ,

dan s te templ e d E df ou G en ev a an d B asl e 1 8 7 0 F ol i o

’ '

. .
.
,

Th e .
fun er ar y t ex t s of K i n g N ef e r —k a-R a P ep i I I

(E ) l D D [U] 1 p u b l i s h ed b y M asp ero L es I n ,

s cr i
p ti on s des P y r a mi d es d e S a gqa r ah, P a ri s , 1 8 94 4t o , ,

and b y K S et h e , D i e al tagy pti schen P y r ami den tex te

.

n ach den P api er a bdru cken u n d P hotogr aphi en des

B erl i n er M u s eu ms 2 v ol s 1 908 1 9 1 0 L ei pzi g 4t o . .
— . . .

N as t as e n Lep si u s D en kmdl er Ab t h V pl 1 6
,
S ch af er D i e , .
, .
,

athi opi s che K on i gs i n schr if t des B erl i n er M u s eu ms

'

R egi er u ngs ber i cht des K on i gs N astes en des Gegn ers

des K amby ses L e i pz i g 1 901 4t o an d B u dge E A
l
. .
, , , ,

Wa l i s An n al s of N u bi an K i ngs Lon don 1 9 1 1 , p 1 40

, , ,
. .
lxx xiv P r i n ci pal Works u s ed i n P r epar a ti on o f D i cti on ary .

N esi A msu B u dge E , . A . W al l i s ,

On the H i erati c P apy r u s f
o N esi
Amsu a s cr i be i n the Templ e of Amen -R a a t Thebes
, ,

a bou t 3 05 B C Lo n don 1 8 9 1 4t o ( F r o m TH E .
, ,
.

AR C H ZE O I O G I A v ol l i i ) ; an d B u dge E A Wal l i s ,
.
, . .
,

F a cs i mi l es of E gypti an H i er ati c P apy r i i n the B r i ti sh

M u s eu m L on do n 1 9 1 0 F ol i o .
,
. .

N o r t hamp t on R ep or t t
Co mp on W G S S ( M arq u i s o f N or t hamp t o n ) an d
, . . . .
,

N e w b e rr y P B R eport on E x cava ti on s made at

, .
,

Thebes L o n don 1 908 4t o

.
,
. .

Ob el H at sh ep
. . L ep si u s C , ,
D en kmdl er Ab t h I I I B l l ,
.
, . 22 —2 4 .

Omb os M o r ga n de C a tal ogu e des M on u men ts ci i n s cr i pti on s

, J .
,

de l Egypte a n ti qu e v ol s i i and i i i Vi en n a 1 8 94
’

m
. .
, ,

99 4t 0
Th e fu n er ar y t ex s o f Ki n g P epi I p u bl i sh ed b y t .
M asp er o L es I P y rami des de S aqqar ah, n scr i pti on s des
,
,

P ar i s 1 8 94 4t o an d b y K Se h e D i e a l tagy pt , ,
. t ,

i s chen P y r ami den tex te n a ch den P api era bdrucken

'

u n d P hotographi en des B erl i n er M u seu m s 2 v ol s . .

1 908 —1 9 1 0 L e i p zi g 4t o
t
. . .

Tyl or an d G ri ffi h A hu as cl M edi n eh ,
The
Tomb of P aher i at E l K ab L o n do n 4t o .
, 1 8 94 . .

Sch afer H E i n B r u chsti i ck a l tdgypti s cher An n al en

,
.
,

(Au s dem An h an g z u den Abh an dl un gen der K On i gl .

P r eu ss Ak ademi e d er Wi ss en s ch af t en z u B erl i n v om
J
.

ahre B erl i n 1 902 4t o ,

. .

P ap . An h ai B u dge ,
E . A Wall i s ,
TH E B OO K OF TH E D E AD
F a cs i mi l es of the P apy r i of H u n ef er , Anhai ,
K erasher
‘

a n d N etchem et e t c L on don 1 8 99 .
,
. F 011 0
P ap An i F a cs i mi l e of the P apy r u s of An i i n the B r i ti sh M u s eu m
t
.

(e d E A Wal li s B udge) zu d edi i on L on don

.
, . .
,
.
,

1 8 90 F ol i o . .

P a p H u n e fer
. B u dge E A Wal l i s TH E B OO K O F TH E D E AD : F ac
, . .
,

si m i l es of the P apy r i of H u n ef er A n hai e t c Lon don , , .

,

1 8 99 F ol i o. .

G ar di n er A H The P apy ru s of An asta si I an d the

, . .
,

P apy ru s of K ol l er L ei p z i g 1 9 1 1 4to .
, . .

Ch ab as F L e P apy r u s M agi qu e H ar r i s
, Ch al on —
s ur .

Sa on e 1 86 0 4t o
t l
. .
,

B ri M u s P ap N o 1 001 0
. See B u dge E A Wal i s
. . . .
, . .
,

B OO K OF T H E D E AD ; Chapters of C omi ng F orth by

D ay v ol i p x v ff
t
. . . .
, ,

The P ap y ru s N ekh t i n t he B ri i sh M u seum (N o

of .

u n p u b l i sh e d .

Le p si u s C D en kmdl er Ab t h V i B l l 1 1 1 —
, .
,1 1 2 , an d , .
, .

E rman A Gesprach ei n es L eben s muden mi t

’

se e , .
,

s ei n er S eel e B erl i n 1 8 96 [F r om t he Abha n d .

, .

l u ngen o f t h e K onigl P r eu ss Aka d der Wi ssen . . .

s chaf ten zu B erl i n f or

 P r i n ci pal Works u s ed i n P r epar a ti on o f D i cti on ary . lxx x v

D i e K l agen des B a u er n b y F V ogel san g an d A H , . . .

G ar di n er L e i p zi g 1 908 4t o ( B erl i n M u s eu m ;
.
, .

H i er a ti sch e P apy r u s , 4 5 Li t t er ar i sch e Tex t e des

tt
M i l eren R ei ch e s) .
,

F or t he t ex t see M ar i e t t e, A .
,
M on u men ts D i ver s
r ecu ei l l i s en E gypte ci en N u bi e P ar i s , , 1 87 2— 89 ,

f o l i o pl l 1 - 6 , . an d S ch af er , U r ku n den i i i , . L ei p zi g ,

1 905 4t o p .
, . 1 ff .

P i eh lE I n scr i ti on s hi ér oglyphi qu es recu ei l l i es en

p t
.
, ,

E u rope et en E gypte, L e i p zi g an d S o ckh ol m, p t s i

—
.

an d i i 1 886 ; zu d S eri es 1 8 90 9 2 ;
, 3 r d S er i es , ,

1 8 95 —1 903 4t o . .

P i er re t ,
P .
,
R ecu ei l d i n scr i pti on s i ri edi tes du M a s ce
’ ' ’

Egypti en da L ou vre (i n E tu des Egyptol ogi qu es P ari s , .

1 8 3 — 8
7 7 .
4t o ) .

men emha t t t
Th e e x w i l l b e fo u n d i n S al l i er P ap N 0 I I p p 1 — 3
l t
. . .
, ,
’

S a l i er P ap N o I p 8 et c s ee t h e ar i cl e o n t h e
. .
, .
,
.

Mi l l i n ge n P apy ru s b y G r i ffit h F M i n Ae Z B d ,
. .
, . .
, .

3 4 3 5 ff ; M L e s E sei n em en ts
p as p e ro n g .
,

d Amen emha i t 1 d s on fil s S an ou asr i t Cai r o 1 904

’ "
.
,

P ri sse d Av en n es H i stoi r e de l Art Egypti en d apres

’ ’ ’ ‘

l es M on u men ts depu i s l es tem ps l es pl u s r ecu l es

’

j l a domi n ati on R omai n e ;

’
u s qu d Tex te par P
t
.

M a r chan don de l a F ay e Tex t (l arge 4t o) an d pl a es .

(f ol i o ) P ar i s 1 8 7 9 .
, .

F o r t he hi era t i c t e x t s e e P r i s se d Av e nn es F ac-s i mi l e
’

d u n P apy r u s Egy pti en en car acter es hi er ati qu es

’ ‘ ’

P a r i s 1 8 47 F ol i o , .

l
.

P r oceedi ngs of the S oci ety of B i bl i cal Ar chaeol ogy vo s

i — 1 8 7 9—
.
,

xl 1 91 8 L arge 8 v o
. . .

M ii l l er C Cl au di i P tol emaei Geogr aphi a 2 v ol s P ari s

, .
, , .
,

1 88 3 The Ta bu l ae t o t h e ab ov e w er e p ubl i sh e d
.

a t P a r i s i n 1 90 1 .

F acsi mi l e of t he P apy ru s of the merch an t Qen n a ,

eeman s
4
21 3 H p u bl i s h e d b y L
Q C P apy r u s
’ , .
,

E gypti en F u n er a i re H i ér oglyphi qu e (T 2 ) du M u s ée
’

d An ti qu i tes des P ay s B as d L ei de Le yden , 88 2

’ ’

. 1 .

F ol i o .

M as p er o G ,
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, M émoi r e su r qu el qu es P apy ru s du L ouvr e .

P ar i s , 1 87 5 .
4t o .

