Simulation-of-Smart-Moisture-Based-Watering-System-1-5 V.2

College of Industrial Technology
SIMULATION OF MOISTURE-BASED WATERING SYSTEM
A Proposed Project Development Study

presented to
Faculty of the College of Industrial Technology
BATANGAS STATE UNVERSITY
Pablo Borbon Main Campus II
Alangilan, Batangas City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Industrial Technology
Major in Instrumentation and Control Technology
By
JOSHWAYNE D. ILAGAN
E-J M. MANIBO
VINCE CHRISTOPER P. SALCEDO
ROSE ANN F. SALENDREZ
Recommendedfor Proposal
Defense:
Virginia A. Blanco
Adviser
December 2020
APPROVAL SHEET
This project study entitled “SIMULATION OF SMART MOISTURE-BASED

WATERING SYSTEM,” prepared and submitted by JOSHWAYNE D. ILAGAN,
E-J M. MANIBO, VINCE CHRISTOPER P. SALCEDO AND ROSE ANN
SALENDREZ, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Industrial Technology major in Industrial Technologyhas been examined and is
recommended for oral examination.
Virginia A. Blanco. MAIE

Adviser
Approved by the Committee of Oral Examination with a grade of
_______________.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
PHILIP Y. DEL ROSARIO Ph.D

Chairman
ALBERT V. VILLENA, MT EDCEL C. TORRALBA, MT

Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Industrial Technology major in Instrumentation and Control
Technology.
December 2020 PHILIP Y. DEL ROSARIO Ph.D

Date Dean, CIT
Proposed Design……………………………………………………….….33
Time Allotment and Gantt Chart of Activities…………………………….38

2. To conceptualize the design of Smart Moisture-BasedWatering System
in terms of:
2.1 Types of Soil
2.2 Water capacity of Soil
2.3 Type of Plants
3. To test Smart Moisture-Based Watering System using Simulation
software in terms of;
3.1 Water Consumption
3.2 Functionality
3.3 Reliability
Significance of the Study
Population is increasing day by day and hence our natural resources are
exhausting swiftly. It is our accountability as an individual to help and save our
natural resources. Water scarcity is the main muddle in today’s era. Agriculture
sector is budding rapidly and hence a lot of water is needed for irrigation. A large
amount of water is unnecessarily wasted while irrigating the fields due to water
logging. The growth of the crop is also stalled since; passable amount of water is
not given to the crop. So, an automatic plant Irrigation system will aid to save a
lot of water and will safeguard vigorous growth of the crop. This will also
eliminate the necessity of workers on the field and also saves a lot of time.
The following are the organization and people which will be benefit by the
study.
To the Agricultural sector because it can be provide a more organize,
accurate and effective watering system.It is also be beneficial to the farmers and
gardeners for an easy access to the system and to lessen effort and time in
watering the plants and crops. This system can also be use to easily monitor the
moisture of the soil. There would also have an easy production of crops and
more water is conserve.
This study will also benefit the Batangas State University- College of
Industrial Technology because the campus was surround by many garden
where the Smart Moisture-Based Watering System could be place and the
School Administration could also use findings of this study as their reference to
development improvements for the overall betterment of the campus.
It will also be beneficial to the future Researchers, finding this study will
be able to help them and use it as their reference for future study related to the
system.
Scopes and Delimitationsof the Study
The specific intent of this study is to propose a design of Smart Moisture-
Based Watering System using a simulation software. It is a soil moisture-based
watering system that automatically waters the crops or plants if the soil moisture
drops to the base moisture level. The project which is to be implement an
automated watering method and have a huge scope for future development. The
project can be extend to greenhouses where manual supervision is far and few in
between. The principle can be extend to create fully automated gardens and
farmlands. Combined with the principle of rain water harvesting, it could lead to
huge water savings if apply in the right manner. In agricultural lands with severe
shortage of rainfall, this model can be successfully College of Industrial
Technology apply to achieve great results with most types of soil. This system
does not require the presence of farmers at the field as it can be operated from
anywhere. Also, the application that it uses displays the moisture content and
amount of water being given to the crop. This suppresses the need of manpower
and also saves a lot of time. The proposesystem also has another advantage
that it only provides passable amount of water to the crop thereby saving water
that is otherwise waste due to water logging. The crops also benefit from this and
better crop yield is achieve.
This system cannot manipulate or record video. It requires manual
adjustment in the moisture level of the soil.
Conceptual Framework
Plant watering is a mock form use for watering the crops. It is use in areas
where there is minimal amount of rainfall. It helps the crops to grow and stay
vigorous. To avoid food scarcity, it is very important to endorse the agriculture
sector. Physical watering can be done using sprinkler systems, water buckets
and cans. One of the major downside of manual irrigation system is that the
amount of water needed by the crop is incalculable. This results in a lot of water
wastage. Due to this the crops growth is hindered to a lot of extent. Hence there
is a need to bring about some changes in the existing technology. This study
establishes a system which helps to lessen the water wastage as well as
eradicate the need of manpower. This system works by sensing the moisture
content in the soil using the probes and then decides whether to pump the water
or not and thereby saves a lot of time.
This will show the preview of the simulation of the study and the
procedures undertaken by the researchers to construct the Smart Moisture-
Based Watering System UsingArduino.
Conceptual Paradigm
The researchers will construct the following figure using the IPO model
(Input, Processes, and Output) to represent the relationship among the variables
to be use in the current study.
Figure 1 shows the conceptual paradigm of the study. It shows the input to
be use, the processes to be taken, and the output, which is the Simulation of
Smart Moisture-Based Watering System Using Arduino.
The inputs to be use are knowledge and ideas from computer theories and
concepts. Different processes to be use will include the system analysis and
system design.
In the finishing the processes of the study, the researchers will come up
with the output which is the Simulation of Smart Moisture-Based Watering
System Using Arduino.
INPUT PROCESSES OUTPUT
Knowledge Conceptualization
Simulation of Smart
Concepts coming from System Analysis Moisture-Based
related studies and Watering System Using
literatures. System Design Arduino
Figure 1: Conceptual Paradigm of the Study
Definition of Terms
Arduino Uno - A microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button (Arduino.cc,
2020). It is the microcontroller needed to create the automatic watering system.

