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HydroDuino: Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation System

By: Cadaa, Ivana Li E., Cadeliña, Retchien Mae B., Caburnay, Jazthea Niña G., Arco,
Kiara Xyza A., Juanite, Juillian A., Borja, Bruce B., Manlimos, Ibrahim P., Sistona,
Rito Jr. P.
Adviser: Alberto S. Elcullada Jr.

ABSTRACT

In the face of increasing water scarcity and the imperative to optimize agricultural

practices, the HydroDuino Smart Irrigation System emerges as a pivotal solution

blending innovation with sustainability. This research presents a comprehensive

investigation into the design, development, and efficacy of HydroDuino, an intelligent

irrigation system empowered by cutting-edge technologies such as Arduino

microcontrollers and hydrological sensors. The system operates on a feedback

mechanism, utilizing real-time data on soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and

plant water requirements to deliver precise and efficient irrigation. Through a

meticulous integration of hardware and software components, HydroDuino offers

customizable irrigation schedules tailored to specific crop needs, thereby minimizing

water wastage while maximizing yield outcomes. Furthermore, the system's

accessibility and scalability make it adaptable to diverse agricultural settings, from

small-scale farms to large plantations. Field trials and comparative analyses

demonstrate HydroDuino's superiority in water conservation and crop productivity,

underscoring its potential to revolutionize traditional irrigation practices. This

research not only highlights the technical prowess of HydroDuino but also

underscores its role in promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental

stewardship in an era of escalating water challenge.

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture has witnessed a rapid development in recent years towards more

efficient and sustainable practices, fueled by technical advancements and the

compelling need to address crises like water shortages and food security. Among

these enhancements, smart irrigation systems have emerged as a promising approach

for optimizing water use while increasing crop productivity. In this context, the

incorporation of Arduino microcontrollers has played a critical role in modernizing

traditional irrigation technologies, paving the way for the creation of Arduino-based

intelligent irrigation systems.

Arduino, an open-source electronics platform known for its versatility and ease of

use, has enabled both enthusiasts and professionals to develop new solutions in a

variety of fields, including agriculture. Researchers and amateurs have created smart

irrigation systems that can monitor environmental data, assess soil moisture levels,

and accurately administer water to crops by combining Arduino hardware with

sensors, actuators, and communication modules. This integration of hardware

components with Arduino's programmable capabilities has ushered in a new era of

precision agriculture, with real-time data and analytics driving irrigation decisions.

This study aims to contribute to the knowledge and advancement of Arduino-

based smart irrigation systems, providing insights for researchers, practitioners, and

policymakers seeking to use technology for sustainable agricultural growth.

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Review of Related Literature

Agriculture assumes an essential part for advancement in nourishment generation

(Kanchan D., 2018). Agriculture relies on rainstorms, which are insufficient sources

of water. So, irrigation is utilized. as part of the agricultural field. Water is delivered

to plants by an irrigation system based on the kind of soil. The automated irrigation

framework consists of a criticism control structure that uses monitoring to Managing

ecological elements and irrigation. Natural characteristics including soil moisture,

temperature, and Moisture has an important role in overall product improvement and

yield.

Current global technology plays an important role in the field of agriculture

(Sharmin A., 2018). Agriculture has an important role in the progress of food

production. In our country, Agriculture is dependent on rainstorms, which do not

provide an adequate source of water. So, the irrigation is utilized. is part of the

agriculture field. Water is delivered to plants using an irrigation system based on the

kind of soil.

Automated Irrigation

A smart irrigation system uses sensors and technology to monitor soil moisture

levels, meteorological conditions, and plant requirements. This information is then

utilized to automatically adjust the irrigation schedule, ensuring that plants receive the

proper amount of water at the appropriate time, hence optimizing water usage and

fostering healthy plant growth.