R aw l i n so n Si r H C C u n eif ormI n s cr i pti on s of Wester n

,
. .
,

As i a v o l i 1 8 6 1 ; v ol i i 1 866 ; v ol i i i 1 8 7 0 ;
, .
,
.
,
.
,

v ol i v 1 8 74 ; v ol v 1 8 8 0 84
.
,
Lon don F ol i o .
,
7 . . .

R evu e E gyptol ogi gu e ed R ev i l l o u t s e e u n der R ev , . .

M asp ero R ecu ei l de Tr avau x r el atif s d l a P hi l ol ogi e

,

et l Ar cheol ogi e Egypti en n es et Assy r i en n es , v ol i

’ ’

. .

P ari s 1 8 80 I n pr ogr es s ,
, .

I 2
lx x x vi P r i n ci pal Works u s ed i n P r epa r a ti on f
o D i cti on ary .

S pi e ge l b er g W R echn ungen , .
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S t ra ssb u rg 1 8 96 , .

B r u gsch R ei s e n ach der gr oss en Oase K hargah i n der

,

L i by s chen Wus te Le i p zi g 1 8 7 8
'

4t o .
, . .

P e l l e gr i n i , I l L i br o del l a R espi r azi on e . R ome ,

1 904 .

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s ou s .

B rugsch F C haba s , .
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an d E ug R evi l l ou t P r e mi er e
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An né e P ar i s 1 88 0 .
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ap
p e ar e d i n 1 91 2 .

R hi n d M a t h P a p . . B ri t M u s P a p N o 1 005 7
. B u dge E A Wal i s
. .
'

.
,
. . l ,

F a cs i mi l e of the R hi n d M athema ti cal P apy r u s i n the

B r i ti sh M u s eu m L o n don 1 8 98 F ol i o .
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R hi n d P a p . B i r ch S F acs i mi l es of two papy r i f ou n d i n a tomb a t

,
.
,

Thebes a n d a n a ccou n t o thei r di s cover

f y
by A H R L on don 1 8 6 3
. l o n g f ol i o ; B r u gsch
. .
, ,

Rhi rt d s z w ei B i l i ngu e P apy r i hi er a ti sch u n d de

’

moti s ch L ei p zi g 1 8 6 5 4t o .
,
. .

R os et t a Li t h o gr ap h co p y o f t h e R ose t t a S t o n e p u b l i sh ed b y t h e
So ci et y o f An t i q u ar i es Lo n do n 1 8 03 L a r g e f ol i o .
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S ee a l so t h e p h o t ogr ap hi c f a csi mil e i n B u dge The ,

R os etta S ton e v ol i Lo n do n 1 904 ,

. .
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R o s M on R osel l i n i I I M on u men ti del l E gi tto e del l a N u bi a

’

i x ( t ex t ) P i sa 1 8 3 2 —44 8 v o an d v ol s i —
. . .
, ,

v ol s i — . iii , , , , .

pl l l ar g e f o l i o
.
, [Th e o ri gi n al p r osp ect u s o f t hi s .

w or k w as p u bl i s h e d i n F r e n ch an d I t al i an i n 1 8 3 1
an d w as si gn ed b y Ch amp ol l i on l e e un e an d J ,

R os el l i ni ]
R o u ge Chr es t R o u ge E d e C hr estomathi e E gypti en n e ; P r emI er e
t
.
, , .
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p ar t i e (l i h o gr ap h ed) P ar i s 1 86 7 4t o ; D eu x i é me , , ,

F as ci cul e P ar i s 1 8 68 l arg e 8vo ; Tr oi si eme , , ,

F as ci cu l e P ar i s 1 8 7 5 l arge 8 v o , , , .

I n s cr i pti on s et N oti ces r ecu ei l l i es d E df ou ,

v ol s . i an d ii .

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R o u ge E d e I n scr i pti on s H i ér oglyphi qu es

'

, .
, co pi ees en
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P e t ri e , W . M F The R oy al Tombs
. .
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o the F i rs t Dy n as ty ,

3 v ol s . L o n don 1 900—1 4t o ,
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B ri t M u s P a p N o 1 01 8 5
. F a cs i mi l es o f t h e hi er a i c
. . . . t
t ex t s p u b l i s h e d b y B i r ch S el ect P apy r i Lo n do n , .
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1 8 43 .

Sal l i er I I B ri t M us P a p N o 82 F ac si mi l es o f t h ehi e r a t i c 1 01

t l
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t ex s p u b i sh ed b y B i rch S el ect P apy r i Lo n don , .

,

1 8 43 .

S al l i er I I I B ri t Mu s P a p N o 83 F a csi mi l es o f t h e hi e r a i c 1 01 t
t
. . . . .

t ex s p u b l i s h e d b y B i r ch S el ect P apy r i Lo n do n , .
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1 8 43 .
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S t el e of P t ol . I F o r t h e t ex t s ee M ari ett e M on u men ts D i vers p l , , . 1 4 ,

and A Z . .
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D en kmal er ,
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B l 1 3 6 (i )
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H .
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,
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demi e der Wi ss en schaf ten i n Wi en P hi l -H i s t K l ass e , .

,

B an d l i v ) .

B r u gsch H H i er oglyphi sch-D emoti s ches Wor t r bu ch e

v ol s v —
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, ,

vii . . L ei p zi g 1 88 0—8 2 4t o , . .

Th e f u n er ar y t ex t s of K
i ng Tet a o 0

D p u bl i sh e d b y
M as p ero L es I n scr i pti on s des P y r a mi des de S aqqa rah
,
,

P a r i s 1 8 94 4t o ; a n d b y K S e h e D i e Al tagy pt , . t ,
,

i schen P y r ami den tex te n ach den P api er a bdrucken

‘ '

u n d P hotogr aphi en des B erl i n er M u s eu m s 2 v ol s

—1 9 1 0
.
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1 908 . L ei p zi g 4t o , .

Tal l al —
‘
Amar n ah F o r t h e B ri i sh M u seu m Col l ec i on o f t h e Tal l al t t
Amar n ah Tab l e t s s ee B ezo l d a n d B u dge The Tel l ,

cl -Amar n a T a bl ets i n the B r i ti sh M u s eu m Lo n do n ,

t t
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1 8 92 8v o . F o r t h e t e x s o f a l l t h e t ab l e s i n .

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J
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,

A marn a L etter s B er li n 1 8 96 an d K n u dtzon , A,

Di e El—
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Amar n a Taf el n Lei p zi g 1 907 , , .

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B u dge E A Wal l i s The Tel l el
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Amarn a Ta bl ets i n the B r i ti sh M u s eu m wi th a u to ,

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Theban Ostr a ka , pt . i , H i e r a i c Tex t t s .

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1 86 1 4t o (Ar cha eol ogi a v ol x x x v i i i )

.
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,
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H i er ogly phi schen P apy ru s i n Tu r i n zu m

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N av i l l e E D as A egy pti s che Todten bu ch der 1 8ten bi s

t
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2 0ten Dy n as ti c B erli n 1 8 8 6 L a r ge 8 v o I n h re e
t
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v ol s Vol i Tex
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E i n l ei tu ng .

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l t t
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i l u s r a ed b y N de G D av i es L o n do n . . .
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1 9 5 1 .

4t o .
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Tomb R ameses L ef eb u r e E L es Hy pogees R oy a u x de Thebes Seco n de

’

of , .
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etc Di v i si on P u b l i é es av e c l a col l ab or a t i on d e MM
l
. . .

[ I n M emoi r es de
'

E d N av il l e e t E r n S ch i ap ar e l i
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l a M i s si on Ar chéol ogi qu e F r a nf ai se v ol i i i P ar i s , . .
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1 8 90 F ol i o ]
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Tomb of Se i I t B o u r i an t U Lo r e t V L efeb u r e E an d N av i l l e , E
, .
, , .
, , .
,
.
,

L e Tombeau de S eti I [ I n M emoi r es de l a M i s

’ ’

s i on Archeol ogi qu e F r a npa i s e i i L es Hy pogees

'

v ol
’

.
, ,

R oy a u x de Thebes P ar i s 1 8 86 F ol i o ] .
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Lep s i u s C R , . .
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D en kmdl er , Ab th i i i .
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’
.
, ,

des Cheti ter kon i gs B er l i n 1 902 8v o ( I n M i ttei l

'

1 902 —
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der Vorder a s i ati s chen -Gesel l schaf t 5

J
u ngen .
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7 a h r ga n g .

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y the
of B i bl i ca l Ar cha eol ogy ,

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9 L ar ge 8 v o . .

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t r an sl a t e d b y B u dge, E A W al l i s . . . The E gy pti a n

H ea ven an d H el l ,
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,
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M asp ero ,
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an d .

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91 2 . F ol i o .

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b y M asp e r o L es I n scr i pti on s des P y r ami des de S a q ,

qara h P a ri s 1 8 9 4, 4 t o an d b y K S e t h e D i e , , , .
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Al tagy pti s chen P y r ami den tex te n a ch den P api er

‘

a bdr ucken u n d P hotogr aphi en des B er l i n er M u s eu m

'

s .

2 v ol s 1 908 L ei p zi g, 4t o
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Ve r b u m V o c t
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t
. .
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N eu agypti schen u n d K opti schen v ol i L au l eh r e

'

.
, ,

v ol i i F o r men l ehr e ; v ol i i i , I n di ces (V o cab u l ar y )

.
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1 47 1 —1 448 L o n do n 1 900 4t o , . .

