Wireless GSM

IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 6, Issue 2 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 01-05

www.iosrjournals.org
Wireless Speed Control of an Induction Motor Using Pwm

Technique with Gsm
P.S.Joshi, Prof.A.M.Jain
Lecturer,Electrical Department, G.E.S’sR.H.Sapat College of Engg , Management & Research,Nashik,
Maharashtra India
Guide & Professor, Electrical, Department, K.K.Wagh Institute of Engg Education &Research, Nashik-
Maharashtra India
Abstract : This paper presents design and analysis of a three phase induction motor drive using IGBT‟s at the
inverter power stage with volts hertz control (V/F) in closed loop using a microcontroller. A 1HP, 3-phase,
415V, 50Hz induction motor is used as load for the inverter. Oscilloscope is used to record and analyze the
various waveforms. The experimental results for V/F control of 3-Phase induction motor using GSM clearly
shows constant volts per hertz and stable inverter line to line output voltage.
Keywords - Induction motor, IGBT, GSM,V/F,PWM technique
I. Introduction
In the present time, in the most of the applications, AC machines are preferable over DC machines
due to their simple and most robust construction without any mechanical commutators. Induction motors are the
most widely used motors for appliances like industrial control, and automation; hence, they are often called the
workhorse of the motion industry[6]. As far as the machine efficiency, robustness, reliability, durability, power
factor, ripples, stable output voltage and torque are concerned, three- phase induction motor stands at the a top
of the order. Motor control is a significant, but often ignored portion of embedded applications. Motor control
applications span everything from residential washing machines, fans to hand-held power tools, and automotive
window lift, traction control systems and various industrial drives. All most in all the applications there is a
drastic move away from analog motor control to precision digital control of motors using different processors.
Digital control of induction motors results in much more efficient operation of the motor, resulting in longer
life, lower power dissipation. Although various induction motor control techniques are in practice today, the
most popular control technique is by generating variable frequency supply, which has constant voltage to ratio
frequency ratio. This technique is popularly known as V/F control [3]. This work describes the design of a 3-
phase AC induction motor drive with volt per hertz control in closed loop (V/F) using High-Performance
Controllers. tem as all its operations are controlled by intelligent software inside the microcontroller. The aim of
this project is to control i.e. to ON/OFF and speed control of different motors, the electrical or electronic
appliances connected to this system from anywhere in the world. For this purpose user can use any type of
Mobile. This way it overcomes the limited range of infrared and radio remote controls. Using the convenience
of SMS, this project lets you remotely control equipment by sending into the controller and easily remembered
later. It can control up to eight external devices Short Message Service (SMS) is defined as a text-based service.
control up to eight external devices Short Message Service (SMS) is defined as a text-based service. That
enables up to 160 characters to be sent from one mobile phone to another. In a similar vein to email, messages
are stored and forwarded at an SMS centre, allowing messages to be retrieved later if you are not immediately
available to receive them. Unlike voice calls, SMS messages travel over the mobile network„s low-speed
control channel.
II. V/F Method for Motor Drive

V/Hz control is a basic control method, providing a variable frequency drive for applications like fan and
pump. It provides fair speed and torque control, at a reasonable cost. Sensor less Vector control provides better
speed regulation, and the ability to produce high starting torque. Flux Vector control provides more precise
speed and torque control, with dynamic response. Field Oriented Control drives provide the best speed and
torque control available for AC motors. It provides DC performance for AC motors, and is well suited for
typical DC applications. Volt/Hertz control in its simplest form takes a speed reference command from an
external source and varies the voltage and frequency applied to the motor. By maintaining a constant V/Hz
ratio, the drive can control the speed of the connected motor [4].
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Wireless speed control of an induction motor using PWM technique with GSM
Fig 1.1: Block Diagram of V/F method speed control.
Typically, a current limit block monitors motor current and alters the frequency command when the
motor current exceeds a predetermined value. The V/Hz block converts the current command to a V/Hz ratio. It
supplies a voltage magnitude command to the voltage control block. The angle of this tells the voltage where it
should be with respect to current. This determines flux current to the motor. If this angle is incorrect, the motor
can operate unstable. Since the angle is not controlled in a V/Hz drive, low speeds and unsteady states may
operate unsatisfactorily. An additional feature in newer drives, a ―slip compensation‖ block, has improved the
speed control. It alters the frequency reference when the load changes to keep the actual motor speed close to
the desired.
Fig. 1.2:Torque–speed characteristic of an Induction motor

The torque developed by the induction motor is directly proportional to the V/F ratio. If we vary the voltage and
frequency, keeping their ratio constant, then the torque produced by induction motor will remain constant for
all the speed range. Fig.2 shows the torque-speed characteristics of the induction motor with V/F control. The
voltage and frequency reaches the maximum value at the base speed [1].We can drive the induction motor
beyond the base speed. But by doing so only frequency varies but not voltage. Hence the ratio of V/F will no
longer remain constant. Since the torque developed by the induction motor is directly proportional to the V/F
ratio will not remain constant throughout the speed. Other than the variation in speed, the torque-speed

characteristics of the V/F control reveal the following:

The starting current is low.
The stable operating region of the motor is increased. Instead of simply running at its base/ rated speed (NB),
the motor can be run typically from 5% of the synchronous speed (NS) up to the base speed. The torque

generated by the motor can be kept constant throughout this region.
Since almost constant rated torque is available over the entire operating range, the speed range of the motor
becomes wider. User can set the speed as per the load requirement, thereby achieving the higher efficiency.
Because of above reasons V/F control method is used in this work.
III. Implementation of Pulse Width Modulation

Figure 1.3 shows a block diagram of the power conversion unit in a PWM drive. In this type of drive, a
diode bridge rectifier provides the intermediate DC circuit voltage. In the intermediate DC circuit, the DC
voltage is filtered in a LC low-pass filter. Output frequency and voltage is controlled electronically by
controlling the width of the pulses of voltage to the motor. Essentially, these techniques require switching the
inverter power devices (transistors or IGBTs) on and off many times in order to generate the proper RMS
voltage.
Fig. 1.3:Power conversion unit (PWM)

This switching scheme requires a more complex regulator than the VVI. With the
use of a microprocessor, these complex regulator functions are effectively handled. Combining a triangle wave
and a sine wave produces the output voltage waveform. AC drives that use a PWM type schemes have varying
levels of performance based on control algorithms. There are 4 basic types of control for AC drives today.
These are Volts per Hertz, Sensor less Vector Control, Flux Vector Control, and Field Oriented Control. V/Hz
control is a basic control method, providing a variable frequency drive for applications like fan and pump. It
provides fair speed and torque control, at a reasonable cost[6].
Fig 1.4:PWM generator
Fig 1.5: Output of PWM
IV. Wireless Monitoring And Control

The software program. Major role of this project is to receive the SMS to speed control of motor. As
shown in Figure 1.6 the wireless transference of industrial monitoring messages discussed in this paper is built
on the SMS of the GSM network. Data messages produced at one end of the monitoring system are
encapsulated into a short message by the gateway and sent to remote monitoring devices at another end. When a
short message is received, it can be restored to its original industrial form by removing the SMS PDU head.
This is also conducted by the gateway of the monitoring system. If needed, the message content can be put into
Gateway. In this project we are using the GSM technology. A micro controller (also micro controller unit,
MCU or μC) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU
combined with support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers and microcontroller control the Induction
motor. The LCD will give displays the current operation of the system. The micro controller is used to
control the relay drivers depending upon the software program. Major role of this project is to receive the
SMS to speed control of dc motor and control of induction motor and control for circuit. Initially the
SMS is received from the person authorized to use this setup (destination) by the GSM modem (SIM300
MODEM) & is transferred to the microcontroller[5].
Fig 1.6: Wireless communication of IM
IV. Experimental Results

Software development: The software for the system is developed in Embedded C and Visual
Basic. The flowcharts depicting the monitoring and the induction motor control of speed control of dc motor
is shown in Flow chart for software implementation are as follows;
Table 1.1: Speed control of an Induction motor
Table 1.2 speed control using V/Hz
V. Conclusion
In the paper low cost, secure, ubiquitously accessible, auto-configurable, remotely
controlled solution for automation of different motors has been introduced. The approach
discussed in the paper has achieved the target to control industrial appliances remotely using the GSM
-based system satisfying user needs and requirements
REFERENCES
[1] Alfredo,Thomas A. Lipo And Donald W. Novotny, ―A New Inductio Motor V/F Control Method Capable Of High-Performance
Regulation At Lowspeeds‖ IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, Vol. 34, No. 4 July/ August 1998.
[2] B. Biswas, S. Das, P. Purkait, M. S. Mandal And D. Mitra,‖ Current Harmonic Analysis Of Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drive
System Under Faultconditions‖, International Conference Of Engineers And Computer Scientists 2009 Vol II IMECS 2009
[3] Ku. Trupti Deoram Tembhekar ―A Constant V/F Open Loop And Closed Loop Speed Control Of A Three Phase Induction Motor
Drive‖
[4] Masayuki Morimoto, Kiyotaka Sumito, Shinji Sato, Katsumi Oshitani, Shigeru Okuma‖ High Efficiency, Unity Power Factor VVVF
Drive System Of An Induction Motor‖ IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics. Vol 6.No.3.July 1991.
[5] Lu, Willie W, Open Wireless Architecture and Enhanced Performance, Guest Editorial, IEEE Communication Magazine, June 2003
[6] Rodolfo Echavada, Sergio Horta, Marc0 Oliver, ‖A Three Phase Motor Drive Using IGBT‟S And Constant V/F Speed Control With
Slip Regulation‖, 0-7803-3071-4/95 1995 IEEE
[7] Rashid M.H, Power Electronics-Circuits, Devices And Applications‖, Third Edition Printice Hallindia,2001.
Modeling and Analysis of Canal Type Small Hydro Power Plant

