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Executive Summary
system to mitigate or lessen the impact of drought on rice production. The proposed
system aims to create an adaptive system that will address pressing challenges,
especially to the farmers. The study will involve designing, implementing, and
evaluating an Arduino-based system. The proposed system will utilize reliable power
forecasts stations, and machine learning algorithms to optimize water usage. The
system also aims to deliver the correct amount of water required at the right moment.
Additionally, rain water harvesting and recycling techniques will be utilized by the
practices. The study seeks to mitigate the detrimental effects on rice production by
increasing advanced technology for real time monitoring and intervention, contributing
I. Background
More than half of the world's population relies primarily on rice, which is a
staple food and contains vital vitamins and minerals for human health (Sen, 2020).
For Asians, particularly Filipinos, rice is life. In the Philippines, rice continues to be
the most popular staple food, despite the availability of other options, it is a grain crop
with cultural and historical importance and, it is widely linked to numerous customs,
traditions, and cultural practices within the nation and into Filipino culture for many
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years, aside from the food and culture, rice is also a major source of income for
Filipino families, particularly for the farmers (National Nutrition Council, 2020).
However, according to Bouman et al. (2007), compared to other cereal crops, rice uses
more water, which makes it more susceptible to drought. A drought is an extended dry
period that can happen anywhere in the world as part of the natural climate cycle,
rice losses caused by drought between 1996 and 2000 accounted for about 20% of the
country's potential rice production. Since then, 300,000 hectares of paddy rice have
been affected by a severe drought in 2004, which resulted in an 82 percent loss of the
according to Science and Technology Secretary Renato Solidum Jr., a "strong" El Niño
Agriculture (DA) in the Davao Region, 8,429 farmers in the area lost 14,951 metric
tonnes of rice valued at P219.983 million and 9,249 metric tonnes of maize valued at
increasing irrigation applications and enhancing seed quality to resist the impacts of
El Niño. However, although these strategies are frequently used, how well they are
implemented will rely on the resources available, the local environment, and the
optimize water usage, and soil moisture monitoring. The proposed system will
incorporate Soil Moisture sensors to provide up-to-date data on soil moisture. Once it
detects that the soil lacks sufficient moisture to support plant growth, it will
automatically release the necessary amount of water. The system will also ensure that
the crop precisely receives the right amount of water at the optimal moment,
maximizing efficiency and minimizing waste. Furthermore, the project will also
II. Beneficiaries.
system. By optimizing irrigation practices and minimizing water wastAdd and the
automation feature, they can improve crop yield and lessen the damage caused by
drought.
practices, it helps safeguard the long-term viability of farming and lessen the impact of
drought on rice production. This, in turn, supports local economies and food security.
productivity. Moreover, the system can help in mitigating the effects of Drought on rice
production, ensuring food security and stability in regions reliant on rice production.
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agricultural sector can leverage this system to further enhance irrigation technology
and sustainable farming practices. By studying its effectiveness and refining its
production.
This paper aims to develop a soil moisture monitoring system using Arduino
system, soil moisture becomes easily monitored, and provides appropriate measures to
Smart Irrigation System (SIS) is a modern solution against the damage caused by
Smart Irrigation
System
Arduino Microcontroller
Water Release
Mechanism (e.g.,
Solenoid Valve)
Control Algorithm
Sustainable Rice
Production
User Interface
Connect the soil sensors to the Arduino board using suitable interfaces and wiring.
Program the Arduino Mega board to read and convert the sensor data to
Store the obtained data in the Arduino's memory and transmit it to the external
device.
Utilize wired or wireless communication modules (GSM) to transmit the soil moisture
Utilize an efficient power supply system (AA battery power supply) and a backup power
IV. Methodology
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A. Materials
Arduino Mega. Arduino Mega will be used for this proposed system.
GSM Module. This device will be used to communicate and provide alerts to the
residents via Short Message Service (SMS)
DC Motor. A simple rotation motor, rotating 360 degrees, operating without a load at
Figure V: DC Motor
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Humidity and Temperature Sensor. A low-cost humidity and temperature sensor. Helps
Rainfall Sensor. This sensor measures the amount of rainfall in an area, detects
Soil Moisture Sensor. Measures the moisture content in the soil to determine when
watering is required.
Water Level Sensor Module. This is simple and small portable water level/water droplet
identification, to monitor the water level in tanks or reservoirs.
Solenoid Valve. This valve allows you to open or close the flow of a liquid through it
and controls the flow of water to irrigation lines.
Relay Module. These are used to control high-voltage devices like water pumps or
Water Flow Sensor. Measures the flow rate of water to ensure the right amount is
delivered.
Real Time Clock Module. Allows the Arduino to keep track of time even when powered
off.
Solar Panel. A device that converts light from the sun into electricity that can be used
Battery and Battery Holder. Power supply to power the Arduino and other
components.
