Cej 3919f

Compliance Engineering Journal ISSN NO: 0898-3577
APPLICATION OF SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Ashish Kumar Parashar
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
SOS, Central University, GGV, Bilaspur, 495009, INDIA
Abstract: The major aim of the present research is to build up technique in agriculture automation to take
over, in the present scenario and deliver to its full potential. This system is designed by using arduino
microcontroller, to overcome limitations of agriculture farming to supply water to plants by furrow and
sprinkler methods with the available water tables. In this study an UNO Arduino microcontroller is used,
which receives the input signal of the changing moisture state of the soil through the moisture sensors. On
receiving the signal by the microcontroller, an output is generated for driving the relay to operate the water
pump, simultaneously indicating the moisture content of the soil of the field, on mobile or laptop through
Bluetooth. A buzzer is also interfaced with controller to warn, when the moisture content goes below the
minimum limit and when it goes above the maximum limit. The observations of moisture content are taken for
three crops, Mustard, Wheat and Rice and the field is irrigated by Furrow and sprinkler methods. The
outcome of the present study indicates that Desired Moisture Content (DMC) of 23.03%, 20.22% and 30.05%
for Mustard, Wheat and Rice crops is achieved with smart irrigation system using furrow and sprinkler
methods. This smart irrigation system developed in the research is found to function with an overall accuracy
of 98 %.
Keywords: Arduino, buzzer, Desired Moisture Content, Furrow method, Pump, Sprinkler method, Soil
moisture Sensors.
1. INTRODUCTION
India is the country of rural community and agriculture plays avital role in the growth of
the country. The continuous increasing demand of food requires the rapid improvement in
food production technology. Indian economy being mainly based on agriculture with
isotropic climatic condition the farmers still, are unable to use the agricultural resources to
the fullest. The Indian agriculture depends on the monsoons whichhas insufficient source
of water. Irrigation has always been an ancient practice which has evolved through many
stages over the years. The farmers are irrigating their farm by using traditional
methodologies like, use of buckets and watering cans, flood irrigation etc. This method
has many limitations specifically, erosion due to flooding, loss of water from plant
surfaces through evaporation, leaching off soil nutrients, water wastage resulting into
water scarcity in drought areas thus producing unhealthy crops. Hence, to increase the
efficiency of irrigation and preventing wastage of water a design of a new system of
irrigation is the need of an hour. In the quick paced world human physcology is to
embrace mechanization. Thus, to make life effortless, an innovative idea comes in to
human mind to make a Smart Irrigation System. So, a microcontroller based automated
irrigation system has been designed to accomplish the need when there will be acute
requirement of water.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In India irrigation has been an essential part of agriculture for over 5,000 (five thousand)
years worldwide (Shanan, 1987). Humpherys and Fisher (1995) used a water sensor
feedback control system and developed a semiautomatic irrigation control system here.
When water reaches a sensor at a downfield irrigation cutoff point, a signal to terminate
irrigation is sent via wire or infrared (IR) telemetry to a station controller or receiver at
the upper end of the field. In modern times, irrigation efficiency has become imperative
because of decline in groundwater day-by-day (Haider et al., 2015). Therefore, adequate
planning for irrigation in the country is required so that irrigation efficiency is improved.
To improve the efficiency of irrigation it is essential to design an intelligent irrigation
Volume 12, Issue 7, 2021 Page No: 616