and Performance Enhancement Using PID Controller
Rayes Ahmad Lone (Assistant Professor)
Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora , Pulwama,
Jammu and Kashmir 192221, India
Abstract: In this paper, the simulation model of a typical canal type small hydroelectric power plant was
developed through interconnection of models of various equipments of the plant under consideration in a
MATLAB/Simulink based software environment. The various components of small hydroelectric plant like open
channel, governor and Semi-Kaplan turbine, synchronous generator, exciter are being considered under
modeling and simulation.. The aim is to study its behavior during transient condition. Using the simulated
model enhancement through PID controller will be done to reduce oscillations, peak overshoot and peak
undershoot during transient period and also to improve the steady state response This study helps in verifying
costs and safety conditions, in selecting the best alternatives in the early phase of design and to determine the
requirements of special protection devices.
Keywords – Hydraulic Transients, mathematical models, proportional and integral controller, small hydro
electric power plants, Matlab/Simulink.
I. INTRODUCTION
In Irrigation canal based Small Hydro plants, utilizing the heads available gives more or less constant power
generation. But it is seen that the head available is almost constant whereas there are large variations in the
discharge available. The power generation is completely dependent upon irrigation releases season wise through
the canal which depends upon the crop pattern in the region. Power generation is for nine months as months of
April, May and August are not considered since discharge is less than 1 cumecs.
Modeling and simulation of small hydro power plant is valuable tool for planning power plant operations
and judging the value of physical improvement by selecting proper system parameters. Earlier this was done for
large or small hydro power plants. But for canal type small hydro power plants this study helps in verifying
costs and safety conditions. It also helps in verifying the parameters of control equipments like water level
regulator, governor, exciter etc. and in determining the dynamic forces acting on the system which must be
considered in structural analysis of the penstock and their support.
II. Mathematical Modeling

Generally differential equations are used to describe the various power system components. Study of the
dynamic behavior of the system depends upon the nature of the differential equations.
Small System: If the system equations are linear, the techniques of linear system analysis are used to study
dynamic behavior. Each component is simulated by transfer function and these transfer functions blocks are
connected to represent the system under study.
Large System: Here state-space model will be used for system studies described by linear differential
equations. However for transient stability study the nonlinear differential equations are used.
1. Methods used for modeling for Canal Type Small Hydro Power Plant.
1.1 The generator model is derived starting from the basic circuit equations and the use of Park’s
transformation.
1.2 Hydraulic turbine model includes both linear and nonlinear control methods. Nonlinear models are
required where speed and power changes are large.
1.3 For governor, mathematical equations of ordinary differential equations representing the dynamic behavior
are used. Here the regulator consists of two parts electrical (PID Controller) and electro-hydraulic parts
1.4 For exciters ordinary differential equations are used.
2. Mathematical Modeling of a Synchronous Machine:

The synchronous machine under consideration is assumed to have three stator windings, one field winding
and two damper windings.
Modeling And Analysis Of Canal Type Small Hydro Power Plant And Performance Enhancement
Fig. 1: Representation of a synchronous machine
Equation (1) is the generator voltage equation in the rotor frame of reference is described in Per-unit. The
machine equation in the rotor frame of reference becomes.
(1)
Where,
= Equivalent direct-axis Reactance
� = Filed winding Self –inductance
� = Self-inductance damper winding
= Equivalent quadrature axis reactance
� = Self inductance of quadrature reactance
� = Stator to damper winding resistance
� =Stator to quadrature winding resistance
r = Stator winding current
� = Field winding resistance
� = resistance of d axis damper winding
� = resistance of q axis damper winding
= armature current in the q direction
� = Field current
� = d axis damper winding current
= q axis damper winding current
3. Modeling of Hydraulic Turbine and Governing System.

3.1 Hydraulic Turbine Modeling
The representation of the hydraulic turbine and water column in stability studies is usually based on the
following assumptions:
1. The hydraulic resistance is negligible.
2. The penstock pipe is inelastic and the water is incompressible.
3. The velocity of the water varies directly with the gate opening and with square root of the net head.
The turbine output power is proportional to the product of head and volume flow.
Fig. 2: A Typical Control System of Hydroelectric Plant
The velocity of the water in the penstock is given by

U= G √H
Where
U = water velocity
G = gate position
H = hydraulic head at gate
= a constant of proportionality
ΔṖm 1 − �� s
=
ΔḠ 1 + 0.5 ��
Above equation represents the classical transfer function of a hydraulic turbine. It shows how the turbine
power output changes in response to a change in gate opening for an ideal lossless turbine. Fig. 3 shows the
mathematical model.
Fig. 3: Mathematical model of hydraulic turbine
3.2 Governor Modeling:

The basic function of a governor is to control speed and/or load. The primary speed/load control
function involves feeding back speed error to control the gate position. In order to ensure satisfactory and
stable parallel operation of multiple units, the speed governor is provided with a droop characteristic. The
purpose of the droop is to ensure equitable load sharing between generating units. For stable control
performance, a large transient droop with a long resetting time is therefore required. This is accomplished by
the provision or a rate feedback or transient gain reduction compensation as shown in the figure.
Fig. 4: Governor with transient droop compensation

3.3 Mechanical-hydraulic governor model:
The various components of Mechanical-hydraulic governor are; speed sensing, permanent droop
feedback, computing functions, relay valve, gate servomotor and a dashpot used to provide transient droop
compensation.
The transfer function of the relay valve and gate servomotor is
g K
a
= S1
The transfer function of the pilot valve and pilot servo is
a K2
b
= 1+ST
p
Where 2 is determined by the feedback lever ratio; �� by port areas of the pilot valve and 2. Now
from above two equations we have
g K K Ks
b
= 1 2 =
s(1+sT p ) s(1+sT p )
Where is the servo gain.
The transfer function of the dashpot is given by
d sT R
= RT
g s(1+sT R )
The temporary droop R T is determined by the lever ratio, and the reset/washout time TR is determined
by needle valve setting.
A block diagram representation of the governing system suitable for system stability studies is shown
below.
Fig. 4: Shows the Model of governors for hydraulic-turbines
4. Excitation System Modeling:

The basic elements which form different types of excitation systems are the dc or ac exciters, rectifiers,
amplifiers, stabilizing feedback circuits, signal sensing and processing circuits.
Fig. 5: Separately Excited DC Exciter
Fig. 6: Excitation system with stabilizing circuit
III. Simulation Model Developed In A Matlab/Simulink Software Environment.

The entire simulation system for the analysis of hydraulic transients in a hydroelectric power plant has been
developed in a MATLAB/Simulink based software environment. Subsystems have been utilized in the
simplification of a system diagram and the creation of reusable systems. Further, a subsystem is a group of
blocks that is represented by a subsystem block. The entire simulation system contains three subsystems: first,
the speed governor and servomechanism, in which turbine speed, dead zone, valve saturation, and limitation are
all considered; second: the hydrodynamics system (HS), which consists of tunnels, penstock, and surge tanks;
and third, the turbine generator and network, which has a generator unit operating in isolation. The combination
of three subsystems are shown in Fig. 7.
Normal working Model for Canal Drop Hydro Power Plant

power angle Reactive Power
MODEL FOR A CANAL DROP HYDRO POWER PLANT
delta Qeo . Active Power Peo RSD dw Speed wm
, ' ,.,
<Rotor speed wm (pu)>
0.08 MW
<Rotor speed dev iation dw (pu)>
C
A
B
<Output activ e power Peo (pu)>
Te electromagnetic torque
<Output reactiv e power Qeo (pu)>
Te <Load angle delta (deg)>

Ia
<Electromagnetic torque Te (pu)>
< is_a (pu)>
<Stator v oltage v d (pu)>
ia
<Stator v oltage v q (pu)>
Current
+
1 wref v
-
1 Pref
Pm Voltage
Va1 v
we
pm
m ''
mechanical power
Pe0 Pm
gate A
dw
B
g Vf _
HTG
gate operation C
Synchronous Machine
1.3MW 415V i
Current1
1 v ref
C
A
B
i
vd 10 kW + - load current
Vf
vq Current Measurement
A
B
C
Vf
v stab
1.2 MW
Discrete,
Excitation Ts = 0.0002 s.
vf
System
Field voltage t
Clock To Workspace
Fig. 7: Working model for canal type hydro power plant
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF THE PLANT USING PID CONTROLLER
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENTOF THE PLANT USING PID CONTROLLER
vq te delta peo dw wm
v across q-axis elect. torque power angle active power rsd rotor speed
<Rotor speed wm (pu)>
<Rotor speed deviation dw (pu)>
<Output activ e power Peo (pu)>
<Load angle delta (deg)>
<Electromagnetic torque Te (pu)> < is_a (pu)>
<Stator v oltage v q (pu)> Ia
<Stator v oltage v d (pu)>
0.08 MW
mechanical power ia
v across d-axis
C
B
A
pm current
vd +
v
-
1
wref Pm Va Va pu
1
Pm
Pref
va
m
we
w
G Pm voltage
PI Speed Pe0 A
Regulator gate
Tmec
dw
B
Vf_
G
HTG C
1
gate Synchronous Machine
1.3MW 415V
C
A
B
v ref
Manual Switch
B
A
10 kW
C
vd
Vf
vq 1.2 MW
Vf
v stab
Excitation
System
Discrete, t
Ts = 0.0002 s. vf
Clock
field voltage To Workspace1
Fig.8: Working model for canal type hydro power plant
A typical canal based hydroelectric power plant with a Kaplan turbine, as shown in Fig. 7
reflects the Canal Hydro Power Plant in Bathinda Punjab run under Punjab Energy Development Agency
(PEDA), and hence all the data of this plant are used to simulate hydraulic transients for different changes.
Therefore, all of these simulations are performed on different operating conditions. In addition, the influences of
changing different parameters of pressure water supply system, turbine speed governor PID gains, as well as
surge tanks were analyzed. The simulation results are all in per unit system and the required data are below
4.1 Turbine and Governor Data
h = 2.10
h ℎ� = 2.74
T =3
ω = 93 rpm
Ƞt = 91%
ω = 1p.u.
T� = 0.07
R� =0.05
K� =3
K = 0.10
K = 3.26
T =0.02
K� =10/3
g =0.01
g �� =0.97518
v� =-0.1
v� �� =0.1
4.2 Exciter
V =1
V =1
T and T = 0.00001, 0.00001
T = 0.08
V �� = -15
V = 7.3
T =0.87
K� =200
T� =0.02
K =1
K =0.03
T =1
V =1.2911
4.3 Synchronous Generator