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t
.
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1 8 90 F ol i o ( B erl i n M u s e um : M i t den o r i en
t
. . . aus
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Wi l d Ca tt l e S car ab F r as erG , . W .
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N otes on S cara bs , v ol . x xi,

p 1 48 ff
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v ol s i —iv L ei p zi g 1 86 7—6 8
. .
4t o , . .

Zo di ac D en d . R
D E SC I P T I O D E N L
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E G Y P TE An i q u i é s , . t t v ol . iv . P ari s ,
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T h e f ol l o w i n g w o r k s , t h ou gh no t s p e ci a l l y i n d i ca t e d , h av e al s o

b een u s ed i n t h e p r e p a r at i o n of t h i s D i ct i o n ar y

Amél i n eau E ssai su r l cvol u ti on hi s tor i qu e ct phi l osophi qu e dcs

’ ’

i dces mor a l es dan s l Egypte a n ci en n e P ari s 1 8 95

' ’

é
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v0 .

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’ ’ ’

p
c oqu e 1 903
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, . L es n ou vel l es f ou i l l es .
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, . . avan t n otr e etu de

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s chi edcn c Gbtter L ei p zi g 1 905 f ol i o ; (3 ) S chr if t

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, , ,

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1 91 1 F ol i o ;
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o f
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thei r C l as s es . . .

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E gypt s P l a ce Lo n do n , . .
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8 6 7 pp
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E gypt s P l ace e t c v ol v Lo n do n
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, . .
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3 3 3 ]
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pp 3 3 , i bi d .
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B ou ri an t U ,
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B o u r i an t U ,
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F or schu ngen a uf dem Gebi ete der Aegypti s chen S chr i f t ,

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M en schengcs chl echtes n ach ei n er al tdgypti schen U eber ,

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B u dge E A ,
. . Wal l i s The M eu x C ol l ecti on o f E gypti a n An ti qu i ti es L o n do n .
,

1 8 93 4t o . .

B u dg e E A ,
. . Wal l i s The S ar cophagu s o f An khn esran ef erdb . Lo n do n , 1 88 5 .

4t o .

B u n se n C J E gy pt s P l ace i n U n i vers al H i story

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P i ep er M 1 9 1 2 (p t i ) 8vo
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B ur on , J . E x cerpta H i er oglyphi ca N o 1 Qahi r ah ( Ca i ro ) 1 8 2 5 , .

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28 L o n g 4t o
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x ci i Works a l s o u s ed i n P r epar ati on o f D i cti on ary .

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R ei sn er G H Amu l ets Cai r o 1 907

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D ar es s y G Os traca Ca i r o 1 9 01
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D aress y G F ou i l l es C ai r o 1 9 02
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D ares s y G C ercu ei l s C ai r o 1 909

Cai r o 1 903 —
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L acau P S ar cophages 2 v ol s
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, 08 , .
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L a cau P S tel es Cai ro 1 909

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L a n ge H O a n d S ch afe r H Gr a b u n d D en kstei n e
Cai r o 1 903 —
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M as p er o G S ar cophages Cai ro 1 908

,
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Chab as F , . L
’
Egyptol ogi e Sé ri e I
'

, . An n é es 1 —4 .

Ch ab as F , . Un e I n scr i pti on H i stor i qu c du r egn e de S eti I . 1 85 6 .

4t o .

Chab as F , . L es M ax i mes du S cr i be An i , v ol s . i an d ii .

Voy age d Egy pti en en Sy r i e ’

Ch ab as F ,
. P ar i s 1 8 66
un 4t o .
, . .

Champ ol l i on J F D i cti on n ai r e Egypti en P ari s 1 841 F ol i o

l
. . . . .
, ,

Ch amp ol l i on , J . F . Gr a mmai r e Egypti enn e P ar i s 1 83 6 Fo i o .

, . .

Ch amp ol l i o n M on u men ts dc l Egy ptc ct dc l a N n bi e P ar i s 1 8 47—

’

, J . F .
73 .
,

t ex t , 2 v ol s .
, s mal l f ol i o , pl at es ,
f our v ol s . i n l ar g e
f ol i o .

D av i es N de G
, . . The M as ta ba o f P tah H etep , 2 p ts . L o n do n . 1 900
4t o
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.

D av i es N de G The R ock Tombs of E l Amarn a 6 v ol s I 0n don

1 903 —
. . . .
, , ,

08 4t o . .

D el i t zsch F ,
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D escr i pti on dc l Egypte T e x t v ol s i — 82 1 —

’ '

,x xiv . . P ari s , 1 9 . 8v o . Pl at es 1 1
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D ev er i a, T . L e P apy r u s de N eb-qu ed . P ari s , 1 87 2 . Lo n g foli o .

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4t o .

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Aegy pten s . 1 877 . 8v o .

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1 8 8 4—
, 3 p ar t s . L e i p zi g ,
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E b ers G AE GY P TI AC A F es ts chr i f t f i i r G E bers m M arz

'

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1 8 97 . L ei p zi g 1 897 8v o , . .
 Works a l s o u s ed i n P r epar ati on o f D i cti on a ry . x ci ii

E g E x p F un d
. . Atl as o f An ci en t E gypt . Lo n do n ,
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E r ma n A ,
. Aegy pten u nd Aegypti s ches L eben i m Al terthu m .

Tii bi n gen ,
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G ard n er A H D i e E r zahl u ng des S i n uhe u n d di e H i rtenges chi chte

'

. . .
,

L ei p z i g 1 909 4t o , . .

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,
. .

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’

. Ox f o r d 91 1
, 4t o
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1 904 .

4t o
t t
.

G anh i er H L e L i vr e dcs R oi s d Egypte 3 p ar s [M emoi r es of t h e

’ '

. .
, ,

I n st F r a np d A r ch Or i en t
’
C ai r o Vol x v i i ]
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. . . . . .

G ay e ,
E . S tel es de l a X I I me dy n asti c P a ri s 1 8 8 6 4t o .
, . .

G ensl er F , . W . C . D i e Theban i schen Taf el n S ti i n dl i cher S ter n a ufgdnge .

L ei p zi g 1 8 7 2 4t o , . .

G r é b au t E Hy mn e d Amman -R a P a r i s 1 8 74 8v o
t
. . .
,
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,

G ri ffi h F L] A C ol l ecti on of H i er oglyphs Lo n don 1 8 98 4t o

G ri ffi t h
. . . . .
, ,

,
F Ll . . S tor i es of the H i gh P r i es ts of M emphi s Ox f or d 1 900 .
, .

8v o .

G r o ff , W . N . Etu de su r l c P apy r u s d Or bi n ey
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. P ar i s ,
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L e P apy r u s f u n er a i r e S ou ti mes
’

G u i eyss e , P .
, dc . P ari s , 1 8 77 .

L ef eb u r e E , . F ol i o .

H al l H R
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4t o .

H al l ,
H R . . C opti c an d Greek Tex ts o f the C hr i sti a n P er i od . Lo n do n ,
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m
. .

H am
'
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er , de C opi e figu ree d un r ou l ea u de papy ru s . V i en n a , 1 82 2 .

L on g 4t o .

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1 8 88 8v o . .
von S tn e H a-m-a s . L ei p z i g ,

H ess , JJ . . D er D emoti sche Tei l der dr ei spr achi gen I n s chr if t von
R os ette F r ei b u r g .
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, .

4t o .

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l

H o el sch er U , . . L ei p zi g ,
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4t o .

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, J . de ct de N ephthy s . P ari s , 1 866 .

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, . .

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’
L e L i vre dc qu i l y dan s t H a des
’

, cc a . P ari s , 1 8 94 .

8vo .

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Ki n g C ,
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N au vet E mpi r c F as c
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S ar cophages an ter i eu r es au 1 an d 2

Cai ro 1 9 03 —
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,

4 4t o
, . .

S tel es du N ou vel E mpi r e . Ca i r o , 1 909 4t o . .

L es P apy r u s du l ac M ,
acr i s . Tu ri n ,
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L es M on u men ts Egypti en s de l a B i bl i othequ e N a ti on al e

‘

v ol s i — P ari s 1 8 7 9—
,

iii
. 81 4t o .
,
. .

L e M y the Os i r i en p t s i an d i i P ar i s 1 8 7 4 8v o , . .
,
. .

Tr adu cti on compar ee des hy mn es au s ol ei l comp osa n t

’

‘
l e X V chapi tr e du R i tu el F u n er a i r e Egypti en
’

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,

1 8 68 4t o . .

L es Y eu x d H or u s Os i r i s P ari s
’

.
, 1 8 75 . 8v o .

L e L i vr e des Tr an sf or mati on s . P ar i s ,
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8v o .

Acl teste Tex te des Todten bu chs . B erl i n ,

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A u swahl der wi chti gs ten U r ku n den des Aegypti schen

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, . .

I n dex al pha beti qu c de tou s l es mots con ten u s dan s te

L i vr e des M orts p u bl i é p ar R
’
. L ep s i u s , d apr es l e
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§i QQ Qu e
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,
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a n d p l a t es Le i p zi g 1 8 7 5 .
,
.
4t o .

Il gr an de P api r o E gi zi o del l a B i bl i oteca Vati can o .

R o me 1 8 8 8 4t o ,
. .

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, . .