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Automated Monitoring

The automated monitoring of a smart irrigation system is based on a network of

sensors strategically positioned throughout the landscape. Soil moisture sensors,

which are placed in plants' root zones, continuously monitor moisture levels to

determine whether they need to be watered. In addition, weather stations give critical

data such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and rainfall, allowing the system to

change irrigation plans in real time. Evapotranspiration sensors are important because

they measure the rate of water loss from the soil and plants, allowing for precise

irrigation scheduling. Rain sensors detect rainfall, avoiding excessive irrigation during

or after a rain event.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Smart irrigation IoT solutions use sensors to collect data on soil moisture and

meteorological conditions. This data is wirelessly transferred to a central control unit

or cloud platform and analyzed in real time. Algorithms then automatically alter

irrigation schedules, saving water and boosting plant health. Users can remotely

monitor and control the system using their smartphone or a web interface, allowing

for more efficient water management and sustainable landscaping.

Objectives

The primary goal of this research is to create and implement the HydroDuino

Smart Irrigation System, which utilizes Arduino technology to provide accurate and

automated control of water distribution in agricultural settings. It aims to improve

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plant development while also providing an easy-to-use and long-term solution for

automated plant care.

1. To develop an automatic watering system utilizing Arduino technology,

incorporating sensors to monitor soil moisture levels.

2. To implement various plant environments to assess its efficacy in maintaining

optimal soil moisture.

3. To investigate the adaptability to different plant species and environmental

conditions.

Significance of the study

Understanding how temperature changes affect plant growth is critical for

productivity in agriculture. Temperature extremes can have a significant effect on

plant development and results, therefore selecting plants that can adapt to these

conditions is vital. The study of smart irrigation systems is important for tackling

fundamental concerns such as water scarcity, agricultural sustainability, and effective

resource management. These systems provide practical solutions for farmers and

landscapers to decrease water waste, boost crop production, and lower operational

costs by optimizing water usage using sensor-driven technologies and automated

controls. Furthermore, the use of smart irrigation systems is consistent with larger

initiatives toward environmental conservation and climate resilience, making it an

important field of research for promoting sustainable farming practices and assuring

long-term food security.

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Statement of the problem

Current irrigation practices confront issues due to inefficient water management

and a lack of real-time monitoring, resulting in water waste and poor plant

development. Furthermore, the increasing demand for water resources, combined with

environmental concerns, necessitates long-term irrigation solutions. As a result, the

purpose of this project is to investigate the development and deployment of smart

irrigation systems that use sensor technology and data analytics to automate irrigation

processes, optimize water usage, and improve agricultural sustainability.

1. How to utilize water effectively and responsibly.

2. Overwatering or underwatering: Depending on the sensors' accuracy and

programming, the plants may be overwatered or underwatered, both of which can be

harmful to their health

3. Power Supply: Depending on the setup, you may need to consider different power

supply solutions to ensure continuous functioning.

4. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and

sunlight levels can affect the performance of the system and should be considered

during setup and operation.

Scope and Limitations

The "HydroDuino: Arduino-based Smart Irrigation System" project aims to

construct a smart irrigation system by merging an Arduino board with sensors. The

aim is to create a system that can detect attributes like soil moisture and then modify
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irrigation schedule and duration accordingly. The cultivation of plants will become

simpler as well as convenient. This study was carried out in 2024 at Surigao del Norte

National High School (SNNHS).

The following are the scope of the proposed system:

1. The device's scope includes designing and developing an Arduino-based smart

irrigation system.

2. The device is designed to automatically monitor and control plant irrigation via a

variety of sensors.

3. The device would be designed to be affordable, easy to use, and suitable for a wide

range of plants.

4. The device would entail the design, development, and testing of the system,

including the programming of the Arduino and the sensors.

The following are limitations of the system:

1. The limitations of the device are budget, time, and resources.

2. The device may be limited by the availability of materials and components.

3. The device may also be limited by the complexity of the system and the technical

challenges that may come up during the development and implementation process.

4. The device's performance will depend on various factors such as the size of the

plants, and the type and composition of the soil.

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Definition of Terms

Smart Irrigation System. An innovative irrigation technology that uses sensors,

data analytics, and automated control mechanisms to optimize water usage and

increase irrigation efficiency.

Sensors. Devices that monitor environmental characteristics such as soil

moisture, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and evapotranspiration rates.

Automated Control Mechanisms. Systems or algorithms that employ data

analytics to autonomously alter irrigation schedules, durations, and volumes in

response to real-time environmental conditions and plant requirements.

Soil Moisture Sensors. Devices that assess soil moisture content, providing

critical information about when and how much water should be applied to plants.