P =1.3 MW
V =415V
f =50
X =0.911
X′ =0.408
X ′′ =0.329
X =0.580
X ′′ =0.350
X1 =0.3
T′ =0.7
T ′′ =0.035
T ′′0 =0.033
R =0.03
H =1
P =4
V =1
4.4 PID Controller

K� = 0.01
K = -0.88
K =0
Conclusion
In this case, synchronous generator is connected to the load through a transmission line as shown in
Fig.7. The load is 1.2MW on the generator. As the oscillations during the transient period is very large for
mechanical input and in gate operation of the generator. To reduce their these oscillations into a limited range, a
PID controller was used. The values of the governor, exciter, synchronous generator and hydraulic turbine are
same as given before. The corresponding results are shown between figures 9 and 10.
mechanical power input to the generator
1.015
1.01
1.005
mechanical power
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.98
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time in seconds
mechanical power input to the generator with PID

1.015
1.01
1.005
mecahnical power
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.98
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time in seconds
Fig.9
Mechanical Power Vs Time
gate operation without PID
0.978
0.976
0.974
0.972
gate operation
0.97
0.968
0.966
0.964
0.962
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time in seconds
gate operation with PID
0.978
0.976
0.974
gate operation
0.972
0.97
0.968
0.966
0.964
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time in seconds
Fig. 10 Gate Operation Vs Time
Table -1 Experiment Result
Quantity Without PID With PID
Mechanical Power Upto 3.5 sec Upto 0.05 sec

Oscillations duration during
Transient Period
Maximum Overshoot for 1.006 pu 0.994
Mechanical Power
Maximum Undershoot for 0.963 pu 0.971 pu
Gate Opening
Steady State Response 3.7 seconds 0.6 seconds
When the plant was connected to its load, there has been a lot of oscillations in the mechanical power
(input to the generator) and in the gate operation during the initial transient period as convenient from the
waveforms. By using the PID controller, the oscillations in the mechanical power and in gate opening during the
transient period was drastically reduced. Whereas maximum overshoot and maximum undershoot was also
controlled. For mechanical power the steady state reached in less than 0.5 seconds as compared without PID
controller where steady state was reached after 3.7 seconds. We can say that there was no oscillations during
the transient period. Same case happened with the gate operation, there was very low oscillations in its operation
during the transient period, when PID was put in operation.
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[24] M. Aktarujjaman, M.A. Kashem, M. Negnevitsky. Dynamics of a Hydro-Wind Hybrid Isolated Power System. School of Engineering
University of Tasmania Tasmania, Australia mda0@utas.edu.au
Design And Development of A Plug-In Type Wireless Data Logger

for Energy Measurement
D. D. Vyas1, H. N. Pandya2
1
Department of Electronics & Communication , Darshan Institute of Engg. & Technology, India
2
Department of Electronics, Saurashtra University, India
ABSTRACT : Increasing demand of electrical energy and its rising prices have enforced the need of
managing usage of electrical energy more efficiently. This requires regular monitoring of electrical appliances
to timely identify inefficient energy consumption due to faulty conditions, inefficient designs, user negligence,
etc. In this paper, design and development of a low-cost wireless data logger is presented that aims to
accurately measure the value of energy and related parameters like VRMS, IRMS and instantaneous power in real
time for single phase applications. The proposed data logger acts as a plug-in device that can easily be
introduced between mains and the appliance. The system can collect the data in real time and communicate it to
a computer over a Bluetooth based wireless link. The computer hosts a simple graphical user interface (GUI)
based application that allows user to log the data as and when required. The proposed data logger is designed
using CS5460A single phase bi-directional power/energy IC from Cirrus logic interfaced with AVR ATmega32
microcontroller. A wireless link between is established using AUBTM-20 Bluetooth modules. Serial EEPROM is
also included in the proposed design to store the data locally on the board for later use. GUI for the data logger
has been designed using MATLAB.
Keywords - Bluetooth , Data logger, Energy monitoring, , Embedded system, Real time monitoring
I. INTRODUCTION
Home as well as industries consumes much more electric energy than required mainly due to inefficient
designs, faulty devices and user’s negligence. Studies show that about five to fifteen per cent of energy can be
saved if devices are monitored and handled efficiently [1]. However, the normal energy metering system that
generally exists only give the total amount of energy consumed and thus user is not able to monitor the amount
of electricity being used by individual appliance and are also not able to timely identify any drastic difference in
power consumption due to faulty condition in the appliance. This proposes a need of a low-cost system that can
be easily interfaced with any electric appliance and helps to measure the consumption of electric energy in real
time.
In this paper design and development of a plug-in type data logger is discussed that is capable of
accurately measuring energy and related parameters like VRMS, IRMS and instantaneous power in real time for
single phase applications. The data logger is equipped with a Bluetooth based wireless communication module
that is capable of neatly communicating the sampled data to a computer without any wired interface. Thus the
design becomes a plug and play type wireless energy meter that is very simple and flexible to use. Researchers
and industries have developed such real time energy monitoring systems, however these requires additional
setup and are little less economic [2-5]. The proposed design aims to serve two purposes. The first is to provide
a low-cost solution for real time data logging of energy either for testing or continuous monitoring and the
second is to encourage consumers for use of such devices enabling them to play a proactive role in efforts
towards energy conservation and other goals of smart grid [6-8].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2 design requirements and proposed system
architecture is discussed. In section 3 and 4 details of hardware and software involved in the design of the
system are discussed at length. This is followed by discussion on experimental results in section 5, future
direction of work in section 6 and conclusion in section 7.
II. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 Compatible to any single phase application connected to standard 16A source.

Following design requirements were proposed to be met by the system.
 Able to monitor energy in real time and the data should be logged into local memory as well as
 Wireless data communication with computer avoiding the use of additional cables.
computer if interfaced.
 Able to monitor other parameters like VRMS, IRMS and instantaneous power in real time when
 Support of a simple GUI based application on computer for easy user access.
connected to a computer.
Design And Development Of A Plug-In Type Wireless Data Logger For Energy Measurement
 Low cost and simple to add and remove.

To meet the mentioned requirements the proposed system architecture is shown in Fig. 1. System on
the input side is connected to mains through a standard 16A plug-socket interface and a similar plug-socket
interface is available on the output side for connecting the appliance whose energy monitoring is intended. The
system is microcontroller based unit with energy measuring module, EEPROM, wireless module for
communication and other I/O interfacing modules. Energy measuring module performs the task of measuring
energy and related parameters continuously. Microcontroller is supposed to fetch this data at regular interval,
update the data in local memory and also forwarded it to computer over a wireless communication link.
Fig. 1 System architecture
III. SYSTEM HARDWARE

System hardware consists of two modules: one for data measurement and transmission and another for
data reception and logging on a computer. This is shown in Fig 2(a) and 2(b) respectively. The first module,
more complicated of the two, can be partitioned into two main sections: analog and digital as shown in Fig. 2(a).
Analog section in the transmitter module, responsible for energy measurement, is designed using
CS5460A. The CS5460A consist of two 24 bit ∆Σ ADCs, high speed power calculation functions with digital
filters for signal conditioning and a serial interface all on a single chip. It is designed to accurately measure and
calculate: energy, VRMS, IRMS and instantaneous power for single phase 2 or 3-wire applications. It meets
accuracy specification for IEC 687/1036, JIS [9]. It can be interfaced using a simple resistive divider or potential
transformer to measure voltage and with low-cost shunt resistor or current transformer to measure current. It
supports auto-boot feature to function as stand-alone device as well as a standard bi-directional three wire serial
interface (compatible to SPI and Microwire) for communication with microcontroller. The CS5460A also
supports on-chip facility for AC or DC system-level calibration for both voltage and current channel. It has
internally around twenty 24-bit registers related with configuration, calibration, status and data that can be read
or written by microcontroller. A board designed for this analog section is shown in Fig. 3(a).
Digital sections consist of AVR ATmega32 microcontroller, AUBTM-20 based Bluetooth module,
serial EEPROM 24c04, LCD and few switches. In addition to the general advantages that ATmega series
microcontroller has, the reasons for selecting ATmega32 was that it supports all the three type of serial interface
required in this design [10]. These are three wire serial interface required in interfacing with CS5460A, two wire
serial interface required in interfacing of serial EEPROM and standard USART for RS232 interface required for
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. System hardware (a) Measurement and transmission module (b) Receiver module
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 3 (a) CS5460A based energy measurement module (b) ATmega32 based microcontroller module (c)
AUBTM-20 based Bluetooth module
Bluetooth module. Bluetooth module connected with the system is configured as a slave and a similar
one connected with a computer, as shown in Fig. 2(b), is configured as a master. When connection is
established by the master, the slave will pass the measured data to the master. Once master and slave are
connected, to disconnect the link it is required to reset the slave module. This is achieved in the design by use of
a simple hardware that enables power to Bluetooth module under the control of ATmega32 microcontroller.
This is discussed further in the next section of the paper. The role of on-board serial EEPROM is to store the
total energy consumed over the time since the beginning of the measurement. Switches and LCD are provided
mainly for debugging and on board monitoring. Board representing the digital section is shown in Fig. 3(b) with
Bluetooth module in Fig 3(c).
IV. SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Systems software consists of two main programs: microcontroller program and GUI application
program on computer.
Program on microcontroller consist of two modules, one for initial calibration of CS5460A and second
for real time measurements and data logging. Before using CS5460A for measurements for the first time, it has
to be calibrated following a specific sequence of operations and these calibrations values are then saved in serial
EEPROM for later use during measurement. For both voltage and current channel there are calibration sequence
both for AC and DC purpose. Calibration in AC or DC is primarily for two basic types system offset and system
gain. Depending on the specific metering application and accuracy requirements, some or all of the calibration
sequences may be required to be executed. There are dedicated registers in CS5460A for specific calibration
sequence. The steps for calibration process are shown in Fig. 4 (a) with the recommended sequence in Table 1.
Calibration of each type requires applying appropriate inputs on the input channels, issuing calibration
commands and reading result from the concerned registers at the end of calibration. As shown in Table 1, if both
AC and DC calibration has to be performed then DC calibration should precede AC calibration and if both
offset and gain calibration has to be performed then offset should precede gain [11].
Table 1. Calibration Sequence