Automation - The conversion of a work process, a procedure, or
equipment to automatic rather than human operation or control.
Irrigation System - The artificial application of water to the soil through
various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays. Irrigation is usually used in areas
where rainfall is irregular or dry times or drought is expected. There are many
types of irrigation systems, in which water is supplied to the entire field uniformly
(cdc.gov, 2016). It can be useto reduce water use, and saves time.
Microcontroller - A microcontroller (sometimes called an MCU or
Microcontroller Unit) is a single Integrated Circuit (IC) that is typically used for a
specific application and designed to implement certain tasks. In this study, the
Arduino Uno is the microcontroller of the system.
Relay Module - an electrically operated switch that allows you to turn on
or off a circuit using voltage and/or current much higher than a microcontroller
could handle. There is no connection between the low voltage circuit operated by
the microcontroller and the high power circuit. The relay protects each circuit
from each other (robudukkan.com, 2020). The Arduino relay module has total of
six pins: three on one side and three on other side.
Soil Moisture Sensor – It measures the volumetric water content in soil.
Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires
removing, drying, and weighing of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the
volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such
as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a
proxy for the moisture content (Arnold, J., 2015). In this study, it is used to
determine whether the soil has sufficient or insufficient moisture desired by
plants.
Water Level Indicator Sensor - Also known as a probe sensor is what
tells the control panel that corrective action is needed. A combination of high and
low sensors is used to tell the control panel when water levels are too high or too
low. The control panel will then automatically turn the pump on or off depending
on the corrective action needed.
Water pump - A pump which uses the principles like mechanical as well
as hydraulic throughout a piping system and to make sufficient force for its future
use. At present, these pumps are utilized within a wide range of housing,
farming, municipal, and manufacturing applications (elprocus.com, 2019). In this
study, it is used to obtain water from a container to supply it to plants that needed
water.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is about the discussion of the selected technology to be used
by the researchers, the programming language to be used, the conceptual

literature, the related studies, and projects of different researchers firmly
identified in the systems. The structures of the foundation of the improvement
and provides data that helps the researchers conceptualize the system important
to the advancement of it.
Conceptual Literature
This section presents the conceptual background and systems needed in
the development of the simulation.
Irrigation System
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is use to
assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re-
vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate
rainfall. When a zone comes on, the water flows through the lateral lines and
ultimately ends up at the irrigation emitter (drip) or sprinkler heads. Many
sprinklers have pipe thread inlets on the bottom of them, which allows a fitting
and the pipe to be attached to them. The sprinklers are usually installed with the
top of the head flush with the ground surface. When the water is pressurized, the
head will pop up out of the ground and water the desired area until the valve
closes and shuts off that zone. Once there is no more water pressure in the
lateral line, the sprinkler head will retract back into the ground. Emitters are
generally laid on the soil surface or buried a few inches to reduce evaporation
losses. Healthy plants can transpire a lot of water, resulting in an increase in the
humidity of the greenhouse air. A high relative humidity (above 80-85%) should
be avoided because it can increase the incidence of disease and reduce plant
transpiration. Sufficient venting or successive heating and venting can prevent
condensation on plants surfaces and the greenhouse structure. The use of
cooling systems during the warmer summer months increases the greenhouse
air humidity. During periods with warm and humid outdoor conditions, humidity
control inside the greenhouse can be a dare task. Greenhouses located in dry,
desert environments benefit greatly from evaporative cooling systems because
large amounts of water can be evaporated into the incoming air, resulting in
significant temperature drops (Minz, et. al., 2019).
Soil Sensor
Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. This
device will measure the amount of water in the soil and notify the Arduino if the
levels are beyond those considered normal. Soil sensors are commonly used in
projects related to agriculture and gardening.
Arduino Uno
A lot of projects, whether small or large-scale, the Arduino has almost
always been the backbone behind the ingenious designs by inventors and
hobbyists. Arduino basic single board microcontroller designed to make

applications, interactive controls, or environments easily adaptive. The Arduino
was designed to provide a cheaper way for hobbyists, students and professionals
to create applications that play in the human interface world using sensors,
actuators, motors, and other rudimentary products. Common applications for
students or the inexperienced are simple robots or motion detectors. It offers a
simple integrated IDE (integrated development environment) that runs on regular
personal computers and allows users to write programs for Arduino using C or
C++.
In many of the projects related to irrigation such as those used in India
and the UK, the Arduino has always been the mainstay of their projects and
designs. It is mostly responsible for the whole process and mechanism of their
devices. In this project, the Arduino will be the center of our design. It will be
responsible for controlling the water pump through the relay. It will also allow the
communication between the user and the device through the GSM Module and
decide the level needed for irrigation with the soil sensor. In a sense, the Arduino
will be the “brain” of the project, sending and setting the commands for the other
parts and devices.
Water Pump
All pumps use basic forces of nature to move a liquid. As the moving
pump part begins to move, air is pushed out of the way. The movement of air
creates a partial vacuum which can be filled up by more air, or in the case of
water pumps, water. It will be commanded by the Arduino via relay and will force
the water through the pipes and out of the shower/sprinkler, watering the plants.
Research Literatures
Different kinds of information and studies were gathered by the
researchers to make the design project more precise, complete, and reliable.
These studies served as guide for the design of the project and provided more
concepts and ideas.
Climate Change has been among the top global issues in recent years.
Higher global temperatures change patterns of seasons in the Philippines at
regional and local levels. These uncertainties impact ecology, economy, and
social well-being. According to a blog post by Jabez Flores, the daily effects of
climate change is usually experienced through increased personal discomfort
and inconvenience brought about by extreme heat and heavy rains. But for the
backyard gardener, climate change means more than just discomfort or
inconvenience. Gardening and growing vegetables heighten one’s sensitivity and
awareness to climate change because crop yield depends largely on the weather
condition. There is an urgent need to create strategies based on science and
technology for sustainable use of water, including technical, agronomic,