Sustainability. The purpose is to promote long-term environmental health and

resource conservation, especially water conservation, through irrigation methods.

Automation. The automated adjustment of irrigation schedules, durations, and

volumes based on assessed data, which reduces the need for human intervention.
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Chapter 2

METHODS

This chapter includes the methods and techniques for implementing an automatic

irrigation system using Arduino. The Arduino platform provides a flexible and cost-

effective solution for automating irrigation processes, allowing for precise control

over watering schedules and ensuring optimal moisture levels for plants.

Technical Background

An Arduino-powered water system framework blends technology and agriculture

to efficiently irrigate plants based on their moisture levels. The most common

components are an Arduino board, a soil moisture sensor, a transfer module, a water

pump, an LCD display, and a control supply. The Arduino board serves as the

central controller, receiving input from the soil dampness sensor and instructing the

transfer module to turn on or off the water pump. When the soil wetness falls below

a particular threshold, the Arduino activates the transfer module, which starts the

water pump and delivers water to the plants until the necessary dampness level is

reached. Advanced frameworks may contain features such as portable monitoring

and control for greater access.

When working with electrical components and water-related frameworks, it is

critical to emphasize security and follow proper procedures. Point-by-point

instructive exercises and research articles provide step-by-step guidance and code

examples for implementation. By creating a programmable water system framework

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with Arduino, you may create an efficient and precise watering system for your

plants while also incorporating innovation into agriculture.

Smart irrigation systems are a significant breakthrough in agriculture and

landscaping techniques, utilizing technology to minimize water usage and encourage

environmentally friendly irrigation methods. Sensor technology is important to these

systems, as it monitors key environmental parameters such as soil moisture levels,

weather conditions, and plant water requirements. Soil moisture sensors, for

example, provide real-time data on soil moisture content, allowing for accurate

irrigation scheduling depending on the plants' specific demands. Weather stations

linked with smart irrigation systems collect data on temperature, humidity, wind

speed, and rainfall, allowing irrigation schedules to be adjusted as weather

conditions change. Furthermore, evapotranspiration (ET) sensors assess the rate of

water loss from soil and plants, providing useful information about the landscape's

overall water requirement. This information is then processed and evaluated by

complex algorithms to identify the most effective irrigation plan and duration.

Automated control systems, such as solenoid valves and actuators, are used to

regulate the flow of water to different zones of the irrigation system, providing

effective water distribution while reducing waste.

. In addition to sensor technologies and automated controls, smart irrigation

systems frequently include connectivity capabilities that allow for remote

monitoring and control via smartphone apps or web interfaces. Users may now

access real-time data, receive warnings, and alter irrigation settings from anywhere,

making irrigation management more convenient and flexible.

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Overall, smart irrigation systems take a comprehensive approach to water

management, combining sensor technologies, data analytics, and automation to

optimize water use, enhance plant health, and reduce environmental impact. Smart

irrigation systems leverage technological improvements to provide a sustainable

solution to water constraint and assure efficient watering practices in agricultural,

landscaping, and urban contexts.

Figure 1. System Architecture

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Table 1. Parts of a Smart Irrigation System

PARTS OF THE SYSTEM FUNCTION

SENSORS It detects the soil moisture content in the root zone before to
a scheduled irrigation event and skips the cycle if the
moisture level exceeds a predetermined threshold.

WIRES To connect the components together.

RELAY used as an actuator to trigger pump-motor circuits in

making fully automated grow system.

LCD shows moisture conditions of the soil and water pump.

LED will turn on if any moisture is detected.

ARDUINO The Arduino plays the role of Micro-controller.

BREADBOARD to log the sensor's data in the SD card.

BATTERY It controls the motor pump according to the moisture in the

soil which is given by the moisture sensor.

POWER SUPPLY provides the necessary electrical power to operate various

irrigation components, such as solenoid valves, controllers,
sensors, and other electronic devices.

WATER PUMP The water pump will supply water to the plants.