Preferred
CALIBRATION TYPE Inputs applied to V/ I channels
Sequence
1 DC offset Connected to ground level
2 AC offset Connected to ground level
3 DC gain DC signal equivalent to absolute peak full
scale value of input
4 AC gain AC signal with maximum possible RMS
value of input
Flow chart highlighting the sequence of major operations performed in microcontroller program for
real time measurement of energy is shown in Fig. 4(b). On power-on CS5460A is required to be initialized. This
involves two operations. First operation is to fetch calibration values that are stored in serial EEPROM and load
them into concerned registers in CS5460A. Second operation is to define conversion cycle and computation
cycle rate. Conversion cycle indicates the rate at which instantaneous voltage, current and power is obtained and
computation cycle indicates number of these instantaneous values that are used to calculate VRMS, IRMS and
energy over the period. For example, if conversions cycle is 4000Hz and computation cycle is set to one second,
then VRMS and IRMS will be calculated using 4000 samples of instantaneous values of voltage and current
respectively and energy over one second will be calculated summing 4000 samples of instantaneous power.
These cycles are again defined by loading appropriate values in concerned registers. These values depend on the
clock frequency of CS5460A.
After initialization of CS5460A the slave Bluetooth module that is connected with microcontroller is
enabled i.e. powered ON. This is done by a simple arrangement where a microcontroller enables a buffer that is
responsible to provide to the slave module. The reason for this arrangement is that once master and slave
modules are connected for data transfer both enter into data mode then to disconnect them and bring them back
in command mode when required, one of the module has to be reset.
Further, before interfacing Bluetooth modules in the system they have to be configured for baud rate,
mode of operation (master/slave), identification number, etc. This is done by sending series of AT command to
Bluetooth module over a RS-232 serial link. Various AT commands used for configuration as well as data
transfer are discussed in Table 2 [12 ].
(a) (b)
Fig. 4 (a) Fig. 4 Steps in calibration process (b) Process of acquiring measurements from CS5460A.
After initialization of CS5460A and enabling of Bluetooth module, the process of data measurement
starts. Microcontroller handles this process in a polling mode. At end of each computation cycle value of V RMS,
IRMS and energy are read. Energy over the period of each computation cycle (e.g. duration of 1 sec.) is
accumulated to have the total amount of energy consumed and this count is updated in serial EEPROM. Further
all the values measured over the computation cycle are by default sent to the serial port where the slave
Bluetooth module is connected. Thus when master and slave Bluetooth link is active the measured data is
transferred to computer.
Table 2. AUBTM-20 Bluetooth Module AT Commands

AT COMMANDS Description
AT+SETUP Shows current setting of module like baud rate, mode of
operation, address etc.
AT+MODE Define the mode of operation that can be Master, Slave or Auto
Connect.
AT+PIN Set PIN code for the Bluetooth module
AT+BPROFILE Set current active profile that can be either serial port, head set
or hands free
AT+INQ Discover other Bluetooth modules in the neighborhood.
AT+CON Create a connection with other Bluetooth device.
GUI based application is developed in MATLAB for data logging on a computer. A snapshot of GUI is
shown in Fig. 6. GUI allows user to select slave module by its address (required in case if there are more than
one Bluetooth modules around), and specify the duration for which data logging has to be done. On activation
GUI application commands master to connect with slave and start logging the value of V RMS, IRMS and energy
that are received after each computation cycle. This continues for the specified duration after which GUI sends
signal to slave requesting to disconnect. Measurements received by GUI are stored in from a matrix and remains
available for off-line analysis also.
Fig. 6 Snapshot of GUI application for data logging on computer.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Designed data logger has been tested for varieties of load of different capacities and type. For example
a fixed resistive load, variable resistive load, induction motor etc. Appropriate scaling factors were identified for
ADC. This is required because in CS5460A measured value of VRMS and IRMS are available as 24 bit unsigned
value in the range of 0.0≤ VRMS, IRMS ≤ 1.0, whereas that of energy is available as 24 bit singed value in the
range -1.0≤ E <1.0. Further AUBTM-20 is a Version 1.2, class-2 Bluetooth module that should give
connectivity range of around 10 meters; however range of successful communication without antenna was found
to be less than 2 meters and with antenna was around 8 meters. Maximum bit rate supported by Bluetooth
Version 1.2 is around 1 Mbits/s [13]; however as the required bit rate in our case was well below the maximum
possible, this was not much of the concern.
The measurements obtained from the data logger were compared with those obtained from parallel
connected KRYKARD portable load manager ALM32 from Manaco Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The results
were encouraging and very much within the acceptable limits of accuracy.
VI. FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Direction of the work that is intended to be followed as an ongoing part of the presented research work includes
 To review alternate technology for wireless link as Bluetooth technology has limitation in terms of
following
 To have a real time data logging from more than one channel. Here number of data loggers will be used
communication range and number of nodes. One of the possible alternatives to be studied is Zigbee.
to measure energy of different appliances and computer in turn would read the value from each of the
 To develop a complete home energy management system that can be the part of the smart grid.
channel.
VII. CONCLUSION
Design and development of a plug-in type wireless data logger for measurement of energy and related
parameters for single phase applications has been discussed. The design has an advantage of being easy to use
and low cost. GUI has been developed for data logging on a computer and on-line/off-line analysis of data.
Operation of the proposed data logger has been verified experimentally and has been found to be meeting
acceptable limits of accuracy. It is believed that availability of such low cost easy to use energy monitoring
solutions in the market will encourage consumers to use them. This will help them to manage their energy usage
more efficiently and also to contribute towards goals of smart grid like efficient energy management and energy
conservation. The presented work was part of the ongoing research towards design and development of a full-
fledged low cost home energy management system.
REFERENCES
[1] S. M. Ahluwalia, Power sector reforms: a review of the process and an evaluation of the outcome, NCAER, Delhi, March 2000.
[2] Energy monitoring technologies inc., 2011, http://www.energymonitor.com
[3] X. Jiang, S. Dawson, P. Dutta, and D. Culler, Design and implementation of high-fidelity ac metering network, Proc. of IEEE Int.
Conf. on Information Processing and Sensor Networks, California, USA, 2009.
[4] S. Keshav and C. Rosenberg, How internet concepts and technologies can help green and smarten the electric grid, Green Networking
2010, New Delhi, India, 2010.
[5] Y. Kim, T. Schmid, Z. M. Charbiwala,, and M. B. Srivastava Smith, Design and implementation of a fine grained power monitorin g
system for homes, Networked & Embedded System Lab., 2009.
[6] Shum-Yu Chan and Jen-Han Teng H. Miller, Advance remote control infrastructure for intelligent HEMS, Proc. of Int. Conf. on
Infomration and Electronics Engg., Singapore, 2011.
[7] D. D. Vyas and H. N. Pandya,Advance metering infrastructure and DLMS/COSEM standards for smart grid - A review, Int. Journal
of Engg. Research and Tech., Vol. 1, No. 2, Nov. 2012.
[8] The home area network architectural considerations for rapid innovation, Penn Energy, 2009, http://www.pennenergy.com.
[9] CS5460A- Single phase bi-directional power energy IC Data Manual, Cirrus Logic.
[10] AVR ATmega32 Microcontroller Data Manual, Atmel Corporation.
[11] AN227, Calibrating the CS5460A, Cirrus Logic.
[12] External commands for AUBTM-20 Bluetooth Module, Austar Technologies.
[13] Bluetooth EDR: Wireless Evolution, Application note, Agilent Technologies, 2006.
Divyang D. Vyas has obtained his B.E. in Instrumentation and Control Engineering from L.
D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, in 1999 and the M.Tech. in Electronic Systems from
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, in 2005. He is presently pursuing his Ph.D in
Electronics and Communication Engineering at Saurashtra University, Rajkot. He has a
teaching experience of more than 12 years and is presently working as Associate Professor
and Head of Electronics and Communication Department at Darshan Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Rajkot. His areas of interest are electronic circuits, signal processing and
embedded systems. He is life member of ISTE and IETE.
Dr. H. N. Pandya is presently serving as Professor and Head of Department of Electronics,

Saurashtra University, Rajkot. He has a long teaching experience of more than 20 years and
has successfully guided six Ph.D. thesis and number of Bachelors and Masters dissertations.
He has published and presented number of research papers in Journals/Conference of repute
and has authored three books. He has completed three minor research projects funded by
UGC and has been awarded research fellowship from agencies like UGC, CISR etc. His
areas of interest are electronic circuits, microprocessor, microcontrollers, embedded systems
and ferrite materials.
Economic Load Dispatch Optimization of Six Interconnected