system (Gutiérrez et al., 2013). In current days, smart irrigation system design is the
subject for research and many researchers are focused over it (Dobbset al., 2014, Reche et
al., 2015; Ososanya, 2015, Jiang, 2018, Keswani et al., 2018 and Kinjal et al., 2018).
Intelligent irrigation systems beautify watering schedules and automatically running
times, to meet the specific needs of the landscape (Caetano et al., 2015; Houstis et al.,
2017). An irrigation system was proposed, in which soil parameters such as pH, humidity,
moisture and temperature are measured for getting high yield from soil and it is fully
automated, which turns the motor pump ON/OFF as per the level of moisture in the soil
(Gainwaret al., 2015). On the other hand, an irrigation system was designed which derives
power from sunlight though photo-voltaic cells and system doesn’t depend on electricity
(Balaji and Sudha, 2016). An IOT based smart drip irrigation system was designed in
which humidity, temperature and pH sensors are used (Parameswaran and Sivaprasath,
2016). Some researchers focused their research and designed IOT based automatic
irrigation system using wireless sensor networks in which various sensors were used to
measure the soil parameters (Reshma and Sarath, 2016). This system provides a web
interface to the user to monitor and control the system remotely. Sometimes the sensing
arrangement is made in such a way by using two stiff metallic rods inserted into the field
at a distance. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. This
concept is more enhanced by integrating IOT (internet of things) technology (Jamal et.al,
2017).The automatic irrigation system will help people in their daily activities, thus
saving their time and hard work. It behaves as an intelligent switching system that detects
the soil moisture level and irrigates the plant if necessary (Akter et. al, 2018). In present
days, the arduino microcontroller system has a powerful tool for developing the automatic
irrigation system, which is cost effective (Hassan et.al, 2019). The researchers have
developed a system which automatically watering the plants when the soil moisture
sensor detects water insufficiency in the soil. Precision in agriculture is revolutionizing
the concept of smart farming in the entire world. Smart and precise agriculture is the key
to producing the best yield of crops. The major portion of the agrarian community is
illiterate worldwide, which is unaware of smart farming and intelligent (Sheikh et. al,
2021). A framework is proposed by Sheikh et. al (2021), which will reflect an intelligent
and secure irrigation system, equipped with essential sensors and wireless communication
systems.
3. COMPONENTS OF SMART SYSTEM
The present study consists of two steps, first step involves assembling the components
like soil moisture sensor, micro controllers (Arduino), passive buzzer module, blue tooth
(Mobile/Laptop), relay and pump. The second step is to develop a computer program for
micro controller. Figure 1 shows the working block diagram of Smart Irrigation System.
Soil Moisture
(Field) Sensor
LCD Display/Bluetooth
Power Module
Supply Micro (Mobile/Laptop)
Controllers
(Arduino)
Passive
Buzzer Relay Pump
Module (Module) (Water)

Figure 1. Working Block Diagram of Smart Irrigation System
3.1 Soil Moisture Sensor

The data from the soil of the field is taken by the soil moisture sensor. Depending on
moisture level of the soil the message is sent to the microcontroller either high or low
voltage, to show if the soil is wet or dry. When the soil is wet, it will send the low output
voltage, whereas when it is dry, it will send the high output voltage.
Figure 2. Soil Moisture Sensors
This sensor is directly connected to Arduino microcontroller. Soil moisture probes can be
placed at the points in the field. While using the soil moisture device in coarse soil,
special care is needed as because most of the devices require close contact with the soil
matrix. Soil moisture is an important component in the atmospheric water cycle, both on a
small agricultural scale and in large-scale modelling of land/atmosphere interaction. The
moisture available at the root level is an important dependency factor for vegetation and
crops rather than the occurrence of precipitation.The local soil information plays an
important role in water budgeting for irrigation planning and also the actual scheduling of
irrigation action. Soil moisture sensor uses the capacitance to measure the water content
of soil (https://www.soilmoisturesensor.net).
3.2 Arduino Micro-Controllers

Arduino is an open-source which provide prototyping platform based on easy-to-use
software and hardware (https://www.stemforward.org/arduino-blog). Arduino boards are
able to read inputs - a finger on a button, light on a sensor - and turn it into an output -
turning on an LED, activating a motor (https://www.challenge-
agriculture.fr/en/electronique/arduino/).

Figure 3. Micro Controllers (Arduino)
A set of instructions is sent to the microcontroller and is further processed as per the
programming language. The Arduino Uno can be powered via an external power supply
or the USB connection. The power source is selected automatically External or non-USB
power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter or battery (
https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php). The adapter will be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from electric battery are often,
may be inserted within the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the power connector
(https://www.slideshare.net/VaibhavPandey41/wireless-display-board). The board will
operate between six to twenty volts, whereas when exploitation is over 12V, the voltage
could overheat and harm the board. So the suggested range is seven to twelve volts. The
open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the
board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. This software can be used with any
Arduino board. Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software (https://www.electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/hardware-
diy/web based-device-controller-arduino-board). These boards are able to read inputs -
light on a sensor, a finger on a button or a message - and turn it into an output - activating
a motor/pump, turning on an LED, publishing something online and many more
(https://answersdrive.com/what-is-the-gnd-on-arduino). Arduino boards are relatively
inexpensive compared to other microcontroller platforms.
3.3 Bluetooth Module

HC- 05 Bluetooth module has been used in this project. The main purpose of this
module is to give input to micro controller and also to show moisture readings in mobile
or laptop.
Figure 4. Bluetooth Module
3.4 Buzzer Modules

A passive buzzer module is used. Its function is to make sound to warn the user when it
reaches the minimum and maximum moisture content values. Then it also makes a
different sound when the pump is ON and OFF.The Buzzer should be connected to
Arduino Uno.