managerial, and institutional improvements.
Numerous researchers such as Students of ECE/Ramco Institute of
Technology have worked with automatic water sprinkling or irrigation system.
They opted for different metrics for determining the soil condition and quantity of
water. They also discussed about different sources of power for the sensors.
Besides, the technology for creating network among the sensors and design of
control system were also heavily discussed by the scholars. An article on the
automated water supply system for urban residential areas showed that such a
system can be used to effectively manage water resource.
According to Professor Nigel Arnell, Professor of Climate System Science at
the University of Reading, our variable climate has long been a challenge to
gardeners, and climate change over the next few years will make gardening
more uncertain. Professor Ellie Highwood also stated that climate scientist at the
University of Reading and President of the Royal Meteorological Society,
gardening is perhaps the most hands-on way that many of us interact with
nature. This report reminds us how climate change is altering the balance of
nature, with evidence growing almost everywhere we look. Professor Paul
Hadley, Professor of Horticulture at the University of Reading said that It is clear
that there is a desire among members of the gardening community to understand
the prospects for climate change in their gardens and the actions they can take
to continue to garden successfully. We are pleased that research at the
University of Reading will be useful to millions of gardeners across the country.

Sprinkler irrigation is a big help in watering plants in wide areas. Particularly,
Apo Golf and Country Club, a well-known gold course in Davao City, uses 400-
500 water sprinklers to cover the 44 hectares of land area covered with lawns.
According to its management, sometimes they cannot monitor all of these areas
due to lack of manpower to manage the job. (Davao City Golf, 2011), in this
automatic watering system will be the good one.
An article by the Royal Horticultural Society from the United Kingdom stated
that gardeners can expect more extreme weather, characterized by more
variable, intense rainfall, combined with an increase in dry summers. Focusing
on individual crop protection and health, like the installation of net houses or
greenhouses, are temporary solutions to reducing the harsh effects of climate
change on backyard gardens.
The need for systems that make agriculture easier and more sustainable has
increased within the past few years. The ability to conserve two of the most
important resources of a farmer, water and time, has been the latest challenge. A
system that provides this ability - through the use of efficient and reliable
methods such as wireless sensor networking, sprinkler irrigation, GSM, SMS
technologies and readily available mobile phone devices – is certain to help the
farmers get a better yield and on a larger scale, help the agricultural and
economic growth of the country (Kalyan et al 2011).
According to Chetana’s Institutes of Management and Research the
Automated Wireless Watering System is a user friendly system, which notifies

the user about its status. The 2 modes of operations provide the user with the
option of automatic and manual process. The system also provides the log file of
the events carried out.
Water is a limited resource and should be used wisely. As the population
increases, the demand for water increases. Outdoor water use can account for
50 percent or more of the total water use for a home during summer months.
Studies have shown that homeowners who have automated irrigation systems
often apply too much water to plants too frequently. Outdoor water use can easily
be reduced by irrigating only when plants need water. A routine, visual inspection
of the landscape can help indicate when irrigation should be applied.Over-
irrigation can produce unhealthy plants. Most landscape plants do not need
irrigation every day. Over-watering can create problems such as shallow root
systems, causing the plant to become stressed in adverse environmental
conditions. Plants stressed by excessive watering are more susceptible to
disease and pest infestations.
During the summer or in places where water sources are scarce, excessive
heat and not enough irrigation could kill off the crops and plants. In the field of
gardening, it is very important to maintain the level of water or moisture in the soil
where the plants aremaintained. The usual method for irrigation has always been
manual. This takes a great amount of time especially if there isn’t enough
manpower. Nowadays different irrigation systems are used to reduce the
dependency of rain and mostly the existing irrigation systems are driven by
electrical power and manually ON/OFF scheduling controlled. In agriculture,
farmers usually control the electric motors observing the soil, crop and weather
conditions by visiting the sites.These manually controlled irrigation systems
cannot ensure a proper level of water in the site. Due to the lack of electricity and
mismanagement in the manually controlling systems, sometimes their fields
become dry and sometimes flooded with excess water. These unplanned and
manually controlled irrigation systems also cause a significant amount of water
waste.
In countries like India, they have come up with a solution, mainly solar
powered irrigation systems that detect either the humidity or soil. These auto
irrigation systems keep information about moisture level in land and keeps
moisture to permissible limit. Moisture sensors are used to measure moisture
level in the soil. According to the measured moisture level, water pumps are turn
on or off. This method will greatly reduce water wastage. Automatic irrigation
system will ensure the proper level of water for the plants all through the season.
Even when the farmers are away, these automatic irrigation systems always
ensure the proper level of water in the sites.
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control system for
operating equipment such as machinery, process in factories, boilers and heat
treating ovens, switching in telephone network, steering and stabilization of ship,
aircraft and other application with minimal or reduced human intervention some
processes have been completely automated. The biggest benefit of automation is