Generating Units Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Ravinder Singh Maan1, Om Prakash Mahela2, Mukesh Gupta3
1
(Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India)
2
(Graduate Student Member IEEE & Junior Engineer-I, RRVPNL, Jaipur, India)
3
(Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, JNIT Jaipur, India)
Abstract : This paper describe about the optimization of economic loading dispatch (ELD) problem. Economic
loading dispatch is one of the important optimization tasks which provide economic condition for a power
system. The ELD problems have non-smooth objective function with equality and inequality constraints. This
paper presents particle swarm optimization (PSO) method for solving the economic dispatch(ED) problem in
power system. The particle swarm optimization is an efficient and reliable evolutionary computational
technique, which is used to solve economic load dispatch with line power flows. This paper describes, a new
PSO framework used to deal with the equality and inequality constraints in ELD problem. The proposed PSO
can always provide satisfying results within a realistic computation time. The PSO is applied with non-smooth
cost function. The six thermal units, 26 buses and 46 transmission lines system is used in this paper. The
proposed PSO method results are compared with the genetic algorithm (GA) and conventional method to show
the effectiveness of PSO method to solve the ELD problems in power system.
Keywords- Economic load dispatch, generating unit, genetic algorithm, power system, loss minimization,
particle swarm optimization.
I. INTRODUCTION
The electric utility systems are interconnected in such a way to achieve the benefits of minimum
production cost, maximum reliability and better operating conditions. The economic load dispatch is to
minimize the total operating cost of generating units while satisfying system equality and inequality constraints.
The economic load dispatch (ELD) is most of power system optimization problem which have complex and
non-linear characteristics with heavy equality and inequality. An Economic loading dispatch means
minimization of fuel cost of generating unit under some constraints and also reduced transmission losses [1].
The main objective of the optimization problem is to reduce the total generation cost of units while satisfying
constraints [3]-[5]. To solve these problems, various salient mathematical approaches have been suggested in
the past decades and the multi-objective optimization of power plant such as reduction of fuel cost, heat loss
rate, minimize the transmission losses and minimization of pollutant emissions [5]-[7].
The mathematical approaches also include non-linear programming, linear programming [8], Newton
based technique [1], Base point and participation method, lambda iteration method [7], gradient method [4]. In
this technique the required essential assumption is that the incremental cost curves of the units are
monotonically increasing piece wise-linear function but these methods are infeasible because of its non-linear
characteristics in practical system [4]-[7].
There are some powerful solution schemes to obtain global optimum solution or to solve ELD problem
in power system optimization problems which are Evolutionary technique such as Genetic algorithms (GA),
Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Tabu search, Simulated annealing and Particle swarm optimization (PSO). In
the past decade, Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been successfully used to solve power optimization problem such
as feeder reconfiguration and capacitor placement in a distribution system [4] & [7].
For solving continuous non-linear optimization problems, the PSO technique is robust; generate high
quality solutions within shorter computational time [4] & [8]. The Genetic algorithm (GA), Evolutionary
programming (EP), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) require high computational time and enhanced
computational efficiency [9]. The PSO is also easy to implement, flexible mechanism to obtain global optimum
solution, sensitive to turning of its parameters, improve the solution quality rapidly and simple in concept [8] &
[10]-[11]. The PSO is employed for complex optimization problem [12]. The PSO method gives the result for
lower generation cost compared with other hierarchical methods and provides better solution than others [5].
The PSO is also fast convergence technique. This method considers the maximum and minimum value of each
generator limits and line flow. This paper presents the application of PSO method for optimization of Economic
Load Dispatch problem of six interconnected generating units and the results are compared with the GA method
and conventional method. The results show the superiority of PSO as compared to the Genetic Algorithm and
Economic Load Dispatch Optimization of Six Interconnected Generating Units Using Particle Swarm
conventional method. The ELD problem is represented as a non-smooth optimize problem and to solve these
problem various salient method have been proposed.
II. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was developed by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995, which
is a kind of heuristic global optimization technique [1]-[2]. The PSO method is also applied to various fields of
the power system optimization such as reactive power and voltage control, stabilizer design and dynamic
security border identification. In practice, an ELD problem is more difficult to obtain optimize problem solution.
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is population based stochastic optimization technique and based on the
behaviour of birds flocking or fish schooling (called particle or agent) of a swarm [10]. The study of PSO is
performed in two dimensional spaces with the simulation of birds flocking or fish schooling and each bird or
fish positions is called agent or particle which is represented in the X-Y coordinates by a point.
The current position of the agent or particle is called � value and the � value is not in the
group of birds. There is some another value which is known as � value. The � value is defined as the
value of the agent or position of the agent in a whole group among � of all agents.
Using the concept of velocity, each agent tries to modify its position which is given as:
� +1 = �� + 1 � 1 ×(� − )+ 2 � 2× � − ………… (1)
Where,
�+
� = velocity of agent i at iteration k
�
� =velocity of agent at iteration
� = weighting function
�
� = current position of agent i at iteration k
� �� = weighting Factors
, = random number functions Between 0.0 to 1.0
� � = personal best of agent
� � =best value of agent within whole group
The weighting function is defined as which is used in equation (1):
� �� −�
� = � �� − … … . ….(2)
��
Where,
� � =final Weight
� =initial Weight
� =maximum Iteration Number
� =current iteration number
The current position (in the swarm) can be modified by the following equation:
+1
= + � +1 … … … … . (3)
By the equation (1), we can find the � model. The inertia weight approach (IWA) is defined using
equation (2) in (1). Fig.1 shows the concept of modification of a search point by a PSO.
Y
�+
�+
�
ck
X
Fig.1 Concept of modification of a searching point by PSO
The value of parameters in equations (1) and (2) are selected as given in Table 1.
TABLE 1
PARAMETER VALUES
= �
2.0 0.9 0.4
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION

3.1 Objective Function Formulation
The main objective of economic load dispatch is that of the minimization of total fuel cost for each
generating unit and also reduced the transmission losses with increased each generating unit output also with
load demand of power system while satisfying various constraints. The objective function of ELD problem is
defined as:
�
= (� )
=1
�
= =1
+ � + �2 … (4)
Where,
�� =: Generation cost function
ℎ
� , � , � = Cost coefficient of the generator
� =The total number of dispatchable generating plants
ℎ
�� = The Generation of the Plant
3.2 Constraints Formulation

The power balance and generator operation are the two important constraints while optimizing the
economic load dispatch of interconnected generator units. These constraints are as given below:
(i) Power balance

�
=1
� = �� + � ( = 1, . . � )…… (5)
(ii) Generator operation constraints

� ≤ � ≤ � �� ( = 1, . . � )… (6)
Where
�� ,�� = are the minimum and maximum output power generation of unit .
The total transmission network losses is a function of unit power output that can be represented using
B-coefficient. The simplest quadratic form of transmission network power losses is
� �
� = =1 =1
� � ………….…. (7)
A more general formula containing a linear term and a constant term, referred to as Kron’s loss formula, is
� � �
� = =1 =1
� � + =1 0 � + 00 ………………………...……….. (8)
IV. PROPOSED ALGORITHM OF PSO FOR SOLVING ELD PROBLEM

In this paper a new approach to implement the PSO algorithm for solving the economic load dispatch
problem is used. The following steps are used while solving the ELD problem by using PSO techniques.
Step 1: Initialize the group (swarm size, initial velocity, particle position).
Step 2: Set the value for iteration count
Step 3: Check for fitness value of each particle
Step 4: If step 3 is satisfactory then update � � �
Step 5: Update position and velocity using equations (3) and (1)
Step 6: Go to step 3 until satisfying stopping criteria and go to step 7 when stopping criteria is satisfied.
Step 7: Print the final results.
The result of the PSO method is compared with GA method and conventional method. The MATLAB
7.10.0(R2010a) language is used for simulation and executed on an Intel CORE i3 laptop with 4 GB RAM. The
flow chart of proposed PSO algorithm for solving ELD problem is shown in Fig. 2.
Start
Set for the initial conditions like swarm size, particle

velocity, initial velocity
Evaluate for particles by fitness value
NO
If fitness value
satisfactory
YES
Find � � �
Update personal best and global best
Update Position and velocity using Eq. 7 and

5 respectively& check for modifying
velocity and position
If find solution
NO Stopping criteria met

YES
Stop
Fig. 2. Flow Chart of Proposed Algorithm for ELD Optimization using PSO
V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The six unit test system consisting of six thermal units, 26 buses, and 46 transmission lines is used for
simulation of proposed problem of economic load dispatch. This system is simulated for 50 iterations. The
characteristics of the six thermal units are given in Table 2.
TABLE 2
GENERATING UNIT CAPACITY AND COEFFICIENTS
Unit �
�� ($) � ($/��) � ($/�� )
1 100 500 240 7.0 0.0070
2 50 200 200 10.0 0.0095
3 80 300 220 8.5 0.0090
4 50 150 200 11.0 0.0090
5 50 200 220 10.5 0.0080
6 50 120 190 12.0 0.0075
The equations used in simulation for fuel cost (Rs /hr) of six generating units are given below:
= 0.0070� + 7.0� + 240
= 0.0095� + 10.0� + 200
= 0.0090 � + 8.5� + 220
= 0.0090 � + 11.0� + 200
=0.0080� +10.5� + 220
= 0.0075� +12.0� + 190
The best solution of economic load dispatch optimization of 6 interconnected unit systems is given in
Table 3. The results of GA method and conventional method presented in [4] are also given in Table 3. The
results of genetic algorithm and conventional methods are used to compare the performance of proposed
method. The simulation results of relation between nos. of iterations and fuel cost (Rs /hr) using MATLAB is
shown in Fig. 3.
TABLE 3
BEST SOLUTION OF PROPOSED PSO METHOD AND GA*, CONVENTIONAL* METHODS
Unit Power PSO Method GA Method Conventional Method
Output
P1(MW) 499.9170 444.64 474.1196
P2(MW) 199.5562 160.13 173.7886
P3(MW) 299.950 278.31 190.9515
P4(MW) 162.5222 140.55 150.0000
P5(MW) 199.8994 199.58 196.7196
P6(MW) 119.9644 107.74 103.5772
Total power 1561.8092 1331.35 1325.61
output(MW)
Total Generation 1.5269e+004 1.6198e+004 16760.73
Cost (Rs. /hr.)
*Source [4].
13000
12000
11000
Cost in Rs. /hr
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
# of iterations
Fig. 3 Relation between Nos. of Iteration and Cost in Rs/ hr

