MATHEMATICS IN CAKE BAKING AND CAKE DECORATING

1. GEOMETRY

To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate vol ume of cake to be produced When making a batch of cake batter, you end up with a certain volume, determined by the recipe. The baker must then choose the appropriate size and shape of pan to achieve the desired result. If the pan is too big, the cake beco mes too short. If the pan is too small, the cake becomes too tall. This leads into the next situation.

The ratio of the surface area to the volume determines how much crust a baked good will have. The more surface area there is, compared to the volume, th e faster the item will bake, and the less "inside" there will be. For a very large, thick item, it will take a long time for the heat to penetrate to the center. To avoid having a rock hard outside in this case, the baker will have to lower the temperature a little bit and bake for a longer time. We mix ingredients in round bowls because cubes would have corners where unmixed ingredients would accumulate, and we would have a hard time scraping them into the batter.

2. CALCULUS (DIFFERENTIATION)

To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake -baking, to estimate min. or max.amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. Size of cake produced.

3. PROGRESSION To determine total weight/volume of multi -storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake -baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration. For example when we make a cake with many layers, we must fix the difference of diameter of the two layers. So we can say that it used arith metic progression. When the diameter of the first layer of the cake is 8 and the diameter of second layer of the cake is 6, then the diameter of the third layer should be 4. In this case, we use arithmetic progression where the difference of the diamet er is constant that is 2. When the diameter decreases, the weight also decreases. That is the way how the cake is balance to prevent it from smooch. We can also use ratio, because when we prepare the ingredient for each layer of the cake, we need to decrease its ratio from lower layer to upper layer. When we cut the cake, we can use fraction to devide the cake according to the total people that will eat the cake.

Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

Diagram 1

If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 38000cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 cm, the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school 3800 is Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3.142)(d/2) x 7 (3.142) = (d/2)

863.872 = (d/2) d/2 = 29.392

d = 58.784 cm

The inner dimensions of oven: 80cm length, 60cm width, 45cm height The formula that formed for d in terms of h by using the formula for volume of cake, V = 19000 is: 19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h 19000/(3.142)h=d/4 24188.415/h= d
d =155.53/h

Height,h 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Table 1

Diameter,d 155.53 109.98 89.79 77.76 69.55 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

b) i) h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive.

b) ii) The most suitable dimensions (h and d) for the cake is h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for eas y handling.

c) i) The same formula in 2(a) is used, that is 19000 = (3.142)(d/4)h. The same process is also used, that is, make d the subject. An equation which is suitable and relevant for the graph: 19000 = (3.142) 19000/(3.142)h= 24188.415/h= d=155.53/ d=155.53
=

Height,h 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0


Diameter,d 155.53 109.98 89.79 77.76 69.55 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

Log h 0.00 0.30 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.78 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0

Log d 2.19 2.04 1.95 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.69

table of 

Graph of against

ii) Based on the graph: a) d when h = 10.5cm h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm

b) h when d = 42cm d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm

3) The cake with fresh cream, with uniform thickness 1cm is decorated

a) The amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake, using the dimensions I've suggested in 2(b)(ii)

My answer in 2(b)(ii) ==> h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = volume of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = volume of cream at the top surface + volume of cream at the side surface

The bottom surface area of cake is not counted, because we're decorating the visible part of the cake only (top and sides). Obviously, we don't decorate the bottom part of the cake

Volume of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3.142)(54.99/2) x 1 = 2375 cm

Volume of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm

Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm

b) Three other shapes (the shape of the base of the cake) for the cake with same height which is depends on the 2(b)(ii) and volume 19000cm.

The volume of top surface is always the same for all shapes (since height is same), My answer (with h = 8cm, and volume of cream on top surface = 2375 cm) :

1-Ractangle-shaped base (cuboid)

Volume of the cake = base area x height 19000 base area base area =base area x 8 = =2375

length x width = 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8) Therefore, Volume of the cream= 2(Area of left and right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front and back side surface)(Height of cream) + volume of top surface

= 2(50 x 8)(1) + 2(47.5 x 8)(1) + 2375

= 3935 cm

2 Triangle-shaped base

Volume of the cake = base area x height 19000= base area x 8 Base area= base area = 2375


length x width = 2375

length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = =98.23

Therefore, amount of cream Amount of cream= Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Volume of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm

3-Pentagon-shaped base

Voume of cake=base area x hight 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 4 75 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19)

Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top su rface = 5(19 x 8) + 2375 = 3135 cm

c) Based on the values above, the shape that require the least amount of fresh cream to beused is:

Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used .

When there's minimum or maximum, well, there's differentiation and quadratic functions. The minimum height, h and its corresponding minimum diameter, d is calculated by using the differentiation and function.

Method 1: Differentiation

Two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in 2(a)), and th e formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in 3(a)).

19000 = (3.142)rh V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh From (1): h =19000/(3.142) Sub. (3) into (2): (2)

(1)

(3)

V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r[19000/(3.142) V = (3.142)r + (38000/r)) V = (3.142)r + 38000r -1

dV/dr 0 38000/

=2(3.142)

(38000/ )

=2(3.142)r (3800/ ) -->> minimum value, therefore dV/dr= 0 = 2(3.142)r

6047.104 = r 6047.104 = r r = 18.22

Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h = 19000/(3.142) h = 18.22 therefore,

h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm

Method 2: Quadratic Functions

Two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function.

Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142)rh f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r +2h/2 ) (2h/2) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0 = (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) (1) (2)

Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104

h = 18.22

Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894

r = 18.22

therefore,
h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm

I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily.

Diagram 2 Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi -storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. Given: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2 nd cake = 10% smaller than 1 st cake radius of 3 rd cake = 10% smaller than 2 nd cake 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599, a = 31, r = V = (3.142)rh, By using the formula for volume V = (3.142)rh, with h = 6 to get the volume of cakes. Volume of 1 st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4 th cakes: Radius of 1 st cake = 31, volume of 1 st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772

Radius of 2 nd cake = 27.9, volume of 2 nd cake = (3.142)(27.9)(6) 14674.585 Radius of 3 rd cake = 25.11,volume of 3rd cake = (3.142)(25.11)(6) 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599,volume of 4 th cake = (3.142)(22.599)(6) 9627.995

The volumes form number pattern:

18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, (it is a geometric progression with first term, a = 18116.772 and ratio, r = T2/T1 = T 3 /T2 = = 0.81)

The total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg ( total mass < 15 kg, change to volume: total volume < 57000 cm), so the maximum number of cak es that needs to be baked is By using, With Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 to find n 57000 =([18116.772(1 - 0.81n )]/(1- 0.81) 1 0.81 n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81 n

log0.81 0.40221 = n n = log0 0.40221/log 0.81 n= 4.322 therefore, n 4

Verifying the answer: When n = 5: S5= (18116.772(1 (0.81)5)) / (1 0.81) = 62104.443 62104.443 > 57000 (S n > 57000, n = 5 is not suitable) When n = 4: S4 = (18116.772(1 (0.81)4)) / (1 0.81) = 54305.767 5 < 57000 (S n < 57000, n = 4 is suitable)

In the making of this project,I have spent countless hours doing this project. I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me.Withoutit,I cant fulfill my big dreams and wished I used to hate Additional Mathemat ics It always makes wonder why this subject is so difficult I always tried to leave every part of it It always tried to love every part of it It always an absolute for me Throughout day and night I sacrificed my precious time to have fun From Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday And even the weekend that I always looking forward to And from now,I will do my best on every second that I will learn Additional Mathematics.

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