PIPE takes water from the tap to your plants

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Product Idea

HydroDuino: Arduino-based Smart Irrigation System revolutionizes indoor

plant care by offering a hassle-free solution for watering and nurturing indoor

greenery, empowering users to enjoy the beauty of lush plants without the burden

of manual maintenance. With its smart features and user-friendly design, this

product ensures that indoor plants thrive effortlessly, enhancing the well-being and

enjoyment of indoor living spaces. HydroDuino: Arduino-based Smart Irrigation

System is the ultimate companion for plant enthusiasts, busy individuals, and those

new to indoor gardening. It brings the joy of thriving plants into any indoor space,

enhancing the beauty and tranquility of the environment.

Hardware Development, Requirements and Functional Specifications

For this project, we used the Arduino UNO board, which acts as the main

controller for this project. Soil Moisture Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Ultrasonic sensor,

4 channel relay module, 1 water pump, Arduino UNO.

Sensors, a control unit, actuators, and communication modules will all be essential

components of the smart irrigation system. The sensors will be installed in the soil to

monitor moisture levels, temperature, and possibly other environmental factors such

as light intensity and humidity. These sensors will provide data to the control unit,

which will analyze it and give recommendations on watering schedules. Actuators,

such as solenoid valves, will be used to control the flow of water into the irrigation
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system based on the control unit's instructions.

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram

Embedded Software Development

The creation of embedded software is the third phase. In this stage, the Arduino

Uno, the main board, is used to program the hardware components, enabling effective

and efficient communication with other devices. For hardware programming, the

Arduino Integrated Development Board (IDE) is utilized.Embedded software

development for the smart irrigation system entails creating firmware that controls

sensor data collecting, decision-making algorithms, and actuator operation. The

firmware will feature sensor interface modules for collecting data on soil moisture,

temperature, and ambient variables.

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Figure 3 and 4. Arduino IDE Interface

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Integration Testing (Hardware and Software)

Integration testing for a smart irrigation system ensures that the hardware and

software components work together seamlessly. It evaluates sensor accuracy and

connectivity with the control unit, as well as the firmware's ability to process data and

control actuators. This phase tests the system's ability to change watering schedules

depending on sensor inputs and user preferences, as well as the dependability of

communication protocols for remote monitoring and control. Overall, integration

testing finds and resolves discrepancies or compatibility concerns, ensuring that the

smart irrigation system runs smoothly.

Figure 5. The external look of the system

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Figure 5 shows what the system looks like. Arduino UNO board, which acts as the

main controller for this project. Soil Moisture Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Ultrasonic

sensor, 4 channel relay module, 1 water pump. A smart irrigation system is often

made up of discrete sensors implanted in the soil or surrounding environment, a

compact control unit contained in a weatherproof casing with indicator lights or a

small display, and perhaps connectivity antennas or ports. Valves and other irrigation

components are typically located underground or within irrigation lines, leaving a

small apparent footprint. The overall design is intended to fit easily into outdoor

environments while efficiently optimizing water usage and plant health.

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Figure 6. The internal look of the system

Figure 6. A smart irrigation system's internal components include data gathering

sensors, a control unit for processing and decision-making, water flow actuators, and

a communication module for remote access. These components collaborate within

enclosures to effectively manage water consumption and improve plant health.

Smart Irrigation System Flowchart

The smart irrigation system flowchart depicts an automated procedure for

monitoring and managing irrigation based on environmental variables. It begins by

reading data from sensors that monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. If

the soil moisture is found to be low and there is no rain expected, the system checks to

see if the irrigation system is already operational. If not, it starts irrigation.

Throughout the watering process, the system checks soil moisture levels to ensure

they meet the target threshold. Irrigation is turned off once appropriate moisture has

been attained. This systematic approach optimizes water management, ensuring crops

get enough moisture while reducing waste.

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Figure 7. Smart Irrigation System Flowchart

Water Distribution and Irrigation Flowchart

A smart irrigation system's water distribution is highly tailored to supply

accurate amounts of water to different zones based on plant type and soil

conditions. A central system controls valves and pipes, which transport water to

emitters or sprinklers strategically placed within each zone. Monitoring sensors

constantly analyze soil moisture and weather conditions, allowing enabling changes

to watering schedules as needed. This effective strategy reduces water waste while

ensuring plants receive adequate moisture for maximum growth.