In this paper, a new approach to solve economic load dispatch problem using PSO method is used. The
PSO algorithm provides an optimal solution with less computational time and reasonable number of iterations.
The results presented in Table 3 shows that PSO has provided modified results as compared to genetic algorithm
and other conventional numerical methods. The PSO technique improves the computational time and
convergence. This PSO algorithm is also used to find the optimum solution for the multi-objective problems.
The PSO algorithm gives specified load demand with minimum fuel cost and increased power output
for each unit. Therefore, in future the PSO algorithm will be most important and efficient technique to solve the
large optimization problems with lower transmission losses because the PSO algorithm is simpler in structure
than other methods.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the economic load dispatch optimization problem is solved using PSO algorithm
successfully. The PSO algorithm is simple in concept, higher solution quality and lower computational time.
From the results, we conclude that the PSO algorithm or method is capable to obtain higher quality solution with
better convergence property and higher computational efficiency. The PSO algorithm is also used to solve
multi-objective optimization problems. The PSO algorithm solves the optimization problems effectively as
compared to the genetic algorithm method and conventional methods. The PSO technique is based on
experimental trials for searching the particles in the solution space.
REFERENCES
[1] S.G. Soni, and Dr. M. Pandit, ―Hybrid PSO based optimization of emission and economic load dispatch problem,‖ Proceedings
National Conference on Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management, May 6-7, 2009, pp 462-467.
[2] G.N. Ajah, and B.O. Anyaka, ―Optimization methods and algorithms for solving of hydro-thermal scheduling problems,‖ IOSR
Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Volume 5, Issue 3, Mar. - Apr. 2013, pp. 68-75.
[3] Nagendra Singh, and Yogendra Kumar, ―Economic load dispatch with valve point loading effect and generator ramp rate limits
constraint using MRPSO,‖ International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology(IJARCET),
Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013, pp 1472-1477.
[4] S.G. Soni, M. Pandit and L.Shrivastava, ―Particle swarm optimization technique for solving economic dispatch problem of large
power system,” National Conference on Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management, March 1- 2, 2008.
[5] Jong-Bae Park, Ki-Song Lee, Joong-Rin Shin, and Kwang Y. Lee, ―Economic load dispatch for non-smooth cost functions using
particle swarm optimization,‖ IEEE 0-7803-7989-6/03/$17.00, 2003, pp 938-943.
[6] Jin S. Heo, Kwang Y. Lee, and Raul Garduno-Ramirez, ―Multi-objective control of power plants using particle swarm optimization
techniques,‖ IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 21, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 552-561.
[7] A.Zaraki, and M.F.Bin Othman, ―Implementing particle swarm optimization to solve economic load dispatch problem,‖
International Conference of soft computing and Pattern Recognition, 2009, DOI 10.1109/SoCPaR.2009, 24.
[8] M.A.Abido, ―Optimal power flow using particle swarm optimization‖ ELSEVIER, 2001, pp.563-571.
[9] Jong-Yul-Kim, Kyeong-Jun Mun, Hyung-Su Kim, and June Ho Park, ―Optimal power system operation using parallel processing
system and PSO algorithm,‖ International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy System, Vol. 33, 2011, pp. 1457-1461.
[10] Vivek Kumar Jain, and Himmant Singh, ―Hybrid particle swarm optimization based reactive power optimization,‖ International
Journal of Computational Engineering Research, ISSN: 2250-3005
[11] W. M. Mansour, S. M. Abdelmaksoud, M. M. Salama, and H. A. Henry, ―Dynamic economic load dispatch of thermal power
system using genetic algorithm,‖ IRACST – Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal, Vol.3, No.2, April
2013, pp 345-352.
[12] Mousumi Basu, ―Bi-objective generation scheduling of fixed head hydrothermal power systems through an interactive fuzzy
satisfying method and particle swarm optimization,” International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, Vol. 6, Issue 1,
2006.
BIOGRAPHIES
Ravinder Singh Maan was born in Bhathinda in Punjab State of India on March 19, 1991.
He studied at Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology Jaipur and received the
Electrical Engineering degree from Rajasthan Technical University Kota, Rajasthan, India
in 2011. He is currently Pursuing M.Tech (Power System) from Jagannath University
Jaipur, India.
He has been Assistant Professor with Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
since 2011. His special fields of interest are Application of AI Techniques in Power
System and Power Electronics Devices.
Om Prakash Mahela was born in Sabalpura (Kuchaman City) in the Rajasthan state of
India, on April 11, 1977. He studied at Govt. College of Engineering and Technology
(CTAE), Udaipur, and received the electrical engineering degree from Maharana Pratap
University of Agriculture and Technology (MPUAT), Udaipur, India in 2002. He is
currently pursuing M.Tech. (Power System) from Jagannath University, Jaipur, India.
From 2002 to 2004, he was Assistant Professor with the RIET, Jaipur. Since 2004,
he has been Junior Engineer-I with the Rajasthan Rajya Vidhyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd., Jaipur, India. His special
fields of interest are Transmission and Distribution (T&D) grid operations, Power Electronics in Power System,
Power Quality, Load Forecasting and Integration of Renewable Energy with Electric Transmission and
Distribution Grid, Applications of AI Techniques in power system. He is an author of 23 International Journals
and Conference papers. He is a Graduate Student Member of IEEE. He is member of IEEE Communications
Society. He is Member of IEEE Power & Energy Society. He is Fellow Member of IAEME. He is Reviewer of
TJPRC International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research. Mr. Mahela is recipient of
University Rank certificate from MPUAT, Udaipur, India, in 2002.
Mukesh Kumar Gupta completed his B.E. Degree in Electronic Instrumentation &
Control Engineering Branch in 1995 and M.E. Degree in Power System in 2009 from
Engineering College Kota (RTU Kota) Rajasthan, India and he is pursuing Ph.D on Solar
Energy from Jagannath University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Performance comparison of SVC and SSSC with POD controller

for Power System Stability
K. Kalyan Kumar1, V. Shararth Babu2, M. Hari Babu3, R. Bhaskar4
1, 2, 3, 4
(EEE, Vardhaman College of Engineering (Autonomous), India)
Abstract : Steady state and transient problems in a power system have undesirable consequences on the
system. It can limit the amount of power that can be transmitted in the system and consequently leads to voltage
instability and at times it may also result into total voltage collapse.The main objective of this paper is a
comparative investigate in enhancement of volatge stability via static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)
and static var compensator (SVC) externally controlled by a POD controller.The new designed P.O.D
controller is very efficient for voltage stability under transient conditions. This paper discusses and
demonstrates the comparision between the SVC with P.O.D controller and SSSC with P.O.D controller,applied
to power system for effectively regulating system voltage for different types of faulted condition. One of the
major reasons for installing a SVC is to improve dynamic voltage control and thus increase system load ability
during transient condition. This work is presented to present the transmission line voltage stability & machine
oscillation damping stability by using SVC & SSSC with POD controller & compared their performance to
enhance the stability of a power system. Simulation results shows that SVC with POD controller is more
effective to enhance the voltage stability and increase transmission capacity in a power system.
Keywords– FACTS,Power system, POD Controller,SVC(Static VAR compensator), SSSC(static synchronous
series compensator),Voltage Stability.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today’s changing electric power systems create a growing need for flexibility, reliability, fast response
and accuracy in the fields of electric power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. Flexible
Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) are new devices emanating from recent innovative
technologies that are capable of altering voltage, phase angle and/or impedance at particular points in power
systems .Their fast response offers a high potential for power system stability enhancement apart from steady-
state flow control. Since then the large effort was put in research and development of FACTS controllers. Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power
Flow Controller (UPFC) etc., bus voltages, line impedances and phase angles in the power system can be
regulated rapidly and flexibly. These FACTS controllers are based on voltage source converters. Thus, FACTS
can facilitate the power flow control, enhance the power transfer capability, decrease the generation cost, and
improve the security and stability of the power system. Among the FACTS controllers, Static Var Compensator
(SVC) provides fast acting dynamic reactive compensation for voltage support during contingency events which
would otherwise depress the voltage for a significant length of time.SVC also dampens power swings and
reduces system losses by optimized reactive power control. In previous works the effective methods of control
have been implemented to control of SVC in order to damp power swings.
A Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is another member of FACTS family which is
connected in series with a power system. It consists of a solid state voltage source converter which generates a
controllable alternating current voltage at fundamental frequency. When the injected voltage is kept in
quadrature with the line current, it can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power
flow through the transmission line. While the primary purpose of a SSSC is to control power flow in steady
state, it can also improve transient stability of a power system. SSSC is proposed as the most adequate for the
present application well discussed [1]. The DC inner bus of the SSSC allows incorporating a substantial amount
of energy storage in order to enlarge the degrees of freedom of the SSSC device and also to exchange active and
reactive power with utility grid.
A Power Oscillation Damping (POD) controller with a conventional structure is installed on the SSSC
to improve the system dynamic behavior. The damping of power oscillations by static synchronous series
compensator (SSSC) based damping controllers. The advantage of this approach is that it can handle the
nonlinearities, at the same time it is faster than other conventional controllers and it improve the reactive power
of the system. Simulation studies are carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment to evaluate the effectiveness
of the proposed Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) based on the POD controller. The proposed
SSSC based damping controllers improve the damping performance of the system in the event of a major
disturbance.
Performance comparison of SVC and SSSC with POD controller for Power System Stability
MATLAB/SIMULINK used in this study to conduct simulations on voltage regulation at the point of
connection of SVC & SSSC with POD controller to the system. However, the aim of this paper is to compare
the performances of SVC & SSSC with POD controller to enhance voltage stability at the event of occurrence of
fault in the system. Among the available FACTS devices, the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the
most versatile one that can be used to improve steady state stability, dynamic stability and transient stability [4].
The UPFC can independently control many parameters since it is the combination of Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) and SSSC. These devices offer an alternative mean to mitigate power system
oscillations. It has been reported in many papers that UPFC can improve stability of single machine infinite bus
(SMIB) system and multimachine system [5]-[6]. The inter-area power system has special characteristic of
stability behaviour [19].
II. Concept Of Svc