that it is saves labor but is also used to save energy and waterfalls and to
improve quality, accuracy and precision.
Automated irrigation systems will greatly affect agriculture significantly by
helping increase the quality of crops as well as saving the time and labor
required to produce it. This system is a major improvement both economically
and environmentally. Looking at the improvement of such system, we asked,
“What else can we use it on?” We considered adapting the same system to the
agriculture here in the Philippines but due to time and issues concerning crops
and lands we decided to look for something different yet similar. The answer has
been all over Bulacan all along: Gardening.
In recent days, agriculture field farmers are facing many problems in watering
their plants to keep their summer season. It’s because they don’t have correct
idea about the availability of the power. Even available, they have to wait until the
pitch is properly watered. Thus this process restricts them to stop deeds. But,
there is a solution, i.e., automatic solar submersible pump control panel for
irrigation. In the based plant irrigation using submersible pumps, PV cells are
used to generate electricity, which rechargeable batteries. These batteries
produce power for the system operation. The submersible pump controller is
used to pump water from a boor well to a storage water tank. Then, the water is
drawn by a submersible slope’s toe, where the installed sprinklers water the
crops or plants.
Though plants are not as sensitive as crops and some can even survive
without irrigation for weeks, some plants still need extra care and extensive
irrigation. Gardeners and nurseries in and around Bulacan are faced with the
same problems as farmers. Solar powered irrigation systems can be adapted for
this line of business as well. There are already many examples ofon the internet,
such as those located on circuit digest, but these are simply homemade and
simple, small scale projects. These projects use soil sensors and humidity
sensors to detect the surrounding and check if the crops and plants need
irrigation.
A thesis developed in Bulacan State University back in 2013 by Mark Olive
Andal’s group developed an automated irrigation system, intended to help with
the conservation of water. They developed a Sensor Controlled Irrigation System
with SMS notification. The device utilized sensors to keep track of the crops
surrounding and if irrigation was necessary, it will automatically water the crops.
Synthesis of the study
This part contains the related works of other researchers from the past.
Theories and concepts were gathered to compare similarities and differences to
the project being conducted by the proponents.
The study of A. N. Arvindan and D. Keerthika is similar to the SMB Watering
System. The design of this system includes a soil moisture sensor that provides
a voltage signal proportional to the moisture content in the soil, which is compare
with a predetermined threshold value. On the basis of this comparison result, the
appropriate data are fed to the Arduino Uno processor. The difference is that the
proposed study will not use a smartphone for control. The proposed system is an
automatic moisture-based watering system.
The research study of Baghyalakshmi, Jemimah Ebenezer and S. A. V.
Satyamurty presented the implementation details of Wireless SensorNetwork
based temperature monitoring application. The proposed study uses moisture
sensors, water level sensors and Arduino Uno for the automatic watering system.
The temperature is not significant because the proposed study focuses on the
moisture level of the soil.
The study conducted by A. K. Tripathy, A. Vichare, R. R. Pereira, V. D.
Pereira, and J. A. Rodrigues aims to implement a cost-effective automated
gardening system. It is similar to the proposed system because it exploits cost
efficient soil moisture, light and temperature sensors to decide when and how
much water will be provide for a specific type of plant under consideration
The study of P. Archana and R. Priya is similar to the proposed system in
terms of the proposed technique in which the humidity and soil moisture sensors
are placed in the root zone of the plant. Based on the sensed values, the
microcontroller is used to control the supply of water to the field.

The research conducted Solar Powered Automated Irrigation System by V.
R. Balaji and M. Sudha is similar to the proposed system in terms of using soil
moisture sensor. The difference is that the proposed system uses power sources
coming from DC and not from photovoltaic cells. The proposed system also
integrate the Arduino microcontroller in constructing the Smart Moisture-Based
Watering System
The study of C. H. Chavan and P. V. Karnade is similar to the proposed
system in terms of the sensors that will be used. However, the proposed system
will use Arduino as the control unit of the system. It also measures the moisture
of the soil, and from the collected data, the system will determine if there is a
need for irrigation.
The study constructed by G. Parameswaran and K. Sivaprasath is similar to
the proposed system in terms of using Arduino as the control unit of the system.
The proposed study displays the data to the LCD and uses an alert system to
notify the user that the irrigation will took place.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the apply data gathering procedures and the general
methods use throughout the research. It also presents the design, methods,
assembly andprocedures of the project.
Research Design
The researchersconduct a brief introduction about the system. This
method is base on the idea of developing an initial design implementation,
exposing this to user feedback, and evolving it through several versions until an
acceptable system will be develop. The analysis ofiteration is base upon user
feedback, and the program analysis available. The project control list is modify in
light of the analysis results.
Pre-Design Stage
1. Conceptualization
Design conceptualization is the process of generating ideas for an
optimum solution to the design problem. These ideas should stem
originally from the product idea and stated definitions of the design
problem. In most situations, product ideas are inspire by some need or

want expressed by people, often in non-specific terms, as a sought-for
goal. It begins with general guidelines of design conceptualization
including simplicity, support, familiarity, encouragement and safety. It then
shifts to the discussion of basic tools of design conceptualization.
The researchers observe problems in their neighborhood and they
realized that watering plants is a tedious work. So they conceptualize an
automatic watering system so that there will be a decrease in manual
labor. Also, the researchers look for some resources online to further
understand the mechanics in making an automatic watering system.
2. Planning
In design development, the schematic plans will review, revise and
expandto incorporate all the details and specifications require for
construction of the project.
The researchers will use the Arduino microcontroller because it has
a broad and flexible module that is need in an automatic watering system.
Design Stage
In this system, soil moisture sensor senses the moisture level of the soil. If
soil will get dry then sensor senses low moisture level and automatically switches
on the water pump to supply water to the plant. As plant get sufficient water and
soil get wet then sensor senses enough moisture in soil. After which the water
pump will automatically get stopped.
Simulating Stage
The figure presents the process to be done by the researchers in

this project development study.
Pre-Design Stage
Planning, Conceptualizing and Canvassing
Designing Stage
 Visualized Design
 Sketch-Up Design
Simulating Stage.
 Simulation of the Design