Figure 5. Passive Buzzer Modules
3.5 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Various relays are used as an electromagnet
to operate a switching mechanism mechanically. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operation
(https://electriccircuitdesign.blogspot.com).
Figure 6. Relay
3.6 Water Pump

The water pump is used to artificially supply water for irrigation. It can be
electronically controlled by interfacing it to a microcontroller. It can be triggered ON/OFF
by sending signals as required (https://www.slideshare.net/MuhammadFazilMemon). A
small water pump, connected to an H-Bridge is used for the present study.
Figure 7. Pump
4. METHODOLOGY
For performing experiment, two small fields are selected as model. To supply the water
in above-mentioned fields, two methods of irrigation: Sprinkler Method and Furrow are
used. The furrow method is very common and popular method among village farmers. In
modern days, sprinkler method is also another popular method used for irrigation. The
above illustrated methods are used for taking observations in the present research. The
methods are discussed as below:
4. 1 Furrow Method
Furrow irrigation method is a kind of surface irrigation system. In this method small,
parallel channels are made to carry water for irrigating the crop which usually grows on

ridges between the furrows.Water channels are laid in such a way that, plants get ‘just
enough’ water to grow, as per their requirement, by the means of gravity. This method
ususlly involves a planned placement of ridges and furrows. (https://civiltoday.com/water-
resource-engineering). A ridge is the part of the layout of the field, that is elevated at
different angles based on the type of soil. This is actually where the plants are planted.
Furrow irrigation is appropriate for various crops, particularly row crops. it is also suitable
for the growing of any plants.
4.2 Sprinkler Method

Another method used to irrigate agricultural crops, lawns, landscapes, golf courses and
other areas are irrigation sprinklers, also used for cooling and for the control of airborne
dust. In this method, the process of supplying water to the field is similar to the natural
rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes, generally by pumping. It is then
sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which
fall back to the ground. The pump, valves, distribution pipes and sprinklers are generally
designed to apply water as uniformly as possible. Black and white poly carbonate
sprinklers are used in the present study. The specifications are as follows:
Color: Black, Grey
Material: Plastic
Hydraulic Pressure: 1.5-3.0 Kg, Flow Rate Range: 7.5-8.6litres/hour
Spray Range: 0.7-0.9 meters, Nozzle Length: Approx. 25mm
Nozzle Diameter: 6 mm, Tee Joint Size (LxH):30mm x 20mm
Tee Joint Inner Diameter: 2mm & 3mm
Figure 8. Sprinkler with Tee Joint

(a) Sensors Location Line Diagram (b) Location of Sensors in field
Figure 9. Furrow Method
(a) Sensors Location Line Diagram (b) Location of Sensors in field
Figure 10. Sprinkler Method
Figure 11. Sprinkler in Field Figure 12. Sensor in Observation Pit
Figure 13. Moisture Content Readings taken on Site

In two model fields, the first field Figure 9, is prepared for furrow method and Figure 10,
shows sprinkler method. Before the supply of water, Arduino Uno can be powered via
the USB connection with an external power supply. All the components will read and give
the output signal to the controller and the information will then be displayed to the user.
The sensor readings are analog in nature so the ADC pin in the controller will convert the
analog signals into digital format (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf). Then the controller
will access information and when the motors are turned ON/OFF it will be displayed on
the LCD Panel in laptop or mobile. System works on the principle that, when the moisture
level in soil falls below the readily available moisture required, then system automatically
turns on the pump and when moisture content in soil reaches its maximum limit it
automatically turns off.
Table 1.1 Moisture Content for Mustard Crop using Furrow Method
Water Desired Moisture Moisture Content Moisture Content Average

Supply Content (DMC) Upper Limit in Lower Limit in Moisture
Time (%) (%) (%) Content
(Minutes) 23.03 26.00 20.15 (%)
Sensor Reading of Moisture Content in % Mavg =
Location of Sensor in the Field 22.21
Location
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
of Sensor
0 09.23 09.05 09.02 10.57 09.02 10.02 09.30 09.78 07.02 9.23
30 23.02 23.49 22.16 25.72 26.30 25.65 24.06 24.62 23.20 24.25
90 21.38 21.79 20.61 22.76 22.87 21.15 23.11 23.85 21.23 22.09
150 20.15 20.87 19.28 21.73 21.92 19.65 22.78 22.93 19.99 21.04
210 22.16 22.34 21.77 21.02 21.81 20.44 21.11 21.85 20.67 21.47
Table 1.2 Moisture Content for Wheat Crop using Furrow Method