An SVC is a controlled shunt susceptance (B) which inject reactive power (Qnet) into thereby increasing
the bus voltage back to its net desired voltage level. If bus voltage increases, the SVC will inject less (or TCR
will absorb more) reactive power, and the result will be to achieve the desired bus vol-tage. Fig.1, represents
SVC based control system with AVR, & POD controller.
SVC (AVR) controller always monitor the bus vol-tage(Vsvc) & current (Isvc), it compare the actual bus
voltage with Vref & taking error voltage, Verror = Vref – Va – (Isvc*Xsl) & integrate it in limit (-Qcap to +Qind), the net
susceptance has been produced which control the pulse generator & Thus TCR & TSC are controlled & voltage
becomes stable to-wards it’s Vref shown in Fig.1 [7-8].
Fig. 1 SVC based Control System Fig. 2 Steady state(V-I) characteristics of a SVC
2.1 SVC V-I Characteristic

The SVC can be operated in two different modes:
a). In voltage regulation mode (the voltage is regulated with-in limits as explained below).
b). In VAR control mode (the SVC susceptance is kept con-stant). From V-I curve of SVC, From Fig.3,
V=Vref+Xs.I,: In regulation range(-Bcmax<B<Bcmax) V=I/Bcmax, , : SVC is fully Capacitive(B=Bcmax) V=1/Blmax, :
SVC is fully inductive(B=Blmax)
2.2 SVC Structure

Electrical loads both generate and absorb reactive power. Since the transmitted load varies
considerably from one hour to another, the reactive power balance in a grid varies as well. The result can be
unacceptable voltage amplitude variations or even a voltage depression, at the extreme a voltage collapse. A
rapidly operating Static Var Compensator (SVC) can continuously provide the reactive power required to
control dynamic voltage oscillations under various system conditions and thereby improve the power system
transmission and distribution stability. Installing an SVC at one or more suitable points in the network can
increase transfer capability and reduce losses while maintaining a smooth voltage profile under different
network conditions. In addition an SVC can mitigate active power oscillations through voltage amplitude
modulation. SVC installations consist of a number of building blocks. The most important is the Thyristor valve,
i.e. stack assemblies of series connected anti-parallel Thyristors to provide controllability.
Air core reactors and high voltage AC capacitors are the reactive power elements used together with
the Thyristor valves. The step up connection of this equipment to the transmission voltage is achieved through a
power transformer. The Thyristor valves together with auxiliary systems are located indoors in an SVC building,
while the air core reactors and capacitors, together with the power transformer are located outdoors. In principle
the SVC consists of Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC) and Thyristor Switched or Controlled Reactors (TSR /
TCR). The coordinated control of a combination of these branches varies the reactive power as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 SVC Building blocks and voltage / Current characteristics

The first commercial SVC was installed in 1972 for an electric arc furnace. On transmission level the
first SVC was used in 1979. Since then it is widely used and the most accepted FACTS-device
2.3 Network modeling with SVC

This example described in this section illustrates modeling of a simple transmission system containing
two hydraulic power plants. Static VAR compensator (SVC) has been used to improve voltage stability and
power system oscillations damping. A single line diagram represents a simple 500 kV transmission system is
shown in Fig. 4.
Fig.4 Single line diagram of a 2-machine power system
III. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

3.1 Operating principle of SSSC
The SSSC is one of the most recent FACTS devices for power transmission series compensation. It can
be considered as a synchronous voltage source as it can inject an almost sinusoidal voltage of variable and
controllable amplitude and phase angle in series with a transmission line. The injected voltage is almost in
quadrature with the line current. A small part of the injected voltage that is in phase with the line current
provides the losses in the inverter. Most of the injected voltage, which is in quadrature with the line current,
provides the effect of inserting an inductive or capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line. The
variable reactance influences the electric power flow in the transmission line. The basic configuration of a SSSC
is shown in Fig.5
.
Fig.5 Simplified diagram of a SSSC Fig.6 SSSC Phasor diagram
Theoretically, SSSC operation in each of the four quadrants is possible, Theoretically, SSSC operation
in each of the four quadrants is possible, but there are some limitations to the injected SSSC voltage due to
operating constraints of practical power system. In capacitive mode, the injected SSSC voltage is made to lag
the transmission line current by90°; in this case, the SSSC operation is similar to the operation of a series
capacitor with variable capacitance kXc, i.e., Vpq= − jKXcIline, where k is a variable.
3.2 Rating of the SSSC

The SSSC can provide capacitive or inductive compensating voltage independent of the line current.
The VA rating of the SSSC (solid-state inverter and coupling transformer) is simplythe product of the maximum
line current (at which compensation is still desired) and the maximum series compensating voltage: VA =
ImaxVmax. An SSSC of 1 p.u. VA rating covers a control range corresponding to 2 p.u. compensating VARs, that
is the control range is continuous from -1 p.u. (inductive) VARs to +1 p.u. (capacitive) VARs.
3.3 Internal Controls

From the standpoint of output voltage control, converters may be categorized as ―directly‖ and
―indirectly‖ controlled. For directly controlled converters both the angular position and the magnitude of the
output voltage are controllable by appropriate valve (on and off) gating. For indirectly controlled converters
only the angular position of the output voltage is controllable by valve gating; the magnitude remains
proportional to the dc terminal voltage. The control method of maintaining a quadrature relationship between
the instantaneous converter voltage and line current vectors, to provide reactive series compensation and handle
SSR, can be implemented with an indirectly controlled converter. The method of maintaining a single frequency
synchronous (i.e. fundamental) output independent of dc terminal voltage variation requires a directly controlled
converter. Although high power directly controlled converters are more difficult and costly to implement than
indirectly controlled converters (because their greater control flexibility is usually associated with some penalty
in terms of increased losses, greater circuit complexity, and/or increased harmonic content in the output),
nevertheless they can be realized to meet practical utility requirements.
The SSSC, in series with line is capable of injecting up to 10% of the nominal system voltage. The
SSSC injected voltage reference is normally set by a POD (Power Oscillation Damping) controller whose output
is connected to the Vqref input of the SSSC. The POD controller consists of an active power measurement
system, a general gain, a low-pass filter, a washout high-pass filter, a lead compensator, and an output limiter.
The inputs to the POD controller are the bus voltage and the current flowing in Line.
IV. Test System Description

4.1. SSSC with POD Controller
The power grid consists of two power generation substations and one major load center at bus B3. The
first power generation substation (M1) has a rating of 2100 MVA, representing 6 machines of 350 MVA and the
other one (M2) has a rating of 1400 MVA, representing 4 machines of 350 MVA. The load center of
approximately 2200 MW is modeled using a dynamic load model where the active & reactive power absorbed
by the load is a function of the system voltage. The generation substation M1 is connected to this load by two
transmission lines L1 and L2. L1 is 280-km long and L2 is split in two segments of 150 km in order to simulate
a three-phase fault (using a fault breaker) at the midpoint of the line. The generation substation M2 is also
connected to the load by a 50-km line (L3). When the SSSC is bypass, the power flow towards this major load is
as follows: 664 MW flow on L1 (measured at bus B2), 563 MW flow on L2 (measured at B4) and 990 MW
flow on L3 (measured at B3).
Fig. 7 Simulation Diagram of the SSSC
The SSSC, located at bus B1, is in series with line L1. It has a rating of 100MVA and is capable of
injecting up to 10% of the nominal system voltage. This SSSC is a phasor model of a typical three-level PWM
SSSC. The model represents a SSSC having a DC link nominal voltage of 40 kV with an equivalent capacitance
of 375 uF. On the AC side, its total equivalent impedance is 0.16 pu on 100 MVA. This impedance represents
the transformer leakage reactance and the phase reactor of the IGBT bridge of an actual PWM SSSC. The SSSC
injected voltage reference is normally set by a POD (Power Oscillation Damping) controller whose output is
connected to the Vqref input of the SSSC. The POD controller consists of an active power measurement system,
a general gain, a low-pass filter, a washout high-pass filter, a lead compensator, and an output limiter. The
inputs to the POD controller are the bus voltage at B2 and the current flowing in L1.
Fig. 8(b) Simulation Results of SSSC without POD
Fig. 8(b) Simulation Results of SSSC without POD
Fig. 9(a) Simulation Results of SSSC with POD
Fig. 9(b) Simulation Results of SSSC with POD
4.2 SVC Controller
Fig. 10 Simulation Diagram of SVC Controller

A static var compensator (SVC) is used to regulate voltage on a 500 kV, 3000 MVA sytem. When
system voltage is low the SVC generates reactive power (SVC capacitive). When system voltage is high it
absorbs reactive power (SVC inductive). The SVC is rated +200 Mvar capacitive and 100 Mvar inductive. The
Static Var Compensator block is a a phasor model representing the SVC static and dynamic characteristics at the
system fundamental frequency.
To see the SVC control parameters, open the SVC dialog box and select "Display Control parameters".
The SVC is set in voltage regulation mode with a reference voltage Vref=1.0 pu. The voltage droop is 0.03 pu/
200MVA, so that the voltage varies from 0.97 pu to 1.015 pu when the SVC current goes from fully capacitive
to fully inductive. Double click now on the blue block to display the SVC V-I characteristic.
The actual SVC positive-sequence voltage (V1) and susceptance (B1) are measured inside the 'Signal
Processing' subsystem, using the complex voltages Vabc and complex currents Iabc returned by the Three-Phase
V-I Measurement block.
Fig. 11 Simulation results of SVC Controller
Fig. 12(a) Bus voltages in p.u for 1-phase fault (without SVC)
Fig. 12(b) Bus Voltages in p.u for 1-phase fault (with SVC)
VI. Comparison of SVC and SSSC with POD Controller