 Simulation Data Analysis
Figure 2 Project Development Process
This block diagram is an essential method will use to develop and
describe hardware or software systems as well as represent theworkflows and
processes.
Figure 3: Block Diagram
Figure 3 shows the component of the system. The Arduino Uno is a link
between the soil moisture sensor and pumping motor. Arduino is supply with a
power of 12V. The pump motor is given a separate supply of 9V. The soil
moisture sensor is use in this project because it has to check soil moisture to
measure the electrical conductivity of soil. The moisture sensor provides an
analogue output which can be easily interface with Arduino. The system receives
a signal from the soil moisture sensor and compares with the preset threshold
value. If the value detected by the sensor is below the threshold value, the
Arduino sends a message signal to the motor to fetch water. But when the value
detect by the sensor is above the preset value, the motor doesn’t rotate. The
Arduino always accepts the signal from the sensor and keeps updating its data.
Project Development Process
To fully simulate this project study, the researchers allot times in each and
every step of the process.
Planning and gathering some information will one of the most important
things that must be follow before constructing the project development study. The
researchers will gather the initial requirements. Project analysis is a continuous
process so that the researchers can solve the problems encountered all
throughout the development process.
Designwill the special casing of the project and preparing the algorithm
flowchart and block diagrams to be use. The researchers design the initial
Simulation of the system. Interfacing will be the longest process on Designing
stage because it will connect to the Implementation Stage.
Simulating the designwill the actual construction of the flow of the project
system. It includes the actual writing of the source codes, capturing different test
scenarios, and checking for errors or mishaps that can occur through simulation.
Deployment of the final version of simulation will be the last stage. The
researchers check the system through running simulation and maintain it as the
system continue to function. This stage include continuous evaluation of the
project performance to assure if it met the exact standards.
Process Flowcharts
The flowchart display the steps as shapes of various kinds, and their order
by linking the shapes with arrows.
The figure below is the flow chart that shows the relationship between the
level sensor and the pumping motor. The Arduino is a communication link
between the two. It receives a signal from the level sensor and compares with a
pre-set threshold value. If the level that is detected by the sensor is below the
threshold value, the Arduino send a message signal to the motor to fetch water.
But when the level detected by the sensor is above the pre-set value the motor
doesn’t rotate. The Arduino always accept a signal from the sensor.
Figure 4: The Flowchart of Smart Moisture-Based Watering System
Proposed Design
It serves as the early phase of the project where structure is planned out.
It has more designs attempt which can be used to achieve the desired project
goals. In this section, the circuit diagram of the unit was presented.
Figure 5 shows the circuit design of the SMB Watering System and its
components.
Figure 5: SMB Watering System Components and Circuit Design
In this Smart Moisture-Based Watering System, the researchers will use a
Homemade Soil Moisture Sensor Probe to sense the soil moisture level.An
optional LCD will be use for displaying status and messages.The system design
in short has two inputs and four outputs. The inputs are the level sensor and soil
moisture sensor where the outputs are flashing of the LED, LCD display, motor
rotation and the valve controlling. The LCD displays the level of the tank and the
temperature of the soil. LED: will flash when the value of temperature is above
30°C in which it indicates that the plants need water. The valve is triggered
ON/OFF based on the signal of the switching relay.There is a relay between
microcontroller and the valve which interfaces these devices together.
Time Allotment or Gantt Chart of Activities
In order to successfully implement the project, the researcher shall follow
the time frame indicated in the Gantt chart of Activities in Table 1.
Table 1. Gantt Chart of Activities
Work Activities Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Pre-Designing
Designing
Modeling
Simulating
Final Manuscript
Writing
Parts Function
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can

be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
Arduino Uno
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
A small LCD screen, allowing the display of short

LCD 16x2
message or simple drawings.
It has an insulated gate, whose voltage

determines the conductivity of the device. This
N-Channel MOSFET ability to change conductivity with the amount of
applied voltage can be used for amplifying or
switching electronic signals.
Resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust

signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
10K Ohm Resistor
elements, terminate transmission lines and much
more.
Half size solderless breadboard. It has 2 split

power buses, 10 columns, and 30 rows. All pins
Breadboard
are spaced by a standard 0.1". It also has a self-
adhesive on the back.
A 12V power source you plug into your regular

Wall Adapter Power Supply
socket. Works with 100-240VAC inputs.
Relay with breakout board. It is used to isolate

Relay Module components and create a sub-circuit in your
circuit, with a different voltage.
Return values from 0 (completely dry) to 1023

Soil Sensor (completely moist). (air/soil humidity - ambient
conditions).
Water Pump A simple 12 VDC submersible water pump.
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical

220 Ohm Resistor component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element.In electronic circuits
Receiver Diode A diode that can receive an IR code - wire it to

your circuit whenever you’d like to control your
circuit with an IR remote control (standard or yof
your own making)
It has a WS2812 IC inside of it, meaning that it is

an addressable RGB LED. You can chain
LED
multiple LEDs and control them all with only 1
pin.
Precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor.

LM35DZ Output is linearly proportional to the centegrade
temperature.
2. Conceptualization the design and development of SMB Watering
System in terms of:
2.1. Types of Soil
Soil is a natural resource that can be categorized into different soil
types, each with distinct characteristics that provide growing benefits and
limitations.
Identifying the type of soil you require for a project is paramount to
support the healthy growth of plant life.
Soil can be categorized into sand, clay, silt, peat, chalk and loam
types of soil based on the dominating size of the particles within a soil.
The researchers used the loam soil because it is the standard
garden soil that are used by many.