U n e E n qu ete j u di ci a i re d Thebes P a ri s 1 8 7 2 8v o
‘
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,

L es M omi es R oy al es de D ei r cl B ahar i [ I n M emoi res

’
.

of t h e F r en ch Ar ch a eol ogi cal M i ss i on i n C ai r o ,

v ol i ] . .

S ar cophages dcs Epoqu es P ersan es P tol emai qu es

’
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R
.

[S ee CAI O CATAL O G U E ]
L e P apy r u s dc L ey de I 3 47 G an d 1 885 4t o , .
, . .

H i stoi re C r i ti qu e du Gn osti ci sme v ol s i —i i i (t ex t , . an d

p l a t es) P ar i s 1 8 2 8 8v o
.
, . .

F ou i l l es d D a hchou r . V i en n a 8 95 ,
1 , 1 903 .
4to .

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4to .

D ei r cl B ahar i — , pts . i—
vi . L o n do n ,
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The E l even th Dy n asty Templ e at D ei r cl -B ahar i

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.

14 4t o , . .

F es ti va l H al l o f Os or kon I I . Lo n don ,
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em I I I
I n s cr i pti on H i stori qu e dc P i n odj . P ar i s 1 8 6 3 ,
.

4t o .
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Egypti an I n scr i pti on s f r om the B r i ti s h M u s eu m a n d

other s ou r ces L o nd o n p t i 1 8 3 7
.
p t i i 1 841 (Fi rs t
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, ,

S er i es ) S eco n d Se ri es 1 8 5 5 F ol i o , . .

S p i eg el b e r g , W . Aegyptol ogi sche R an dgl oss en zu m Al ten Tes ta men t .

S t r ass b u r g 1 9o4 8v o
, . .

Sp i egel b erg , W . C orr espon da n ces da temps des R oi s-P retr es P ar i s , .

1 8 95 4t o
. .

W D emoti sche S tu di en —1 0
_

S p i e g el b e r g , . . L ei p zi g ,
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4to .

S t ei n do r ff G , . D as Gra b dcs Ti . L ei p zi g , 1 91 3 .
4t o .

S t ei n do r ff G , . D er S a rg dcs S ebk—
o 4t o . B erl i n ,
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S t ern L ,
. The H i er ogly phi c-L a ti n Voca bul ary i n v ol i i . of t he
P apy r os E ber s L ei p z i g 1 8 7 5 F ol i o
.
, . .

Tyl or , JJ . . Wal l -D r awi ngs a n d M on u men ts of E l —

Lo n don 1 8 96 9 8 Fol i o — .
K ab
.
, 2 v ol s .

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1 907 4t o . .

We i l l ,
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. .

Wi edeman n , A . S amml u ng Al tagy pti s cher Worter wel che von K l a ssi s chen
Au tor en u ms chr i eben oder u bers etzt wor den s i n d .

L ei p z i g 1 8 8 3,8v o . .

Wi l ki n son , J . G . F acs i mi l e i n scr i pti on on a s ar cophagu s or mu mm

f
o an y
cas e .
[ B ri t M u s N o . .P u b l i s h ed b y B u dge
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,

E A Wal l i s F acs i mi l es of E gypti an H i erati c P apy r i

. .
,
.

L o n do n , 1 9 1 0 F ol i o
t
. .

Wil ki n so n , J . G . M ater i a H i eroglyphi ca . M al a, 1 82 8 .

4t o .
 A L I ST
Of th e mo s t fr eq u en t l y u s ed H i e r o gl y p h i c C h a r a c t e r s w i t h t h e i r

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as D e te r mi n a t i v e s an d I d eo gr a p h s .

M EN (S t an d i n g, S i tt i n g, Kn ee i n g l B o w i n g, L y i n g D o w n ) .

Nu mb er on e ti C Va lu e .

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r so n e r , ca p t i v e ,
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u ab
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po u r o ut wa t e r, ma ke a lib a ti o n .

car r
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g r e at bu t i n de fin i t e nu mbe r .

w ri t e .

t he bl e ss e d or ho y dea d l .

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t he ki ng ho l di n g t he .
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t he ki n g ho di ng t he l s ce
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t he ki ng ho l di ng th e w hi p A .

t he ki ng ho di ng t he whi p a n d l
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t he ki n g w e a r i n g t he W hi t e
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k i ng w e a ri ng t he W hi e and

ed C ro w n s ?
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t he s ce p t r e
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o C/za mcl er s .

S i gn i ficat i o n as

t he k i ng w e a r i ng t he R ed
C row n an d ho l di ng t he ob ecj t3 .

t he ki ng w ea r i ng t he W hi t e an d

R e d C ro w n s a nd ho l di ng t he

s ce
p t re l .

s he phe rd, n o mad ,

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sit as a ki ng l
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s he p s
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a n o bl e , ho n o u ra bl e , r e v e r e d,

s a i n t e d de a d .

s wi m .

l ie , re cl i n e .

khe r g fal l , de fe at , l
s au
gh t er .

s ckn e s s , v o
i mi t .

re ap .

W OM E N .

w o ma n , s a -t , I st a nd

sin
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l a dy o f hi g h ra n k, v e n e r

l
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ab e w o ma n .

9, 1 0.
wo ma n be at i ng a t mbo u ri n e
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and
p ayi ng a ha rp .

p re s e n t a t , in cha rg e o f, be l o ng

i ng to .
 A L ist f
o Cfia mcf er s .

Si gn i ficat i o n as

Ame n -R a , or R a-Ame n .

H e r u -aa khu t i ( H a rmakhi s ) ,

or

H o ru s o f t he T w o H o r i z o n s .

Ash Q
flQ —d
o r K he n s u

M o o n -g o
,
M MA 1
A
t he

t
.

T che hu t i ( T ho h) .

S et [l ufm ( v a r . or S et e sh

H S u t e kh [l
C
or
E D ,

An pu ( An u bi s ) .

2 9, 3 0, 3 1 K hn e mu ( K hn o u b i s ) Kh n o u mi s , ,

K hn u m K hn e ph e t c
l
.
, ,

H e p, o r Hapi , t he N i e -g o d .

3 3 , 3 4 S hu g o d
, of l i g ht and dr y n e s s .

B es , a S fi dan i g o d .

3 6 , 3 7 ,

S et as a w a r r i o r -g o d .

3 9 40 , t he B e n n u b i r d ( p ho e n i x ) .

M es t a , s o n of H o ru s .

Hap i , son o f H o rus .

e hse n u f , son o f H o r us .

Tu a mu t e f ,
so n of H o ru s .

t he H a r e -g o d .

As t or Set ( sis)
I .

N e b -t he -t ( N e ph th ys ) .
A L i st f
o H ’

zer o
g é p /zzk C/za meter s
f . cv

Si gn i fica t i o n as

t he s u n r i se .

I s i s H a ho r
, t o r a n y co w -g o dde s s .

N et ( N e i th
) .

t he go dde s s M aat .

t he g o dde s s N u t .

t he g o dde ss S e rq e t .

t he g o dde s s S e khme t .

t he g o dde s s An q e t .

t he g o dde ss S e s he ta .

of man y g o dde s s e s .

g ua r di a n o f o n e o f t he S e v e n
P yl

g o dde s s of U ppe r E g yp t .

g o dde ss o f L o w e r E g yp t .

B OD Y .

fir s t fo r e mo s t
, , t op o f a ny t hi n
g ,

n od .

ha i r of me n and ani ma s l ba d l
l l
, ,

a ck , want in ma n u
l l
, a c u na

s cr i p t s , co o u r , co mp e x i o n
l
.

o ck o f ha i r , s i de t r e ss .

be a rd é /za ées ,
.
i J ll .

r i g ht e ye , s e e , dn
cv i A L i st f
o C /za mct er s .

Si gn i ficati o n as

-‘J
s e e, [i n .

e
ye pa i n t ( é oé t )
~
.

g r i e f, t e a r, w e e p , r e m

l e ft e
ye , s ee .

b e a u i fu t l ,
ti n

see,
‘

b e hol d p et er ,
Da
di v i n e e
ye , ri
gh t e ye o f Ra ,
’
u to za t

o ޤ q

di v i n e e ye , l e ft e y e o f Ra .

t he two di v i n e e ye s , u tefia tt z,

§l fi Q]Q]l L , t he e ye s o f Ra t e , . .
,

t he S un a nd M oon .

n e e d, w ha t i s re
q u i re d tee!»c , s
ji .

t e a r- dr o p of di v i n e e ye .

p pi l o f t he de at h de s t r uc
t
u e ye , ,

ion .

s ee , ma a x k§ .

2
3 ,
24
e
ye b ro w .

ea r, mestc/zer ll fl 5‘

bre a he n o se t , n o s t ri l ; t he
o f a n t hi n
y g .

mo u th .

l ip .

the t w o l ip s .

3 0, 3 2
j
e e ct

da t i o n
s
pi t tl e,

mo i s t
vo

u re
mi
.
t , ef fl ux ex u

j a wu bo n e .

t he t w o j aw s .

s a t ff , t o s pe a k .
cv i i i A L i st of H ‘ ’

g yp fize Ch ar a ct er s
zer ot .