(Minutes) 20.22 22.75 17.7 (%)
Location
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
of Sensor
0 09.52 10.20 09.08 09.73 10.48 09.46 09.29 09.91 08.22 9.55
30 23.10 23.60 22.09 23.50 23.87 21.69 23.18 23.88 19.33 22.70
90 21.32 21.05 20.93 22.01 21.62 19.91 22.80 22.87 19.94 21.39
150 21.00 21.41 19.93 21.76 22.40 18.78 21.20 21.97 16.98 20.61
210 19.71 19.85 17.98 18.39 19.23 16.89 22.30 22.81 20.56 19.75
Table 1.3 Moisture Content for Rice Crop using Furrow Method

(Minutes) 30.05 31.9 28.21 (%)
Location
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
of Sensor
0 09.23 10.85 04.43 09.69 10.21 07.61 10.82 11.82 10.17 9.43

30 32.04 32.91 29.91 31.03 31.78 28.45 32.78 32.93 32.22 31.57
90 30.78 31.56 27.96 30.81 31.76 25.33 31.98 32.12 31.10 30.38
150 29.10 30.05 26.65 30.43 30.92 25.41 30.03 30.91 29.36 29.21
210 31.08 32.87 26.20 30.67 30.93 28.55 30.11 30.78 26.90 29.79
Table 2.1 Moisture Content for Mustard Crop using Sprinkler Method

(Minutes) 23.03 26.00 20.15 (%)
Location
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
of Sensor
0 09.72 10.56 08.46 10.8 09.88 11.06 09.20 09.71 07.79 9.69
30 26.80 27.00 24.80 26.10 26.34 25.26 25.43 23.78 26.39 25.77
90 25.30 25.67 24.33 25.20 25.78 24.32 25.10 25.23 24.37 25.04
150 25.10 25.54 23.16 24.10 24.82 23.68 24.62 24.8 23.78 24.40
210 25.32 25.30 22.88 24.62 24.60 23.08 24.38 24.42 23.80 24.27
Table 2.2 Moisture Content for Wheat Crop using Sprinkler Method

(Minutes) 20.22 22.75 17.7 (%)
Location
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
of Sensor
0 11.69 11.35 11.97 10.45 10.97 10.59 10.34 10.56 09.79 10.86
30 22.13 22.46 21.20 21.45 22.12 20.12 20.87 21.20 19.79 21.26
90 21.00 21.30 20.28 21.32 21.67 19.89 20.78 20.92 18.90 20.68
150 20.89 21.10 18.94 20.43 20.88 19.32 20.21 20.43 19.06 20.14
210 20.56 20.87 19.11 20.62 21.16 19.06 19.43 19.76 18.35 19.88
Table 2.3 Moisture Content for Rice Crop using Sprinkler Method

(Minutes) 30.05 31.9 28.21 (%)
Location
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
of Sensor
0 11.78 12.45 11.98 12.25 12.01 12.10 11.69 11.82 11.78 11.99
30 31.80 32.10 31.20 31.81 32.32 32.17 30.54 30.81 31.80 31.50
90 29.78 29.92 29.13 30.07 30.17 29.91 28.87 29.10 29.78 29.43
150 28.45 28.89 27.26 29.10 29.62 27.92 28.62 28.93 28.45 28.40
210 31.67 31.91 30.71 30.10 30.17 29.97 30.57 30.65 31.67 30.65

In furrow field three sensors as shown in Figure 9, are placed at a time, at locations
A1, A2, A3 then moisture content observations were taken. Then subsequently, the
sensors are again placed at locations of B1, B2, B3, C1, C2 and C3 and the observations
taken. These observations are taken when water is supplied for a time interval of 30
minutes. The above mentioned process is repeated for irrigation intervals of 90,150 and
210 minutes for the same sensor locations. For sprinklers method three lines are drawn on
the field and four sprinklers are placed approximately at equidistance in each line. Along
these lines the sensors are placed alternatively between sprinkles at locations A1, B1, C1;
A2, B2, C2 and A3, B3, C3 respectively as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 14.1. Moisture Content Variations for Mustard Crop (Furrow Method)
Figure 14.2. Moisture Content Variations for Wheat Crop (Furrow Method)

Figure 14.3. Moisture Content Variations for Rice Crop (Furrow Method)
Figure 15.1. Moisture Content Variations for Mustard Crop (Sprinkler Method)
Figure 15.2. Moisture Content Variations for Wheat Crop (Sprinkler Method)