Loam Soil
Loam soil is a mixture of sand, silt and clay that are combined to
avoid the negative effects of each type. These soils are fertile, easy to
work with and provide good drainage. Depending on their predominant
composition they can be either sandy or clay loam. As the soils are a
perfect balance of soil particles, they are considered to be a gardener’s
best friend, but still benefit from topping up with additional organic matter.
Figure 9: Loam Soil
2.2. Water Holding Capacity of Soils
The four important levels of soil moisture content reflect the
availability of water in the soil. These levels commonly are referred to as
1) saturation, 2) field capacity, 3) wilting point and 4) oven dry.
When a soil is saturated, the soil pores are filled with water and
nearly all of the air in the soil has been displaced by water. The water held
in the soil between saturation and field capacity is gravitational water.
Frequently, gravitational water will take a few days to drain through the
soil profile and, thus, some can be absorbed by roots of plants.
Field capacity is defined as the level of soil moisture left in the soil
after drainage of the gravitational water. Water held between field capacity
and the wilting point is available for plant use.
Figure 10: Soil Moisture Available Between Field Capacity and Wilting Point
Figure 10 above shows the field capacity (left) in which the capillary
pores are full and the Wilting point (right) in which the water available to
plants is exhausted and the remaining pore space is filled with air.
The wilting point is defined as the soil moisture content at which
most plants cannot exert enough force to remove water from small pores
in the soil. Most crops will be damaged permanently if the soil moisture
content is allowed to reach the wilting point. In many cases, yield
reductions may occur long before this point is reached.
Capillary water held in the soil beyond the wilting point can be
removed only by evaporation. When dried in an oven, nearly all water is
removed from the soil. "Oven dry" moisture content is used to provide a
reference for measuring the other three soil moisture contents.
When discussing the water-holding capacity associated with a
particular soil series, the water available for plant use in the root zone
commonly is given on Table 3. Available soil water content commonly is
expressed as inches per foot of soil.
Table 3: Available Soil Moisture Holding Capacity for Various Soil Textures
Among other things, soil is storage medium for farm water until it is
used by plants. Water resides in the spaces between soil particles. The
force of gravity constantly acts on water in the soil to move it downward
and out of reach of plants. The counterbalancing force which keeps it from
moving downward is surface tension, which causes the water to 'stick' to
soil particles. The smaller the soil particles are, the more combined
surface area they have, and the more they are able to hold onto water
through its surface tension. Therefore, the ability of water to move through
soil and be stored in soil depends heavily on soil type.
When water enters a soil with large sandy particles, only a small
amount stays attached to the particles and the remainder quickly drains
downward. Sand has low 'water holding capacity.' Conversely, a volume of
clay soil has huge numbers of small particles with large surface area.
When water enters a clay soil, surface tension holds it tightly to the soil
particles and only a small remainder drains downward. Clay has a high
water holding capacity. A soil with a high water holding capacity can store
large amounts of water relative to its own volume after a rain event and,
under the right conditions; this stored water can remain available for plants
to use.
In a soil with very small particles, the same surface tension forces
that allow for a large water holding capacity also make it difficult for plants
to extract and use the water. Water does not move easily through a fine-
particle soil and requires a large amount of energy for plants to extract and
use it. The force a plant must exert on water to separate it from soil
particles and move it into the root system is referred to as 'tension'. In
most on-farm applications tension is measured in centibars (1/100 bar) as
a negative pressure or vacuum (plants 'suck' the water out of the soil to
use it). Even if a soil mixture contains water, if the tension required to
extract the water is greater than the plants can overcome, they will die.
Sandy soil has low water holding capacity due to its large particles.
Both water and nutrients can easily drain out of reach of plants. However,
while a sandy soil does not hold much water, what it holds is easily
available to plants. A clay soil has large water holding capacity, but
because it holds onto water tightly, tension is relatively high for a given
amount of water. A certain amount of water in clay soil is not easily
available to plants. And just as a clay soil tightly binds to water, it can also
keep nutrients out of reach of plants. The ideal soil for most growing
conditions is a loamy soil with a variety of particle sizes and ample
structure which can hold a large amount of water that is easy for plants to
withdraw.
The interaction between soil type, water holding capacity and water
availability is illustrated in the Soil Texture Triangle shown in Figure 11. It

is important to know what soil types are present in your field. Since any
point in your field can contain different soil types at different depths, it can
be useful to use core samples to determine soil type vs. depth profiles at
key locations.
Figure 11: Soil Texture Triangle

2.3. Kinds of Plants
Water is essential for plant growth. Without enough water, normal
plant functions are disturbed, and the plant gradually wilts, stops growing
and dies. Plants are most susceptible to damage from water deficiency
during the vegetative and reproductive stages of growth. Also,
many plants are very sensitive to salinity during germination and early
growth stages.
Most of the water that enters the plant roots does not stay in the
plant. Less than 1 percent of the water withdrawn by the plant actually is
used in photosynthesis (assimilated by the plant). The rest of the water
moves to the leaf surfaces, where it transpires (evaporates) to the
atmosphere. The rate at which a plant takes up water is controlled by its
physical characteristics, the atmosphere and soil environment.
As water moves from the soil into the roots, through the stem, into
the leaves and through the leaf stomata to the air, it moves from a low
water tension to a high water tension. The water tension of the air is
determined in large part by the relative humidity and always is greater
than the water tension in the soil.

Figure 12: Plants with Low Water Tension to High Water Tension
Figure 12 illustrates the energy differentials that drive the water
movement from the soil into the roots, up the stalk, into the leaves and out
into the atmosphere. The water moves from a less negative soil moisture
tension to a more negative tension in the atmosphere.
Plants can extract only the soil water that is in contact with their
roots. For most agronomic crops, the root distribution in a deep, uniform
soil is concentrated near the soil surface. Thus, during the course of a
growing season, plants generally extract more water from the upper part
of their root zone than from the lower part.

Figure 13: Illustration of Root Quarters of Plants Prior to Absorption
Figure 13 shows that during the course of a growing season, plants
will extract about 40 percent of their water from the top quarter, 30 percent
from the second quarter, 20 percent from the third quarter and 10 percent
from the bottom quarter of the root zone.
Plants such as grasses, which have a high root density per unit soil
volume, may be able to absorb all available soil water. Other plants, such
as vegetables, which have a low root density, may not be able to obtain as
much water from an equal volume of the same soil. Thus, vegetables are
generally more sensitive to water stress than high-root-density agronomic
crops such as alfalfa, corn, wheat and sunflower.

Prior to the study, the researchers used the chili plant as a test
subject and conduct experiment on how does this plant compels with the
SMB Watering System.
software in terms of:
3.1. Water Consumption
The researchers used online tools to simulate the Arduino circuit
design. There are many softwares that can be used to simulate the SMB
Watering System. But most of them are pricey. So, the researchers
searched for alternatives that are free, but show right and proper
simulation of the system.
The researchers used TinkerCad online tool. TinkerCad is an online
collection of software tools from Autodesk that enable complete beginners
to create 3D models. This CAD software is based on constructive solid
geometry (CSG), which allows users to create complex models by
combining simpler objects together. As a result, this 3D modeling software
is user-friendly and currently enjoyed by many, particularly teachers, kids,
hobbyists and designers.

Figure 14 below shows the interface of the TinkerCad app. The
users can add components and parts. Also, they can manually connect
the parts according to its pin.
Figure 14: TinkerCad interface
There is only one problem in TinkerCad components. It lacks soil
moisture sensor. So, the researchers used alternatives. They used the
potentiometer as the alternative soil moisture sensor in sake of simulating
the process of automatic watering. The potentiometer used is coded
according to the process of the soil moisture sensor so the effectiveness
of it is like that of the soil moisture sensor.
The system has water consumption graph to further record the
water consumption of the system. Figure 15 below shows the estimated
water consumption of the system in 1 month period. The unit is in milliliter.