S i gn i ficati o n as

t
s re n
g h t , ru e , l di re c t .

ru e, l di r e ct g o v e rn , .

ha n d , t ake , re ce i v e .

p re s s - o w n d () P .

ha n d pa
”
, lm of t he han d ,
t e/za -t

Th e

s he p t ak e i n t he han d ,
r e ce i v e .

de w l] k
'

, aa a t a
,

g ra s
p l a
y h,
o d on l , a mm k h a

jJ
“
fing e r te/zeba ,
-n .

te n th o u san d, mm jJ
“
-n .

i g ht , t r ue me an , mi ddl e, aga
‘

Z
‘
k , w i t n e ss , testi mo n y ,

mete r k a

t a ke , t a ke a w a y .

l l
n ai s , c aw s , t a o ns l .

me n p re s e n t , o ffe r .

p ha ll us, fro n t ,
ma l e, mas cu li ne ,

p ro cre at e .

p r o cr e a t e .

he n p ro cre a t e .

l e ad, g u ide , s es /ze mn K as

t estic es l .

fe ma l e p ude nda , fe ma l e, w o ma n .

g
o, w a k, l e n er; t
ru n, w a k q u i ck yl l .
 A L i st f H
'

o /
g yp
ze r o /
zi e Caa r aet e r s . ci x

Si gn i ficat i o n as

co me o u t ,
go ou t,
g o ba ck , r e tu r n .

g b
ees Q
fill , u ar ru n, fl ee , foo t .

t ra n sg r e s s , i nv a de , a t t a ck .

s tab li h f l
s ,
a se ho o d, g e rg A a .

u ne m eat, de v o u r .

Q , Q ,

1 I 2

ho r s e .

bu ll , éa w .
k , ox , al t

Ap i s B u l l , s ac re d bu ll .

co w .

co w char
g i ng .

co w l yi g d
n ow n or bo u n d
s acr ifi ce

lig
.

co w ca v n .

co w s u c kl i g h n e r ca lf.

ca lf
.

yo u n g ra m , t hi rs t .

kudu ,
ra m so u , l , t he g o d K hn u m .
CX A L i st f
o H ' '

g typ /zze C/za r act er s

ze r o .

S i gn i ficati o n as

sacre d r a m o f Ame n .

o at
g

no b e ma n l , e ld er ; v ar .

kha n a ”
in t e r i o r, s ki n , hi de .

a
pe , mo n key .

ra
g e, fu ry .

da n c i ng ,
me r r i me n t .

sa cre d a pe , pra i s e .

fig ht , qu ar r e l .

a
pe be a r i ng s o ar l fa ce .

a
p e w e a r i n g R e d C ro w n .

a
p e o f T ho t h be ar i n g l
t h e so a r
E ye

hi ppo p o tm a us-
g o dde s s
( T a -u r t ,

T ho u e r i ) s .

h i pp o po tm a us .

li on .

re , ru

“
3 3 25
1 , Q9 :0

ne b U i mag e , s
ph i nx .

s
p hi n x

bo l t of a doo r .

t he l i o n-g o ds o f l as t e v e n i n

t hi s mo r n i ng .
g
cx ii A L i st f
o H i er og typ /zi e Caa r a cter s .

P AR T S O F A N I M AL S .

Si gn i ficati o n as

’
as s s he a d .

fo r e par t of bu ll .

bu ll .

t
b re a h , the fro n t of an y

t hi
nos e ,

ng .

t he n o s e , br eat h fro n t , .

t h r o a t a n d n e ck , head an d w i nd

pi pe , s wa ll ow .

co w - o
g ddess .

re s
p ec t , r e v e r e n ce , s m
fi 55
t [IQ
o .

t he t
E i g h G o ds ( K /zemen u M8 ?)
o f H e r mo po i s M ag na l .

wis k n o w l e dg e , s l ze s a

t
s re n t
g ,h po w e r .

1 4 , Q fo re par t , fr o n t .

t he li o n -g o ds o f y e t
s e rda
y e v en

i ng an d th i s mo r n i ng .

u n de r w o rl d .

2 1 ,
22 co mpan y , g ro u p .

s t re n g t h .
A L i st f
o H i er og typ /i i e Cé a i f
a eter s . cx i ii

Si gn i ficati o n as

cr o w n o f t he he a d a e x
, p .

’
N e w Y e ar s D ay at , r ea
pi t .

t he g o d K hn u m .

ra n k di g n i y hi g h po s i t i o n
, t , .

ho r n .

t u s k , t oo th .

he a r , e ar .

e nd , hi n de r p a r t , t
at a i n , r e ach .

i n ca n t tia on, e n cha n t me n t [zeka ,

i u
t h gh t t
.

i ,
s hou l de r ( )
P
. s re n
g h .

p u de n da o f a co w , fe ma l e .

co n s t e ll atio n M e s khe t ( G re a t
B e a r)
t
.

re
pea , bo ne .

s ki n , hide .

s ri t pe d o r v a ri e
g at e d hide .

s ho o t , ai m at , t ar
ge t .

tai l , r u mp , th o r n,
pr i ck l e,
g oad .

b o ne
t it
and fl e s h, fl e s h, j t oin , he i r
po s er y
t g l
.

on ue , e a de r .

s ma t h l g e un or l un
gs, u ni te ,
j
oin

g h
to et er

b ll
.

h
'

t s ki n in whi ch t he
lp
e u s

mesqa t
flfi
de ce ase d w a s ac e d ,

R fi
e '
cx i v A L i st
.

f
o H
i er og typai e C/i a r a cte r s .

B I RD S .

S i g ni fica t i o n as

H e ru ,
H o ru s ; ha w k bate ,

H o r us w i t h w hi p
'

H o r us -R a .

H aw k of g o ld ,
a ro
y l i l a t t e .

ki n g o f t he S ou h t a nd N o r th .

ki ng -g o d .

R a-H ar makhi s .

ri
g ht,r i g h -han d s i de t , t he We s t
A men t
l
.

U n de r Wo r d , K /zer -n eter .

H o ru s u n i t e r o f t he T w o L an ds
lt l
, ,

a ro
ya i t e .

2 0, 2 1 t he go d S e p .

22 23
fo r ms H o r u s -R a
’
of .

H o ru s or R a i n hi s d i s k .
cx v i A L i st f
o H i er og typ /zi c Caa z aeter s '
.

Nu mb er
S i gn i ficat i o n as

i bi s ,
t he g
i
od T ho h t , t c/t e/zu t i
fi ih

l h i ba k l k s o ul , di g .

sou s , l di v i n e sou s l .

nest .

l a ke w i t h w i d fo w l ‘
l , ne s t .

p h oe ni x be mi ,
J O g ,

fl oo d i n u n da t e
, .

fo o d fa t , t en .

du c k w a t e r fo w
, l fl
, i
y gn .

fl yi n
g ,
flt u t e r, ho v e r , al i
g ht .
 A L i st o
f H i e r og lyp /i i e C/za mcte r s . cx v n

Si g n i ficati o n as

qe ma , t he n fl t ut e r , ho v e r , a l i ght .

t c he b
‘

j J br i c k , se a l .

ur s wa ll g ow, re a t .

s m ll l i l
a , tt e .

me nkh S

ma u

fe a r , t e r ro r .

t he be a t ifie d sou l .

VII I .

P AR T S OF B I R D S .

g oo s e , du ck .

bi r d of pre y , mas cu li ne .

br i g ht , s hi n i n g , e tc .
,
l ik e

W ,
cx v i i i A L i s t ( y H i e r og typ /i i e D i a mete r s
‘
.

Si gn i ficati on as

s hu m § t
fe a he r ,
t r ut h , u
p r i g ht n e s s ,

t e g r i t y, ma at J ’

M a at i t he ,
t wo g o dde s s e s
T ru t h .

ar m c u b i t , ca r r y

m
.
,

s ha
( )
P
. l
c aw of b i rd , tl
a on

g t l l ( )
cu t t i n oo na i l , c a w P
.
,

w o me n , g o dde s s e s , ci t i e s

IX .

AM P H I B I A ( R E P TI L E S ) .

ri v e r t u rt l e .

mu li
t t u de .

c ro c o di l e, w r a t h, ra
ge .

s acre d cro co di e , t l he S u n -g o d ( )
P
.

S e be k fl
J c a, a C ro co di l e -g o d .

ki n g , At i I] a Il l] .

fro g , t he F rog -g o dde s s , H eqi t

M n8
l
.

t a dp o e , t he nu
. mbe r
fief en J a“

s erpe n t , g ddess
o
p ri e s te s s , .

fire -s p i t t i ng ser
pe n t or
g o dde s s .

t he g o dde s s M e hn i t .

g o dde s s .
cx x A L is t f
o H i er og typ/za Ci t a r a ete r s .

FI SH .

S i gn i fica t i o n as

fis h .

fis h , i
r se , mo u n t u
p fo ul
, ,

fig ht i n g fis h .

i
r se , mo un t u
p .

swi m , s hi n i n
g an
,

SW “ a de adl y fis h ( P) .

de a d bo dy .

cutt e l fis h ( P) . n ay -
B
.

a fis h .

ta t u s fish ( P) .

an te/i me r ld it tl
t
,
an o e

g o v e rn o r of a d i s r i ct .

I N SE C TS .

be e ho n e y ;
, ki n g of
.

t he N o r t h .

ki ng o f t he S o uth and N o rt h ,

N ew B at .

t he fl yi n
g be e t l e Ni e/fl
r er o D

s ca r a ba e u s sa f e r be co me ,
A L i st of H i e i og élp/zi e cx x 1
'

t c lu
P ho n e i Va e .