Figure 15.3. Moisture Content Variations for Rice Crop (Sprinkler Method)
Similarly water is supplied for irrigation interval 30, 90, 150 and 210 minutes and at a
time, moisture content observations were taken at three sensor locations.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The result of observations for furrow method is indicated. For Mustard crop a deviation
of 3.56% was observed between, the average moisture content and the Desired Moisture
Conent (DMC). As the average moisture content was less than DMC so buzzer gave the
warning and pump started to supply water to the mustard crop field. For Wheat and Rice
crop, the deviation in moisture content is 4.4% and 0.60% respectively. The accuracy of
the furrow method is achieved as 97.14 %. Now taking the observations of sprinkler
method; the deviation in averagr moisture content and DMC is 1.84 % and 1.34%
respectively, whereas for rie crop the deviation is found to be 0.2%. Here also the,
average moisture contents is less, than the DMC so buzzer again gave the warning and
pump started to supply water to the rice crop. The accuracy of the sprinkle method is
achieved as 98.87 %. This system gives accurate results for smaller fields only. For
getting accuracy in bigger fields, more number of high-quality sensors needs to be placed
as per the field size. This system will be very much useful in the situation when, someone
is away from home for a long time and there is no one to look after the plants, the plants
will be watered automatically.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The consideration of present research is that, the soil moisture sensors & relay works
together to control the water supply in the irrigation field. When the required moisture
content reaches the upper limit, the pump will stop, to supply water to the field and when
the moisture content is below the DMC, the pump will start, to supply the water to the
field automatically. In both the conditions a warning message is received in the mobile or
laptop through bluetooth. Present study also helps in controlling the nutrients in the soil
and it is achieved by maintaining the moisture content between the Field Capacity and
Readily Available Moisture in the Field. Thus in the present research, using a smart
irrigation system for, Mustard, Wheat and Rice crops along with furrow and sprinkler
methods of irrigation, on two adjacent field (Models) of size of 3.0m x 2.0m, an overall
efficiency of 98 % approximately, is achieved. The present study has been performed on
the Red Laterite soil found in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. This system has been tested for

accuracy for smaller fields. For getting accuracy in bigger fields, more number of high-
quality sensors needs to be placed depending on the field size. This system will be very
much useful in the situation when, someone is away from home for a long time and there
is no one to look after the plants, the plants will be watered automatically. Present
designed smart irrigation system will be useful in the villages, to make villages become
smart.
Acknowledgment
Author is extremely thankful to his students Ashutosh Shukla, Ashutosh Tiwari and
Danish Alam, B. Tech. final year 2017-18, Institute of Engineering and Technology,
GGV, Bilaspur, for making smart irrigation device and taking observations .
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Compliance Engineering Journal ISSN NO: 0898-3577

APPLICATION OF SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Volume 12, Issue 7, 2021 Page No: 616

Volume 12, Issue 7, 2021 Page No: 617

Figure 1. Working Block Diagram of Smart Irrigation System

3.1 Soil Moisture Sensor

Figure 2. Soil Moisture Sensors

3.2 Arduino Micro-Controllers

Volume 12, Issue 7, 2021 Page No: 618

Figure 3. Micro Controllers (Arduino)

3.3 Bluetooth Module

Figure 4. Bluetooth Module

3.4 Buzzer Modules

Volume 12, Issue 7, 2021 Page No: 619

Figure 5. Passive Buzzer Modules

3.6 Water Pump

Volume 12, Issue 7, 2021 Page No: 620

4.2 Sprinkler Method

Figure 8. Sprinkler with Tee Joint

Volume 12, Issue 7, 2021 Page No: 621

(a) Sensors Location Line Diagram (b) Location of Sensors in field

Figure 9. Furrow Method

(a) Sensors Location Line Diagram (b) Location of Sensors in field

Figure 10. Sprinkler Method

Figure 11. Sprinkler in Field Figure 12. Sensor in Observation Pit

Figure 13. Moisture Content Readings taken on Site

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Water Desired Moisture Moisture Content Moisture Content Average

Water Desired Moisture Moisture Content Moisture Content Average

Water Desired Moisture Moisture Content Moisture Content Average

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Water Desired Moisture Moisture Content Moisture Content Average

Water Desired Moisture Moisture Content Moisture Content Average

Water Desired Moisture Moisture Content Moisture Content Average

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5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

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[12] B. Keswani, A. G. Mohapatra, A. Mohanty, A. Khanna, J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, D.

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