Figure 15: Water Consumption Graph
3.2. Functionality
Once the simulation start, it shows that the LCD display in
automatic mode and the motor pump is on. With this, it can be inferred
that the system is watering the plants automatically. The LED light also
became active as the motor pump is in active state.
Figure 16: LCD when Irrigating

When the moisture level reached the threshold for the maximum
saturation of the soil, the LCD displayed the following:
Figure 17: LCD when the moisture is sufficient
Also, the water covers up the area 1 square foot once it
starts to function and simulate.
3.3. Reliability
Saturation
When water enters a soil volume more quickly than it is moved
downward by gravity, it becomes saturated. Saturation is formally
defined as the condition where all soil pores/voids are filled with water.
Saturated soil is heavy, contains little air, and can be thought of as
mud. Conditions in a saturated soil are anaerobic and are not
conducive to healthy plant growth. Tension in saturated soil is very low,
generally less than -10 centibar. VWC at Saturation can range
between 15% and 60% depending on soil type.

Field Capacity
With time (the amount of time depends on soil type),
substantially all of the water that will drain due to gravity has drained.
The soil solution is now in balance, containing all of the water that can
be held by surface tension. This condition is referred to as Field
Capacity. At Field Capacity, water is easily available to plants, and the
soil solution contains ample oxygen. Optimal growing conditions for
most plants occur at Field Capacity or slightly drier than Field Capacity.
Tension at Field Capacity is between -10 and -20 centibar. VWC can
range from 10% to 50% depending on soil type.
Management Allowable Depletion
'Management Allowable Depletion' (MAD) is the lowest moisture
level which can be sustained by plants without adverse stress effects.
This is the moisture point at which irrigation should be initiated to avoid
having stress affect plant growth. Tension at MAD is typically -50 to -70
centibar. VWC at this point can range from 5% to 40%. Any moisture
content below this level is in the 'Stress' zones.
Permanent Wilting Point
As soil is subject to evaporation and withdrawals from plants
water content decreases and tension increases to a point where plants

can no longer extract water. Maintaining soil at this level for any length
of time can cause permanent damage to plants. Tension at PWP can
be as great as -15 bar (-1,500 centibar). VWC ranges from 2% for
sandy soils to 30% for high clay-content soils.
Root Zone Moisture
In practice, the soil-water relationship within the root zone of a
crop is complicated and continually changing. A root system can
extend well below the soil surface through several soil horizons. Each
horizon can have a different soil type or structure, so water holding
capacity and the relationship between VWC and tension can vary
throughout the root zone. Furthermore, since the root system grows
throughout the season, the set of soil conditions it is subject to
continually changes. This presents challenges when using root zone
soil moisture information for making decisions. To draw meaningful
conclusions, reliable measuring equipment is needed along with the
ability to take remote readings and process large amounts of data.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter comprises the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations provided by the researchers for further modification and
enrichment of the system.
Summary of Findings
Following are the summary of findings attained by the researchers in
relation with the developed system.
1. To determine the design in the simulation of Smart Moisture-Based
Watering System considering technical specification.
The system was designed by the use of online graphic design application
for Arduino circuit. The researchers used the Circuito online application to create
the final design of the SMB Watering System.
2. Conceptualization the design and development of SMB Watering
System in terms of:

2.1. Types of Soil
The researchers used the garden/loam soil because it holds the
right water capacity, nutrients, minerals, and saturation that is needed by
plants.
2.2. Water Holding Capacity of Soils
The loam soil used by researchers in this study holds the most
suitable moisture needed by the test item plant which is the red pepper.
The SMB Watering System functions when the soil sensor rise up to 30ºC.
This moisture temperature is hazardous to plants because the root will dry
up. The SMB Watering System pumps water and it can cover up the soil
to 1 cubic foot. When the sensor drops to 24ºC, the system will
automatically turn off.
2.3. Kinds of Plants
The researchers used red pepper plant as the test subject for SMB
Watering System. This plant has a complex, yet particular root system
which absorbs water in a sufficient manner. Plants with crown root system
like tomatoes, sunflower, cabbage, carrots and other crops can be
watered by the SMB Watering System.

software in terms of:
3.1. Water Consumption
The SMB Watering System is an automatic watering system that
senses the moisture level of the soil. In wet season, SMB Watering
System would not be active because the soil moisture is more than
sufficient for the plant’s survival. When dry season comes, the SMB
Watering System will prove its functionality and affectivity. Also, SMB
Watering System uses minimal water consumption.
3.2. Functionality
The researchers used online Arduino graphic circuit simulator
which is the TinkerCad. The system simulated well and was able to meet
the objectives in the first place. Although TinkerCad lacks of soil moisture
components, the researchers compromised and used alternatives so that
the simulation can function well. The serial monitor of the TinkerCad also
graphs the water consumption. With this, users can monitor the water
consumption of the SMB Watering System.
3.3. Reliability
The SMB Watering System simulation made with TinkerCad is a
reliable tool which can be used to simulate the actual and original Arduino
circuit design. The simulation software may be lacking with parts and
components, but it compromises the code and process needed by the
researchers to simulate their circuit design.
Conclusions
Based on the findings drawn by the researchers, these following
conclusions were formulated:
1. As water supplies become scarce and polluted, there is a need to irrigate
more efficiently in order to minimize water use and chemical leaching. Recent
advances in soil water sensing make the commercial use of this technology
possible to automate irrigation management for plant production.
2. The Arduino moisture-based automatic watering system is simple and
precise way of watering plants. Hence, this system is very useful as it reduces
manual work of the farmers and gardeners and also helps in the proper utilization
of resources. It eliminates the manual switching mechanism used by the farmers
to ON/OFF the irrigation system.
3. The researchers concluded that system design and development required
several considerations when it comes to smart watering system. Also, there is a

need for thorough consultations from professionals to come up with an efficient,
accurate and functional system
Recommendations
The researchers offered the following recommendations to further develop the
system. Future researchers may:
1. Creating complex connections of plants of similar variety.
2. Using more than one sensor is another idea for an experimental venture,
but there are also many other experimental and challenge-like ideas such as
using solar power supply, timer for setting irrigation system, message alert about
plants moisture to the user in his/her mobile phone etc.
3. Other important soil parameters namely soil pH, soil electrical conductivity
will also be incorporated in the system.