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Figure 8. Water Distribution and Irrigation Flowchart

Soil Moisture Sensor and Irrigation Flowchart

The Soil Moisture Sensor Flowchart illustrates how a smart irrigation system

senses soil moisture levels to make irrigation decisions. It starts with the sensor

measuring the moisture level in the soil. The machine then determines whether the

soil moisture level falls below a predefined threshold. If the moisture level is

sufficient, showing that the soil contains enough water, the system continues to

monitor.

start pump ()

stop pump ()
moisture >
start measure soil
moisture
300

END
Figure 9. Soil Moisture Sensor and Irrigation Flowchart

Low Water Level Detection and Irrigation Flowchart

Low water level detection in a smart irrigation system requires the installation of

sensors within water sources such as reservoirs or tanks. These sensors continuously

monitor water levels and send alarms or take action when they go below a
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predetermined threshold. When the system detects low water levels, it can

automatically halt irrigation operations to avoid further depletion of water resources

and any damage to the irrigation infrastructure. Notifications can also be delivered to

system operators or users, reminding them to take appropriate measures such as

refilling the water supply or modifying irrigation schedules. Smart irrigation systems

improve water management methods, conserve resources, and assure consistent

operation for long-term agriculture or landscaping applications by including low

water level sensing.

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Figure 10. Low Water Level Detection and Irrigation Flowchart

Chapter 3
RESULTS

In this study, students developed an automatic plant watering system using

Arduino. They systematically tested and analyzed the components to ensure

functionality and compatibility. The system, consisting of an Arduino board, soil

moisture sensor, water pump, and relay module, provided real-time monitoring of

plant conditions. Thorough testing confirmed the components' reliability, contributing

to sustainable agriculture practices.

After successfully integrating all the components, we gained confidence in our

ability to assist busy individuals with indoor plant watering and alleviate their

concerns about plant care. The positive outcomes of this study reinforced our belief in

the system's effectiveness. By automating the watering process, we can provide a

convenient solution for plant enthusiasts, ensuring their plants receive a satisfactory

hydration without the need for constant manual intervention.

This project has the potential to simplify plant care and enhance the overall

indoor gardening experience. The trials conducted to test the low water level detection

and mitigation system yielded promising results. The dedicated sensor accurately

detected the water level, triggering the appropriate actions based on the gathered

values. These findings demonstrate the system's capability to effectively monitor and

address the lack of water , ensuring optimal plant hydration and growth.
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This study looks into the effectiveness of smart irrigation systems in improving

agricultural sustainability by optimizing water use while increasing crop yields. Smart

irrigation systems use modern sensors to monitor soil moisture levels, temperature,

and weather forecasts, along with clever algorithms, to provide precise and adaptable

watering schedules adapted to crop particular demands. This study reveals the

considerable potential of smart irrigation systems in conserving water resources,

reducing energy consumption, and enhancing agricultural output by conducting a

thorough analysis of existing literature and empirical experiments. Furthermore, the

study assesses the economic feasibility and environmental benefits of implementing

these systems, providing information on their scalability and long-term viability for

sustainable agriculture practices.

Table 2
Soil Moisture Detection and Irrigation
Sensors Trial Number Reading Water pump
Soil Dry ON
Soil Moisture 1
Soil Dry ON
Soil Dry ON
Soil Moisture 2
Soil Dry ON
Soil Dry ON
Soil Moisture 3 Soil Dry ON
Soil Dry ON
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Chapter 4
DISCUSSION
This chapter is dedicated to addressing and discussing the outcomes associated
with the implementation of the HydroDuino Arduino-based smart irrigation system.

A. Key Features and Advantages

The HydroDuino provides a range of important features and advantages Initially,

Smart Sensing. HydroDuino employs sensors to monitor soil moisture levels, ensuring

plants receive the right amount of water. Furthermore, Weather Adaptability. The

system adjusts irrigation schedules based on real-time weather conditions, preventing

overwatering during periods of rain. In addition, Water Conservation. The intelligent

control mechanism contributes to water conservation, addressing environmental

concerns and promoting sustainability. Moreover, Crop Health Optimization.

Enhances plant health by delivering precise amounts of water based on real-time

conditions. Finally, Resource Efficiency. Reduces water consumption through

intelligent irrigation, promoting environmental sustainability.