De t S i gn i fica t i o n as
ermi n a i ve o r I de ogra h t p .

fl yi g h
n , t e w i n ge d so a r l di s k
H B h
e r- e u te t

l i g ht i g
.

a n .

i n s e ct fo u n d i n mummi e s .

g ra s s ho ppe r .

s co rp i o n , bre a t he ; t he g o dde ss

S e rq l t I7 Il
l e

s co r
p i o g t
n w i h t he s i n fo r e t e r n i t y ,

/
s ze i z Q

T R E E S , P L A N T S , FL O W E R S , E T C .

tre e , sw e e t pl , e as a n t .

t re e .

pa lm t re e .

l
p ot of g rou n d wi h t a
pa lm a nd

a n acac i a t re e .

t re e , w o o d .

cu t t i ng wo o d .

g ro w mg g ra m p l a nt .

fl o u rish, b l mi n g ti me in
l l
oo e a r,
, y '

g e ne ra as t of k i ng s
,
ye a r a

re i
gn
tim
.

e .

fl o u r i s h , r eu
/b m m
a
.

l o ng tm i e .
(zx x n A L i st of H i er og typ tzi c C /i a r a ete r s .

Si gn i fica ti o n as

s
p ri n
g p l ant .

t ho r n , g o ad .

t he g o dde s s N e khe b i t a n d he r
to w n N e khe b
( G r E i l e i t hyi as
l
.

s A r ab Al -K ab
p o i )
l l
. .
,

ne n w r i t t e n w ro ng y i n a t er t i me s

p l ant o f t he S o u th ki n g ,

S ou th .

re s o t he S outh .

t he Sou h t .

p l a
y mu s i c mu s i c i a n ,
.

see fig

a
( a, e, i )

a dv a n c e
go , .

s e kh -t
fl ® l
fie d g a r de n , .

o ffe r i n
g , o bl a ti on .

l fl
m
fie d g a rde n , o od i n u n dat i o n , , ,

M fie l d i n t he o a t h ;
fie d i n t he l
p l a n t , v e g e ta b e , l
l t
c us er o f
pa pyru s

’
s wa mp t h e s wa mps i n
l
r us
p pya ,

t he D e t a , t he N o rt h .

t he S o u t h U ppe r E g ypt , .

t hQ
na c
P “
M i tch
“
j pa pyru s s a t lk .

a lp a nt o f t he S o u th .
cx x i v A L i st f
o H i er q q/y/b/i i e Cka r a eter s .

S i gn i fica t i o n
‘

as

r a na r
g y .

da t e . s we e t ne s s ,
pl e a s u re g r o w , .

s we e t ,
pl e as a n t .

fl o we r .

fig .

th
c er
P‘

j l
bu n d e o f p l a nt s or ve
ge t a b l es

bo u n da r y .

v i ne
y a r d, pe rg o l a .

union o f U ppe r an d Lo w e r
E g ypt .

H E AV E N , W AT E R .

hea v e n ,
sk
y , ce i li n
g , w ha t is
a bo v e .

t he ni h t sk
y w i t h a s t a r ha ng
g
l
i ng i ke a a mp fro m i t da r k l ,

n e ss n i ht
g
ll
.
,

ra i n o r de w fa i ng fro m t he sk
y .

t he s ky s l i ppi n
g do w n o v e r i t s
fo u r s u p po r t s , s t o r m hu r r i ca n e

l l ig h
, .

p ar k e s h i n e co r u sca t e
l l
s , , , t

ni n b ue - a ze d fa i e nc e
'

g g
l
, .

o n e ha f o f t he s ky

0 0 t he
S u n -g o d R a 3
l
. sun , ,

pe r i o d t i me i n g e n e ra
, .

(1 ,
Q0 ,
0, t he S u n -g o d R a .
 A L is t o
f H i er og typ/i i r C/za r aet er s
'

. CXX V

De t t
S i gn i ficat i o n as
e rmi n a i ve o r I de ogra ph .

ci rc e l .

hi n e r i s e ( of a l mi n ary) be i ng s
l
s ,
u ,

o f i g ht

l ight
.

s hi ne ,
en .

d re a d t he D o g -s t
fl
ar
p re
p a re .
y;
S e pti t é ll s

w i ng e d so ar l di s k .

23 l
w a k i n g di s k .

co ro n a t i o n o f a
2 4. 2 5 ri s e
( o f t he s un ) ,

ki ng
l y f ll m
.

26 n ea r u oo n .

c r e sce n t mo o n .

s
pa n , s aes p c m [l l] .

mo o n mo n t h ,
.

1k
mo nt h .

’
f
ha l f-mo n t h
‘
Q N t he
x i
w x .

3 5 s tar , mo r n i n g star, ho u r , ti me fo r
ra e ra
p y r,
p y
l
.

t he U n de r W o r d Tu a t , Q
m , m l a nd .

t he T w o La n ds Ta m i i e U ppe r , , . .,

a n d L o w e r E yp t
g
l l
.

Ta i u t he w o r d
"
a n ds , ,
.

41 fo re i g n c o u n t r y, t he de s e rt .

42 fo re i g n l an d w
43 E as t .

44 Wes t .

45 t c hu
P‘

] Ex tu mo un t a i n .
cx x v i A L ist o
f C/za r a r t er s .

Nu b m er . H i e ro g lyp h . P ho n e i t c lu
Va e .

De t Si gn i fica t i o n as
t
e rmi n a i ve o r I d eo ra h
g p .

46 19 1 ho r i zo n .

4 7. 4 8 E ff no me , di s t t
ric .

49 l and .

50 i
r ver ba n k .

51 t he e as t e r n a n d w e s t e r n ba n ks
t he Ni l e, i e E g ypt
l i mi
. . .
,

52 bo u n da ry , t .

it s
‘
53 , he r I o w a y, ro a d , r e mo t e .

54 t ra ve l , t ra v e ll e r, j ou rne
y a fa r .

57 D i mR ’ a m QR

58 59 .
D , m

62

wa t e r , w a t e ry mass o f t he s ky .

l ll e ct i o n of wa t
l
an

i tt
ca n a co er ;
, y
wr w ro ng y me t i me s fo r
l l l
en so

is and ov i n
'

aii C ) ov e , g
m
l l
.

c IE
,
a ke , me n ta w a t e r,
a
s ea, o rna
E J HIIBII é aen t

70 7 1 GE
ho ri zo n
, , ,
.

73 ho r i z o n .

74 t he t wo ho r i zo n s o f t he E a s t a nd

W es t
l
.

75 is a nd, da Il § .

br e a d , s acr i fic a i l ca ke .

7 7 78, , c: , t :
g o pass , , l ik e, si mi a r l .

80
83
,

» 84 O '
U po o l lk , a e , s he e t o f wa te r .

kha ® § s h ll fi he s , co c k e l .
A L is t f
o H i e r og /yp /zi c C/za r acter s .

S i gn i ficat i o n as

p l a a ce .

p l a ace o f t he g o d .

do o r g a t e w ay p ro t e ct e d by
, u ra e L

ti l t e of a lgl
e a o ffic i a l .

co u r t , u se é /zt , o f pa a ce o r l ma n s i o n .

wa ll .

ov er th ro w , t h ro w do w n .

W hi t e W a ll , An e b-he th
c , ze

M e mphi s .

fo r t re s s .

s hr i ne of a
g od w i th t he t wo
do o rs o pe n .

an
g l e , co r n e r , l
t i t e o f a n o ffic i a l ,

gen at .

ha p IR hi de , co n ce a l v ar . Q .

fu n e ra ry co ffe r .

py ra mi d .

o be li k s .

me mo r i a s l l a b, bo u n da r y t
l
s o ne ,

a n dma r k .

p i ll ar .

i ll l w ith o t us d pa pyrus
pi t l
a rs an
p
s h p d a e ca a s .

ca p i l f
tap i ll o ar .
 A L is t f
o H
i e r og /yfi bi c C/za r acte r s . cx x i x

S i gn i fica t i o n as

de co rate , a do rn .

o b e ctjm ( flonies
i n t ?) us e d i n bi r t h ce re

l l
.

hal , co u n c i c ha mbe r .

be n d , t w is t .

fe s t i v a l of
“
re n e w i n
g t he ki ng s
’

l if [zeb se t ,
“
fe s t i v a o f t he l
l
e,

tai

fe s t i v a l .

t
s a rw a i y , ste
p p e d hr o ne t , as c e n d .

o
pe n f do o n

do o r -bo l t .

t rav e l , g o, b r i ng , ca rr
y .

1> o <1 ,
m t che s t he s kn o t t o g e t he r .

t he god M e nu .

c ha p e l of t he Ki t .

do o r ( P) .

g re a t ho u s e . ca s tl e .

g l bl
P
an e o ck
( ) .
cx x x A L i st o
f H i e r og typfii c C/za r a et e r s .

S i gn i fic ati o n as

fu n e r a r y o ffe ri n g s of bre a d an d
be e n

do o r g a t e w a y
,
.

a S udan i ku bbah .

XV .

S H I P S , B O AT S , S AC R E D B O ATS , E T C .

ea ts , fi g
1 2'

l l
, ,

3 , 4 ,
3 9 , Q 2
,
bo a t ,
s hi p , t o sa i , t ra v e .

ca p s i z e , o v e r t u r n .

J a l o a de d bo a t .

bo a t of Ra .

bo a t o f t he
g o dde s s M a at .