B. System Design
the project’s requirements such as, soil moisture sensor, water flow sensor, and
b. Create a circuit design and schematic layout for the component connections,
C. Hardware Implementation
specified schematic diagram. This involves setting up water flow sensor, water
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level sensor, soil moisture sensor, and weather forecast station (Rain fall
the design.
b. \Calibrate and test each sensor to guarantee precise measurements. For motion
information.
central server or monitoring station to ensure that the collected data can be
D. Software Implementation
a. Develop an Arduino program that interfaces with soil moisture sensors, water
flow sensor, weather forecast station (Rain fall sensor, Humidity and
solenoid valve, and real time clock module transforming their raw signals into
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meaningful data. This code ensures precise measurements for effective potential
crime monitoring.
c. Integrate functionalities into the Arduino code that manage errors and record
data. This addition helps in identifying and resolving issues during data
// Pin Definitions
#define SD_CS_PIN 53 // SD Card CS pin
#define LCD_RS_PIN 8
#define LCD_EN_PIN 9
#define LCD_D4_PIN 4
#define LCD_D5_PIN 5
#define LCD_D6_PIN 6
#define LCD_D7_PIN 7
#define WATER_LEVEL_SENSOR_PIN A0
#define SOIL_MOISTURE_SENSOR_PIN A1
#define FLOW_SENSOR_PIN 2
#define RAIN_SENSOR_PIN 3
#define HUMIDITY_TEMP_SENSOR_PIN A2
#define GSM_RX_PIN 10
#define GSM_TX_PIN 11
#define PUMP_RELAY_PIN 12
#define SOLENOID_VALVE_PIN 13
#define DC_MOTOR_PIN 14 // Example pin for DC motor
// Global Variables
LiquidCrystal lcd(LCD_RS_PIN, LCD_EN_PIN, LCD_D4_PIN, LCD_D5_PIN, LCD_D6_PIN,
LCD_D7_PIN);
DS3231 rtc;
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void setup() {
// Initialize Serial Communication
Serial.begin(9600);
// Initialize SD Card
if (!SD.begin(SD_CS_PIN)) {
Serial.println("SD Card initialization failed!");
return;
}
// Initialize RTC
rtc.begin();
void loop() {
DateTime now = rtc.now();
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lcd.print(soilMoisture);
lcd.print("%");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Level: ");
lcd.print(waterLevel);
lcd.print("cm");
}
Figure XVIII: Arduino code for the device and its sensors
a. Bring together the physical and digital parts of the system by integrating the
b. Verify that the system does what it's supposed to by running different tests.
This includes checking if the sensors give accurate readings and ensuring that
c. Record how the tests are done, what the results are, and if any changes are
needed to be done.
F. System Architecture
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G. Block Diagram
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Table I.
DC Motor 1 ₱ 109.20
12V Solenoid Valve - 3/4'' 1 ₱ 445.20
Serial Graphic LCD 160x128 1 ₱ 3,917.20
Battery Holder - 8xAA - 12V 1 ₱ 332.80
N-Channel MOSFET 60V 30A 3 ₱ 245.28
10K Ohm Resistor 5 ₱ 28.00
Water Level Sensor Module 1 ₱ 43.68
Water Flow Sensor G1/2 1 ₱ 549.68
QuadBand GPRS-GSM SIM800L 1 ₱ 650.28
Soil Moisture Sensor 1 ₱ 277.20
DHT22/11 Humidity and Temperature Sensor 1 ₱ 557.20
USB Cable A to B 1 ₱ 182.56
BreadBoard 1 ₱ 462.00
Jumper Wires Pack - M/M 3 ₱ 327.60
Jumper Wires Pack - M/F 1 ₱ 109.20
Male Headers Pack- Break-Away 1 ₱ 36.96
300W Solar Panel 1 ₱ 600.00
Rainfall Sensor 1 ₱ 65.00
Labor 1 ₱ 5,000.00
Total ₱ 16,490.00
Table II.
Research
Planning 22/02/24 08/03/24 15 ₱3,000.00
Expert
Consultation 08/03/24 24/04/24 47 ₱2,000.00
Data
Acquisition 10/03/24 18/03/24 8 ₱800.00
Device
Calibration 19/03/24 01/04/24 13 ₱16,490
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Interpret the
Results 02/04/24 08/04/24 6 ₱500.00
Disseminate
the Results 09/04/24 12/04/24 3 ₱500.00
Interpret the
Feedback 13/04/24 13/05/24 30 ₱500.00
References
Bonzo, L. (2023, April 25). Davao City prepares as looming El Niño threatens to cause dry spell.
RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/nation/mindanao/davao-city-prepares-looming-el-
nino-threatens-cause-dry-spell/
Chhinh, N., & Millington, A. (2015). Drought monitoring for rice production in Cambodia. Climate,
3(4), 792–811. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3040792
Korres, N. E., Norsworthy, J. K., Burgos, N. R., & Oosterhuis, D. M. (2017). Temperature and
drought impacts on rice production: An agronomic perspective regarding short- and
long-term adaptation measures. Water Resources and Rural Development, 9, 12–
27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2016.10.001
Philippine News Agency. Drought to hit 65 provinces by end of May 2024: Solidum.
(n.d.). https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1215252#:~:text=MANILA
%20%E2%80%93%20At%20least%2065%20provinces,Renato%20Solidum%20Jr.
%20said%20Tuesday.
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Roberts, M. G., Dawe, D., Falcon, W. P., & Naylor, R. L. (2009). El Niño–Southern oscillation
impacts on rice production in Luzon, the Philippines. Journal of Applied Meteorology and
Climatology, 48(8), 1718–1724. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc1628.1
World Health Organization: WHO. (2019, November 8). Drought. https://www.who.int/health-
topics/drought#tab=tab_1