References
Abdurrahman Mehamed, Ahmed Gebremedhn, Mehari Gebru, Tsigabu
TeameBezabih, "SensorBased Automatic Irrigation
Management System", International Journal of Computer
and Information Technology, pp. 2279-0764.
Akyildig, I.F., 2005. A Survey on Sensor Networks [J].IEEE
Communications Magazine, 2002(8):725-734.
Arnold, James E. "Soil Moisture"
C.M. Devika, Karthika Bose, S. Vijayalekshmy,“Automatic plant irrigation
system using Arduino”, Dec. 2017
Chaitali R. Fule and Pranjali K. Awachat, “Design and Implementation of
Real Time Irrigation System using a Wireless Sensor
Network”, Proceedings of the International Journal of Advance
Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, Volume
2, Issue 1, January 2014.
G. Dearib, Cooperative Automatic Irrigation System using Arduino.
International Journal of Science and Research 6(3) 2017,
1781- 1787.
https://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_4/10_October2014/V4I10-
0228.pdf
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
H.T Ingale and N.N. Kasat, “Automated Irrigation System”, Proceedings of
the International Journal of Engineering Research and
Development, Volume 4, Issue 11 November 2012. 21 | P a
ge
K.Prathyusha, M. Chaitanya Suman, “Design of Embedded System for the
Automation of Drip Irrigation”. IJAIEM (2319-4847), vol 1, Issue 2,
October 2012.
Klute, A. (ed.), 1986: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and
Mineralogical Methods. American Society of Agronomy,
Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 1188 pp.
L. Bhaskar, B. Koli, P. Kumar, V. Gaur, "Automatic crop irrigation system",
2015 4th International Conference on Reliability Infocom
Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and
Future Directions), pp. 1-4, 2015.
Luis Ruiz-Garcia, Loredana Lunadei 1, Pillar Barreiro 1 and Jose Ignacio
Robla 2 “A Review of Sensor Technologies and Applications
in Agriculture and Food Industry: State of the Art and Current
Trends” Sensors 2009, 9, 4728-4750; doi:10.3390/s90604728.
Mahesh M. Galgalikar and Gayatri S. Deshmukh, “Real-Time Atomization

of Irrigation system for Social Modernization of Indian
Agricultural System”, Proceedings of the International Journal of
Computer Applications, Volume 1, 2010.
M. Lincy Luciana, B.Ramya, and A. Srimathi, “Automatic Drip Irrigation
Unit Using PIC Controller”, Proceedings of the International
Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2,
Issue 3, May 2013
MahirDursun and Semih Ozden, “A wireless application of drip irrigation
automation supported by soil moisture sensors”,
Proceedings of the Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 6(7), pp. 1573-
1582, 4 April, 2011.
Prathyusha.K1, G. Sowmya Bala2, Dr. K. Sreenivasa Ravi, “A real time
irrigation control system for precision agriculture using WSN
in Indian agricultural sectors” International Journal of Computer
Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.3,
No.4, August 20.
Rafael Munoz Carpena Michael D. Dukes "Automatic Irrigation Based on
Soil Moisture for Vegetable Crops" IFAS extension 2005
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on Arduino Controller Using Sensors. International Journal of
Innovative Research in Computer and Communication
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College of Industrial Technology

SIMULATION OF MOISTURE-BASED WATERING SYSTEM

A Proposed Project Development Study

This project study entitled “SIMULATION OF SMART MOISTURE-BASED

Virginia A. Blanco. MAIE

Approved by the Committee of Oral Examination with a grade of

PHILIP Y. DEL ROSARIO Ph.D

ALBERT V. VILLENA, MT EDCEL C. TORRALBA, MT

December 2020 PHILIP Y. DEL ROSARIO Ph.D

Time Allotment and Gantt Chart of Activities…………………………….38

2. To conceptualize the design of Smart Moisture-BasedWatering System

2.1 Types of Soil

2.2 Water capacity of Soil

2.3 Type of Plants

3. To test Smart Moisture-Based Watering System using Simulation

software in terms of;

3.1 Water Consumption

Significance of the Study

exhausting swiftly. It is our accountability as an individual to help and save our

To the Agricultural sector because it can be provide a more organize,

more water is conserve.

Industrial Technology because the campus was surround by many garden

development improvements for the overall betterment of the campus.

Scopes and Delimitationsof the Study

The specific intent of this study is to propose a design of Smart Moisture-

Based Watering System using a simulation software. It is a soil moisture-based

drops to the base moisture level. The project which is to be implement an

shortage of rainfall, this model can be successfully College of Industrial

better crop yield is achieve.

This system cannot manipulate or record video. It requires manual

adjustment in the moisture level of the soil.

vigorous. To avoid food scarcity, it is very important to endorse the agriculture

establishes a system which helps to lessen the water wastage as well as

or not and thereby saves a lot of time.

procedures undertaken by the researchers to construct the Smart Moisture-

Based Watering System UsingArduino.

to be use in the current study.

Smart Moisture-Based Watering System Using Arduino.

with the output which is the Simulation of Smart Moisture-Based Watering

System Using Arduino.

INPUT PROCESSES OUTPUT

Figure 1: Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Arduino Uno - A microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a

2020). It is the microcontroller needed to create the automatic watering system.

Automation - The conversion of a work process, a procedure, or

equipment to automatic rather than human operation or control.

Irrigation System - The artificial application of water to the soil through

Microcontroller - A microcontroller (sometimes called an MCU or

Arduino Uno is the microcontroller of the system.

Relay Module - an electrically operated switch that allows you to turn on

six pins: three on one side and three on other side.

Soil Moisture Sensor – It measures the volumetric water content in soil.

Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires

as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a

determine whether the soil has sufficient or insufficient moisture desired by

Water Level Indicator Sensor - Also known as a probe sensor is what

on the corrective action needed.

farming, municipal, and manufacturing applications (elprocus.com, 2019). In this

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is about the discussion of the selected technology to be used

by the researchers, the programming language to be used, the conceptual

literature, the related studies, and projects of different researchers firmly

identified in the systems. The structures of the foundation of the improvement