04/01/23, 12:19 (PDF) The science of fake news

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The science of fake news

March 2018 · Science 359(6380):1094-1096

DOI:10.1126/science.aao2998

Authors:

Matthew Baum
David M. J. Lazer Yochai Benkler Adam J. Berinsky
Harvard University

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Citations (2,426) References (19)

Abstract

Addressing fake news requires a multidisciplinary effort

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04/01/23, 12:19
SOCIAL SCIENCE
The science of fake news
Addressing fake news requires a multidisciplinary effort
By David Lazer, Matthew Baum, Yochai
Benkler, Adam Berinsky, Kelly Greenhill,
Filippo Menczer, Miriam Metzger,
Brendan Nyhan, Gordon Pennycook, David
Rothschild, Michael Schudson, Steven
Sloman, Cass Sunstein, Emily Thorson,
Duncan Watts, Jonathan Zittrain
T
he rise of fake news highlights the
erosion of long-standing institutional
bulwarks against misinformation in
the internet age. Concern over the
problem is global. However, little is
known regarding fundamental issues
about the vulnerabilities of individuals, in-
stitutions, and society to manipulations by
malicious actors. Below we discuss extant
social and computer science research regard-
ing belief in fake news and the mechanisms
by which it spreads. We focus on unanswered
The list of author affiliations is provided in the supplementary
materials. Email: d.lazer@neu.edu
2 8 MARCH 2018 • VOL 359 ISSUE 6380
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323650280_The_science_of_fake_news
(PDF) The science of fake news
scientific questions raised by the prolifera-
tion of its most recent, politically oriented in-
carnation. Beyond selected references in the
text, suggested further reading can be found
in the supplementary materials.
WHAT IS FAKE NEWS?
We define “fake news” to be fabricated in-
formation that mimics news media content
in form but not in organizational process or
intent. Fake news outlets, in turn, lack the
news media’s editorial norms and processes
for ensuring the accuracy and credibility of
information. Fake news overlaps with other
information disorders, such as misinforma-
tion (false or misleading information) and
disinformation (false information that is pur-
posely spread to deceive people).
Fake news has primarily drawn recent at-
tention in a political context, but it also has
been documented in information promul-
gated about topics such as vaccination, nu-
trition, and stock values. It is particularly
pernicious in that it is parasitic on stan
news outlets, simultaneously benefiting f
and undermining their credibility.
Our definition of fake news make
assumptions about the characteristic
sources or amplification strategies. Som
notably First Draft and Facebook favor “
news” because of the use of fake news
political weapon (1). We have retained i
cause of its value as a scientific construct
because its political salience draws atten
to an important subject.
THE HISTORICAL SETTING
Journalistic norms of objectivity and bal
arose as a backlash among journalists ag
the widespread use of propaganda in W
War I (particularly their own role in pr
gating it) and the rise of corporate pu
relations in the 1920s. Local and nationa
gopolies created by the dominant 20th
tury technologies of information distribu
(print and broadcast) sustained these no
The internet has reduced many of those
straints on news dissemination. This al
outlets that do not embody these norm
compete online with those that do so mor
fectively than was possible offline. It has
tributed to the abandonment of traditi
news sources that had enjoyed high leve
public trust and credibility. General tru
sciencemag.org SCIE
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04/01/23, 12:19 (PDF) The science of fake news

Citations (2,426) References (19)

... Terminem "fake news" określa się sfabrykowane przekazy naśladujące informacje (Lazer, Baum, & Benkler, 2018) .
Zdaniem Wang, McKee, Torbicy i Stucklera (2019) fake news to wszystkie formy nieprawdy, w tym plotki, mistyfi kacje,
legendy miejskie, teorie spiskowe i inne treści, które wprowadzają w błąd lub są nieprecyzyjne. ...
... W końcu, do popularności fałszywych informacji przyczyniają się mechanizmy psychologiczne. Użytkownicy mediów
społecznościowych chętniej upowszechniają informacje, które są zgodne z ich poglądami i przekonaniami
(Lewandowsky, Ecker, & Seifert, 2012;Fung et al., 2016; Lazer, Baum, & Benkler, 2018; Taber & Lodge, 2006;Nyhan &
Reifl er, 2010;Jerit & Barabas, 2012). Są też mniej skłonni je weryfi kować (Del Vicario et al., 2016). ...

Wpływ infodemii towarzyszącej COVID-19 na weryfikowanie informacji przez dziennikarzy i korzystanie z serwisów
fact-checkingowych
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Dariusz Tworzydło · Anna Miotk

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... Perhaps the most serious ethical breaches involve the use of social media for social control (Engelmann et al., 2019)
and disinformation campaigns (Lazer et al., 2018) . The most visible example of a social control campaign is the "social
credit system" implemented by the Chinese government, in which the "state surveillance infrastructure" (Liang et al.,
2018) punishes failures to conform to the choices of the regime (Creemers, 2018). ...

Six Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence Grand Challenges

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... Meanwhile, the low-cost posting and spreading of ambiguous or misleading information on social media has
significantly increased the probability of users to be exposed to fake news [4]. The rise of fake news affects information
credibility in the era of high information technology [5] . Recent studies show that fake news has become one of the
largest threats to democracy [6] and public opinion [7]. ...

Feature Drift in Fake News Detection: An Interpretable Analysis

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Chenbo Fu · Xingyu Pan · Xuejiao Liang · Yong Min

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... In recent years, there has been much concern about the influence of social media on the dissemination of accurate
information (Lazer et al., 2018) . These concerns mostly focus on the ability to allow individuals to choose unreliable, or
even intentionally misleading, sources of information. ...

Tweeting About Climate: Which Politicians Speak Up and What Do They Speak Up About?
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Jul 2021
Chao Yu · Drew Margolin · Jennifer R. Fownes · Shorna B. Allred

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... Sahte haberler yayından kaldırılmış ya da sahtelikleri incelemeler sonucu ortaya çıkarılmış, çürütülmüş olsalar bile;
dijital arşivlerde yer alarak aramalarda öne çıkma kapasitelerinden dolayı ön sıralarda yer alarak zarar vermeye devam
eder niteliktedir. Sahte haberler, yanlış bilgiler ve dezenformasyon gibi farklı bilgi türleriyle örtüşen yanlara sahiptir
(Lazer et al, 2018) . Bir diğer tuzak ise sözde bilimlerdir. ...

Özel Yetenekli Öğrencilerin Bilimsel Konularla İlgili Haberlere İlişkin Argümantasyon Düzeyleri ve Kullanmaya Yatkın
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04/01/23, 12:19 (PDF) The science of fake news

... The second defining aspect of the fake news discourse is that it attributes a central role in the rise of disinformation to
digital platforms, such as Twitter or Facebook, that act as a catalyst (Grinberg et al. 2019; Lazer et al. 2018) . They allow
the disinformation producers to circumvent the traditional communication routes with their numerous gatekeepers and
crude audience targeting. ...

The Myth of the Victim Public

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How Does Digital Media Search for COVID-19 Influence Vaccine Hesitancy? Exploring the Trade-Off between Google
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DEFLUÊNCIA MIDIÁTICA NA PERCEPÇÃO DA VERACIDADE DAS INFORMAÇÕES

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Spread of misinformation on social media: What contributes to it and how to combat it

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04/01/23, 12:19 (PDF) The science of fake news

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