B. Environmental Impact and Sustainability of HydroDuino

The HydroDuino Arduino-based smart irrigation system has a positive

environmental impact and promotes sustainability in agriculture. By utilizing sensors

and data-intensive methods, smart irrigation systems like HydroDuino optimize water

usage and reduce water wastage. This leads to significant water conservation,

addressing the growing concern of water scarcity. By providing precise irrigation

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based on real-time data from soil moisture sensors, the system ensures that plants

receive the right amount of water, minimizing water runoff and preventing

overwatering. This not only promotes plant health but also reduces the environmental

impact of excessive water usage, such as soil erosion and nutrient leaching.

Additionally, the automation and data-driven approach of HydroDuino enables

farmers to make informed decisions about irrigation schedules, leading to improved

resource management and increased agricultural efficiency. The sustainability of

HydroDuino lies in its ability to optimize agricultural practices and reduce the

reliance on conventional irrigation methods. By using sensors to monitor soil and

moisture levels the system provides valuable insights into the conditions affecting

plant growth. This data-driven approach allows farmers to implement targeted and

efficient irrigation strategies, minimizing water and energy consumption.

Furthermore, HydroDuino's automation capabilities save time and labor, reducing the

carbon footprint associated with manual irrigation methods. Overall, HydroDuino

promotes sustainable agriculture by conserving water resources, reducing

environmental impact, and improving the overall efficiency and productivity of

agricultural operations.

C. Benefits and Future Implications

The HydroDuino offers several benefits and holds promising future Implications.

One of the key benefits of HydroDuino is water Conservation. The HydroDuino

system helps optimize water usage by monitoring soil moisture levels in real time.

This ensures that plants receive the right amount of water, preventing overwatering

and minimizing water wastage. By conserving water, the system promotes sustainable
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irrigation practices and helps address water scarcity issues. Furthermore, Improved

Plant Health and Growth. The HydroDuino system enables precise control of

irrigation based on plant requirements. By delivering water at the right time and in the

right amount, it promotes optimal plant health and growth. This leads to improved

crop yields, healthier gardens, and better overall plant vitality. In addition, Improved

Plant Health and Growth. The HydroDuino system enables precise control of

irrigation based on plant requirements. By delivering water at the right time and in the

right amount, it promotes optimal plant health and growth. This leads to improved

crop yields, healthier gardens, and better overall plant vitality.

Figure 15. Code

Code

The code for a smart irrigation system collects data from sensors like soil

moisture and temperature, processes it using algorithms considering plant type and
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weather forecasts, and controls irrigation equipment to efficiently water plants, aiming

to optimize plant health while minimizing water usage.

Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS

This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendation. The final chapter of

this study presents a succinct summary of major findings and implications. It

emphasizes the study's contributions to the area, recognizes limits, and proposes

directions for further research. This chapter contextualizes the study within the larger

academic discourse and discusses its possible impact on theory, practice, and policy.

Conclusion

By testing and using this system, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The HydroDuino system is an effective solution for monitoring soil conditions,

automatically watering plants, and saving water and energy. The system's user

interface is easy to use and provides the user with control and monitoring capabilities.

2. The system can provide valuable data on soil conditions that can help improve crop

yields. The data that was obtained through sensors were showed on the LCD

presenting the accurate measurements.

3. The system is a cost-effective solution to traditional irrigation systems and is well-

received by farmers who use it.

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4. The HydroDuino system can help improve crop yields by providing farmers with

accurate data on soil conditions, allowing them to make informed decisions about

their irrigation practices. The research has shown that the HydroDuino system is a

promising solution to traditional irrigation systems and can help to improve farm

productivity while reducing water and energy consumption.

5. The results of the project used the components specified from the product idea to

provide the expected and intended performance of sensors, and to identify the right

components for the system to function properly. The system's ability to automatically

water plants based on their needs can help to increase plant growth and health, making it

a valuable tool for farmers.

The student researchers are recommending for the incoming future researchers

who are considering an innovation in this project should create an easier design

available for production. Researchers recommend using the best industrial types of

these sensors, and the intended installation is for larger greenhouses. The parts of the

system that could benefit from innovation can be developed by future researchers.

The researchers will particularly look forward to the use of this method for farmers

who are required to keep an eye on their crops with a view to growing crops with

increased growth and make more income with less hassle.

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