1 1 , 1 2 sa i li n
g , to s a i l u
ps t re a m .

w i nd, a i r, bree ze bre a t h , .

aha _ n
} s t an d u p .

s te e r i ng po l e o r o a r, he lm .

r u dde r , v o i ce , s
pe e c h .

s he s p -
E
]
ses hp r e ce i v e , t a ke .

s he p E D
D

2 0, 2 1

s ac r e d bo at s fo r us e i n s hr i ne s
l
a n d i n r e i g i o u s pr o ce ss i o n s .
cx x x n A L i st f
o
m
H i e r og /j l zi e C/za r aet er s .

S i gn i fica t i on as

Il
fi’
hag u s fu n e rary t
che s

g
sa rco
'

or

fl
,
2 9, 3 cn
co n
3 1

3 2 re
g i o n
pl ace , .

3 3 t che ba
P‘

] J te ba s ubs t i t u t e , s u bs tit ut i o n , su
pp y l .

3 4 [l
pi ll l ig ht
ar , -t o w er .

3 5 v ar . of

40 “
fi fi bo o k ,
or A o ffe r
”
i ng .

41 S he s mu C ED R t he he ads ma n
o f O s i r is .

42 o il p re s s w i n e p re s s
, .

rn t che t s
qu e e ze p re s s , .

45

l
c o th i n
g , a
ppa re l .

l a mp -s ta n d .

ce r e mo n i a l u mbr e l l a .

49 s ha de , s ha do w o f t he li v n i g or

de a d
l l
.

50 s ca e s , ba a n ce , w e ig h .

51 me as u re r o f t he ho u r i mmi , 8.

52 53 , u t cha
}A -
A or ri
g h t , co r r e ct , j us t , e qu a b e l .

ra i s e u
p , ex a lt .
 A L i st f
o H i er og typ/i i e Cfia r a eter s . cx x x iii

S i gni ficati o n as

t ru e , r i g h t , t r u th , i n t eg ri t y .

s ta n d fo r s a c re d i mag es , e tc .

mi rro r .

w e i g h , ba l an ce .

XV II .

S AC R E D V E S S E L S AN D F U R N I TU RE .

l
a ta r w i t h b re a d and be e r on it .

s ta n d w i t h i ba t i o n l j a rs u
po n i t .

l
a t ar .

l
a t ar .

go d G o d , .

di v i n e mo th er .

So t e r, S a v i our g o d .

U n de r W or d l .

mi s ta ke fo r 11 .

t e be t $21 . j
sa cr e d o b e ct

l
w o rs hi p pe d i n
th i f
De t a , co n fo u n de d w i
m
s acr u of Os i ri s
t j
.

s ma u ni e , oi n .

sen
fl m t wo , fr i e n d b ro he r
, t , a s s o ci a t e .

l e ft a a t
’

q§l l e ft s id e , 3
9 ,
i ,

am I] k wha t i s i n , w ho i s i n .
cx x x i v A L i st f H i e r og typ ai c Cé a r a cte r s
'

o .

Nu mb er ,
S i gn i ficat i o n as

2 1 , 22 t he g o ddess of W i s do m , S e s ha t

ce n se r s a n ds t .

K hn e mu .

XV I l l .

C L OTH I N G C R O W N S , O R N AM E N T S E TC .

C I O W I]
’

C l OW l l
' '

<7 ;
(l t
a e
) co v e r i n
g fo r he a d n e ck .

t he s a me w i th u ra e u s , s
y mb o l
ro
ya l t y
l lm
.

ro ya w a r he e t, é aeper s/i g .

cr o w n of t he S ou t h U pp e r
t
or

E g yp .

4 69 U ppe r E g yp t .

“ “
net g (l ate ) cro w n of t he N o r th o r L owe r

c r o w n s o f t he S ou h t a nd N o rt h
u n i t e d s eé /zemt i l ®
l
, k (i .

co r d .

co r d mea s u re , t he nu mber one

hu n dre d
lp
.

p a i r of u me s , s /zzct i il
he lm et wi t h pl u mes .
cx x x v i A L i st o
f H i er og éfp /zi c C/za r acter s .

Si gn i ficati o n as

khe b S J
u n i te , su m up , a t o ta l .

li ve, l i fe .

sea l -
c
yl i n de r, sea l l bl
,
v a ua es .

s e a -c l yl i nde r w i th co rd l w ha t
l
, sea ,

is pu t u n de r s e a .

‘
co u n t e r oise
”
of ll t he
l l
co ar ,

mei za t mbo
ld
i of
'

ea
M
o
, sy p
s u re a n d a n es s
g .

kap w
k i nce n s e , ce n s e .

5 2, 53 p ro v ide ,
su
ppl y .

s i s t ru m .

mi ghty po w e r fu di re ct r u l l
l
e,

t
, , ,

e mb e m o f a u tho ri y s ce p t re , .

pre s e n t , o ffe r .

ri
g ht s ide , t he W est .

fa n y flpp
fl er , ai r
- a .
,

bo x t ha t l
he d t he he ad o f O s i r i s .

di s t r i c t o f t he he ad bo x of O s i ri s ,

Abydo s .

r u l e , re i n, o v e rn
g g .

he e p and
s
g o at s .

Q ll , mJ
t cha s ce
pt re , fin e g o d l , s e re n i t
y .

T he be s , U a st

s t re n
g t h , s ro n
g t .

t er m of H o ru s .
A L i st f
o H i e r og /yp/zi c C/ca r a ct er s . cx x x v i i

S i gn i fica t i o n as

s
y mbo l of U ppe r E g ypt .

s
ymbo l of L o w e r E g yp t .

w hi p .

t he firs t bo rn s on of O s i r i s Ba ba ,

IR IS
V Vhi t e C ro w n w i t h co rd .

pe c o ra t l( ) P
.

“
fri ng e o f t he ba n ne r of t he
- H o r u -na m
s e s o f ki n g s , as in

. . J as s s
'
l o ad in a car a v a n .

AR M S .

bo o me ra ng , t hr o w , fo r e i g n
n at i o ns .

ke e p w a t ch be ,
a w ak e .

pi ll pp t III h f
ar s u or t e ou r pi ll a rs

ofh e av e n

l mi y di t
.

ca a t , s as e r .

ca r t
pe n k i
’
e r s ax e , wo r n wood .

b t l
a t e -a x e .

firs t , fo re mo s t , at t he he a d .

s ci mi t a r , sh o r t , cu rv e d s w o rd .
cx x x v iii '

A L i st f
o

Si gn i ficat i o n as

mo o r i n g i n po r t arr i v e

l
a n d di e , e nd a o u r n e y
po s t ,

j , to

t
.
,

Cu t i n s c r i be a n a me de s i g n a
, ,
e .

kn i fe a nd b l o c k , s a u ht e r
g l .

a g o ry k n i fe , l
s a ug h e r t
ho n e l
s a ug h e r , t ma s sacr e .

r a zo r s ha v e .

s aul g ht e r .

bo w .

N u bi a n bo w s y mbo o f N u b i a , l
a n d t he E y t i a n S fi dan
g p
t t t
.

e x e n d s r ea d o u t s r e ch o u t
p , , .

a r r o w , s ho o t .

s m
y bo l o f t he
g o dde s s N e i th as

hu n t r e s s
t t
.

a rr o w i n h i de of a be a s ,
hu n .

arro w s a n d t a rg e t .

s
p ea r p i ke , ,
s t a b, t ra n s fix .

ba ck, a t t he -ba ck o f, hi n de r pa r t .

g rea t .

a co ll e ct i o n o f w e a po ns .

cha r i o t .

t ar
g et
( ) me mo r i a
P
. l tls e e .
cx l A L i st o
f H i e r og /yp fii c C/za r acter s .

Si gn i fic at i o n as

me tal mi ne ra l he a v y s u b s t a n ce ,

t l
, ,

w e i g h y, sa t, s o da .

jg
‘
‘
t cha fire s t i ck o r d rl l l .

“
u t cha
jk
w o rk i n w o o d e x ce e n ll t fine
l
, , ,

s
p e n di d .

me r s i ck d i s e a se d pyra mi d
, , .

ha nd i craft , w o rkma n sh i p .

o pe n , make a w ay or pas s ag e .

9 w a rd o ff, ke e p a way .

rub do w n to a po w de r g r i n d , .

pi ke harpo o n , , t he n u mbe r o ne .

t he g o dde s s N e i th .

razo r , s ha v e .

ll
fo o w as a fr i e n d o r se rv ant .

h ll
q es A I
I , q e rs
[I o o w r e e d, bo n e , to bu r y

w o r ke r i n s to n e or me tal me , tl
a

fo u n de r, s cu l pto r , a rt i s a n o f
H o rus
l l
.

c aw , t a o n .

=fi .

g o ld of e v e ry de g re e
( n u b) .

l
s i ve r .

l
g o d tc/i am J , R .
 A L i st f
o H j/zi c C /za r acter s
i er og tyj . cx li
Si gn i fica ti on as

5 : ma a R R — n t r u t h, r i
g ht .

w e av e , net
( )
'

s n a re .

he m j
R

XX I
W OV E N WOR K , P L AI T E D AR T I C L E S .

co r d .

me as u r i ng co r d t he n u mbe r o n e
hu ndre d .

l
c aw, ta onl .

w i de , bro a d, s
paci o u s .

di g n i t y, hi g h ra n k, wo r h t .

t ie , bi n d , co r da
ge .

co n s t r a i n e d , su ffe r i ng .

pa cke t , s ma ll b dl un e , s a che t .

g e rmi na t e , g ro w .

ro ll of
papyr u s , t ie u
p , bi n d
.

g e t h e r, co me t o an e nd .

fil l , co mp e te l .

t a ke , a cce
pt, r e ce i v e .

t he g o dde s s N ei th .

an t ch j j
‘
s o u n d, lt
he a hy .

t he go d At m M; e
é]
y
.
cx lii A L i st f
o H i e r og ty/fi/zi c C/za r a ct er s .

Si gn i ficati o n as

fo u n da t i o n .

mag i ca l p t ti
ro e c o n, a mu l et ( sa ) .

s he n t m m

kn o t t e d co r d, mag i ca lk no t
( sa ) .

s e t,
pl ac e ,
p u t , s ta b li h s .

is o ft e n w ri t t en fo r Io i r .

o ffe r i ng , o b a l ti o n , sa cr i fice .

a si
g n co mpo s e d o f z: an d

I t o ccu rs o n s arco phagu s N o 3 2 .

i n the B r i t i s h M u s e u m a n d was ,

c u t o n i t w he n t he sa rc o p hag u s

of Q u e e n An khn e s n e fe r abra
w as u s u rp e d by a ma n .

l c i r cl e ro u n d, t
l
r e v o ve , re u r n ,

t he bo w e s, t he w e i g ht teben
S
J

s e i ze , r as , ca t u re , co n qu e r
g p p .

s wa th mu mmy e mba ma bo dy l
i th t
e a ,

w p i ce s e t c t he
t
un uen s, s
g , .
,

de a d , t o co u n u
p r e cko n
, .

i nce n s e .

s ki n o f a n a n i ma ( P) l .
cx li v A L is t f
o H i er og typ /zzc C/za r a cter s .

S i g n i fica ti o n as

lib ti a on p ri es t, c ea n ,l p u r e ho y ,
l .

l
c e an , ce r e mo n i a l y pu re l ,
hol y .

a s, l ik e, si mi l ar .

v as e , v e sse l , po t g o dde s s q u e e n , , ,

mi s t res s ; b ro ad s p aci ou s w i de
l
, , .

bre ad ,
ca k e , o a f, bre ad-o ffe r i ng .

p o t e ryt l a mp ( P) .

fl a me , fir e he a t , .

v ase o f bu rn i ng i n ce n s e ( ) P
.

l i mi t, bo u n dary .

ba s ke t , r e ce
pta cl e

fe s t i v a l .

t i tl e o f p r i e s t é /t er i
a

w ho ha th cha rg e o f t he
”
v al .

a n o ffe r i n g .

v U ra i n o f al l k i n ds
3
g .
 A L i st f
o H i e r og typ/t i c C/i a r a cte r s . cx v l
S i gn i ficati o n as

c a tt e l .

6 1, 6 2
l i n s t o n e t he ci t of Abu
.

l
v e ss e s , y
or E e pha n t i ne .

64 po tte r y
co v e rs , e t c
j a rs ,

.
sto n e j ars wi th

a ki n d of p ri e s t .

hea t fir e fu r n a ce
, , .

me tl a , e s pe ci a ll y co
pp e r or

br o n z e .

t he g o dde s s N e he b-ka .

XX I I I .

O FF E RI N G S , C AK E S , E T C .

brea d , ca ke .

t he to wn N e khe n ( E i l e i th i
l
po i s ) .
y as

bre a d , ca k e fa t he r .

br e a d , ca ke , s he w bread ; p ri
me v al ti me .

e n n ea d .

i
c rc e , l di s k .

1 2, 1 3 ti me .

i
s ev e .

i
r v er ba n k , la nd .

g i v e p re s e n
, t .
 l
cx v i A L i st f
o H i er og typai c Caa r a ct er s .

XXIV

WR I T I N G M U S I C AL I N S T RU M E N T S , G AM E S .

Si gn i ficat i o n
N u mb e
as

s c r i be s
’
w r i t i ng o u t fit , w ri t e,

w r i i ng ; t d o w n t o p o w de r
rub ,

o l i s h ; v a r i e g a t e d s t up i d
p ,
.

ll of i e d r o u n d t he t
l t
ru s
ro
p p y a

mi dd e bo o k dee d do cu me n
, , , ,

re i s t e r ; o f t he a b s t rac t ; g ro u p
g
t o g e he r t .

bag , s ack .

ha rp , z i t he r .

s i s ru t m , ca s t a n e t s .

g o o dn e ss , happi ne s s .

t he g od N e fe r -T e m I t ; 421 g .

r e co
g n i ze k n o w , , u n de rs an d t .

dra u ght bo a rd .

dra u g ht s man .

X XV .

S TR O KE S D O U B TF U L OB J E C T S .

si a dde d fo r of
a
gn p u r p o se s
ymme t r y f e
i)
s e e tc
, .
g .
, , , .

si
g n o f t he l l p u ra .

si
g n o f h d l t e ua .

a
p ai r o f t lli a es C3 , co u n t t ll
, a
y ,

r ec ko n ,
pa ss by dep ar t , , etc .

t he n u mbe r te n .
 cx v l ii i

THE COPTI C A L P H A BE T .

ti ( di )
T he l t
as se ve n l tt
e e rs are de ri ve d fro m E g ypt lyp ( t u
i an hi e rog hs h ro gh D e mo i t c) t u ; h s :
g fro m

m
q f ro m n;
a

( f) , g! ) f ro
1 , g) m
fro
g m
A (,
m x fro ,
fro T from A_ JJ
a ly
T hi s s i gn p t t he G re e k s i gn
[
3
Ba a, lu and has t he i si x it is
u um l
re re se n s va e C OO T , . e. , on

s e d as a n

l tt l l u m c l lu c t u l
e ra .

I Whe n a e er has a d ou b e i ne o v er i t, i t s n e ri a va e is in rea se d a ho sa n dfo d, eg ,

A. 1 0 0 0, 6 2 000, e tc .
 THE S Y R I AC A LP H A B E T .

SYR I AC N AM E S O F T H E SAM E .

V AL U E .

Aaf l
B eth

G ama]

D al at h, D al adh

Hé
W aw
Z a i , Z e n Or Z ayn
,

K heth

Tet h
Y odh

Kaf
L amadh

Mim
N On

Se mkath
‘
E
Pé

sadhe
K of
sh
R es h ( R i )
Shi n

T aw
 c l ii
THE ET HIOP IC S Y L L A B A RY .

n
-
f

j
e
-
p
x
w
h
u
‘

a
o
o

o
s

m
fi
q

E T H I O P I C D I PH T H ON G S .

‘
71 k m 71 ' k ué p . ku a

7 L g ut r g ué 1 S ufi

rt q ui T I
q ué a qu é
kh ui k hu e kh ua
kl i ua fi t. a
n .
j ,

N U M E R AL S .

10
!
I
7 20
l

S 0
l
3
 c l iii
TH E A M H A R I C S Y L L A BA R Y .

I
‘
Gl z 4 R AB ? 5 mi n i s sA ms 7 S AB I
‘

hi hé h, hl , hé
li li I, II , l é
hi hé l ) ,
hi , h é
mi me 111 , mi mé ,

sé p ) s , 5 7, s é

ri ré r, ri , ré

si sé s , 5 1, s é

s hi l
s i a s hé s h , s hi , s hé

qi
A

qe qé
bi ll bé b bl hé
t
.
) ,

ti ti , t é

tc
,

hi t c h, t chl , t ché

kl i i kh , khl , kli é
n , 11 1, n é

ii , i l , he
T
’ , l
I é

k, kT, k é
kh , khi khé ’

w , WI , wé

I, 6
t ‘ (
,

z , z l , zé

d zi d z, d zi , d zé

y . y r. y é
d, di , dé
dg , dgi , dg é

g , g t, s é
9 ti . t C ‘

tc hi t ch , tc hi , t c h é
“
pt. p t
?

13 .

s , sl ,
se

q f, n, {S
T pt. 9 5

AM H A R I C D I P I I T H O N G S .

3: qu a 5k q ué qw q ui , q u é
i kh u a 1 kh u e "

L, kl i ul , kh ué
h .
ku a '
n\ k ui , kuC ‘

g ut, g u é
 k A k

k j l 51 k j l fir M
k QQ{3
Q s a t ll ed ox

LR II Q llfis llll g
s
‘

a fifi
.

Rec
“
x i i i éi l t rp M
M
It 51 513 ?
4, 41,
.
fo re i gn er, i n
m g

er r e e r ( P) t
s ag ; H e b
O

Co pt
,

Ara b J V)

y
. .
. . .
,

M (l g Ass r a i /u

m
afi fi -t é, ,
AZ .
46, 1 43 ; . .

§
K

k j
Q
[1g R ec I 4, 42,
b b
fore i gn er , a i sh
q
q 51§ 3 ,
R ev . 1 2, 44 ,

t uc p
.

ar a ri a n .

w
r e Co t e xg
ge
A bul
.

§
.

i afi [la L fi J W M 4] ,
T hes 1 2 03 ,

k qq re e d,

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Ame n $ 5 0

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c t t M
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t t b um t tl
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P
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meared
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