The power system stability improvement i.e. voltage level, machine oscillation damping, real &
reactive power in a power system model of SVC and SSSC with proposed Power System Controller for faulted
conditions. In combine, Power System Controller may be highly suitable as a SVC and SSSC with POD
controller because of shorter stability time, simple designed, low cost & highly efficient controller. These
proposed Power System Controller can be applied for any interconnected multi-machine power system network
for stability improvement.
The simulation of a two-machine power system model with Static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC) based damping controllers in the presence of a three-phase short circuit fault and two phase ground fault
are considered. The results show that the power system oscillations are damped out very quickly with the help of
SSSC based damping controllers in few seconds. As the modulation ratio lies between zero and one, the dc
voltage should not be lower than the maximum of the requested SSSC output phase voltage in order to obtain
proper control. On the other hand, if the dc side voltage is too high, the rating of both the GTO valves and dc
capacitor has to be increased, which means higher installation costs. Not only that, a higher dc side voltage
means a lower amplitude modulation ratio and the lower modulation ratio results in higher harmonic distortion.
Phase control allows the dc voltage to change according to the power system conditions, which is clearly
advantageous, but it requires a more complicated controller and special and costly series transformers. The
results show that the use of SSSC is having improved dynamic response and at the same time faster than other
conventional controllers.
The most suitable location for SVC and SSSC with POD controller to control power flow and to
improve voltage Profile. The improvement of voltage stability by SSSC and SVC would be better than that of
either by STATCOM or TCSC. In case of without SVC and SSSC with POD, generation of reactive power can
be increased, total real power losses are more, voltage stability index is high. In case of with SVC and SSSC
with POD, generation of reactive power generation can be reduced, total real power losses are less, voltage
stability index is low.
Table 1 Comparison of SVC and SSSC

Issue SVC SSSC
V/I Good overvoltage performance Impedance Good under voltage performance Voltage source
characteristic
Control range freely adjustable to any range by TCR/TSR /TSC Symmetrical
branches
Modularity TCR/TSR/TSC branches used in SVC and Same converter usable for various applications
TCSC/TPSC Redundancy Degraded mode UPFC, SSSC configurations are used in the CSC
operation
Response time 2 to 3 cycle 3 to 4 cycle
Transient Available before, during and after critical system Self protecting at critical system faults
behavior conditions
Space 100 % 60 to 70 %
requirements
Availability > 99 % 90 o 92 %
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper explains, the FACTS controllers that are used to mitigate the power quality problems. The
standard FACTS controller for a particular type of problem is also given. The simulation results give the clear
observation of how the FACTS devices improve the power quality. The simulation work is done on Static Var
Compensator (SVC)and Static Synchronous Series Compensator(SSSC).SVC and SSSC are providing better
power quality under variation of source voltage and when the system is suddenly loaded. The thesis includes the
simulation results of the SVC and SSSC only. The future work given as the simulation results of the systems for
various power quality problems with all remaining FACTS devices. Then it can be very easy to find an exact
FACTS device for a particular type of power quality problem.
Installations of SSSC and SVC controllers at all suitable locations will naturally improve the voltage
stability of a power system. But, keeping in mind, the cost of the controllers and the optimization task, the
number of controllers and their sizes are minimized. Taking corrective actions to keep the system voltage
secured under all possible line outage contingency will not be economical or it may not be necessary. Therefore,
only the most critical line outage contingency is considered. The line outage is ranked according to the severity
and the severity is taken on the basis of increased reactive power generation and real power losses. Outage of
other lines has no much impact on the system and therefore they are not given importance
REFERENCES
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for Applications on Frequency Control‖, Proc. VIII SEPOPE, Brasilia, Brazil, 2002, pp. 17-22.
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FACTS Controllers,‖ Proc. X ERLAC, Iguazú, Argentina, 14.6, 2003, 1-6.
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COBEP, Florianópolis, Brazil, 2001, pp. 479-484.
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Improved Fuzzy Control Strategy for Power Quality in

Distributed Generation’s Single Phase Inverters
K. Hanumanth Rao1, P. Rajasekhar2, M. Hari Babu3
1, 2, 3
(EEE, Vardhaman College of Engineering (Autonomous), JNTU, Hyderabad, India)
Abstract : Distributed power generation has got its importance with the day to day increase of power
generation from renewable energy sources and from domestic customers with small generation units connected
to the grid. Distributed power generation systems mostly use Power electronic converters for the interface with
power grid. Here in this paper a single-phase inverter for DG systems requiring power quality features, such as
harmonic and reactive power compensation for grid-connected operation are discussed. The idea is to integrate
the DG unit functions with shunt active power filter capabilities. With this approach, the inverter controls the
active power flow from the renewable energy source to the grid and also performs the nonlinear load current
harmonic compensation by keeping the grid current almost sinusoidal. The control scheme employs a current
reference generator based on sinusoidal signal integrator and instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory
together with a dedicated repetitive current controller. Simulation results obtained with PI and fuzzy controllers
demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution.
Keywords - Distributed power generation, power conditioning, power quality and instantaneous reactive
power.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, due to the high price of oil and the concern for the environment, renewable energy is in the
limelight. This scenario has stimulated the development of alternative power sources such as photovoltaic
panels, wind turbines and fuel cells [1]–[3]. The distributed generation (DG) concept emerged as a way to
integrate different power plants, increasing the DG owner’s reliability, reducing emissions, and providing
additional power quality benefits [4]. The cost of the distribution power generation system using the renewable
energies is on a falling trend and is expected to fall further as demand and production increase.
Fig.1 General Scheme of a DG unit connected to the grid.

The energy sources used in DG systems usually have different output characteristics, and for this
reason, power electronic converters are employed to connect these energy sources to the grid, as shown in Fig.
1. The power electronic front-end converter is an inverter whose dc link is fed by an ac/dc converter or by a
dc/dc converter, according with the DG source type. The commercial front-end inverters are designed to operate
either as grid-connected or in island mode. In grid-connected mode, the voltage at the point of common coupling
(PCC) is imposed by the grid; thus, the inverter must be current-controlled. When operated in island mode, the
inverters are voltage-controlled, generating the output voltage at a specified amplitude and frequency [5], [6].
Improved Fuzzy Control Strategy for Power Quality in Distributed Generation’s Single Phase
Coming to the grid-connected mode, almost all the commercial single-phase inverters for DG systems
inject only active power to the grid, i.e., the reference current is computed from the reference active power p*
that must be generated [7].
It is possible and can be convenient to integrate power quality functions by compensating the reactive
power and the current harmonics drawn by specific local nonlinear loads (see Fig. 1). The single-phase inverter
can acquire active filtering features just adding to its control software some dedicated blocks that are specific to
shunt active power filter (APF).
This paper proposes and validates an enhanced power quality control strategy for single-phase inverters
used in DG systems. The idea is to integrate the DG unit functions with shunt APF capabilities. With the
proposed approach, the inverter controls the active power flow from the energy source to the grid and also
performs the compensation of reactive power and the nonlinear load current harmonics, keeping the grid current
almost sinusoidal.
The integration of APF capability in single-phase inverters needs a particular attention since the control
techniques (for example, to find the reference current) were developed for three phase APFs, and consequently,
must be adapted for single-phase systems.
The paper is organized as follows. The inverter control scheme is discussed in detail in Section II, with
a particular focus on the reference current generator and the current control implementation. Section III is
related to the Simulation results and contains a description of the testing setup followed by a complete
experimental validation of the proposed control solutions. The simulation results are presented for the grid
connected inverter that generates active power and compensates the reactive power and current harmonics of
local loads, thus achieving complete power quality features.
II. INVERTER CONTROL SCHEME

The block diagram of the single-phase inverter control scheme with enhanced power quality features is
shown in Fig. 2. The inverter reference current i∗F is generated by the reference current generator block and the
current control is based on a repetitive controller.
Fig.2 Inverter control scheme.

2.1. Reference Current Generator
The reference current generation scheme is shown in Fig. 3 and can be divided into two parts: the
computation of the harmonic current reference i∗hα and the generation of the fundamental reference current i∗ 1α
corresponding to the active and the reactive power to be generated.
Fig.3 Reference current generation scheme.
2.1.1. Generation of the Harmonic Reference Current

The nonlinear load current iL and the PCC voltage vPCC are used to calculate the reference current for
current harmonics compensation. A filter based on SSIs (hereinafter called SSI filter) extracts the fundamental
frequency component ω0 = 2×π×50 (in radian per second) of the load current in stationary αβ frame, as shown
in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 [20]. The harmonic reference current i∗ hα is obtained from the subtraction of the load current
from the output of the SSI filter (iL−iL 1α ).
Fig.4 SSI filter applied for the load current (input is iL and the outputs are iLα and iLβ ) and for the PCC voltage
(input is vPCC and outputs are v1α and v1β ).
2.1.2. Generation of the Fundamental Reference Current
In steady-state operation, the SSI filter shown in Fig. 4 has two sinusoidal states x1 and x2 having the
same amplitude and being phase-shifted by 90 electrical degrees [20], [21]. So, it is possible to obtain two
outputs from a SSI filter, iL1α and iL1β (which is always 90◦ shifted respect to iL 1α ). This can be seen by analyzing
the two transfer functions of the SSI filter.
In steady-state operation, the relationship between the phases of the transfer functions (1) and (2) in the
frequency domain is
The Bode diagrams of (1) and (2) that are shown in Figs.5 and 6 for different values of ka confirm (3). It
is also possible to see that when kA becomes smaller, the filter becomes more selective. However, when this
happens, the phase delay becomes higher around the fundamental frequency ω0.
Fig.5 Bode plots of H1 (s). Fig.6 Bode plots of H2 (s).
This property is useful for obtaining the orthogonal fundamental components needed to perform the
reactive power compensation of the local load. The signal iL 1β is generated by the SSI only to calculate the
fundamental reactive power reference q∗, using the definition of reactive power from IRP theory as follows:
To obtain v1α and v1β , another SSI filter is used in the PCC voltage vPCC by generating v1α and a signal (v1β)
with the same amplitude and phase-shifted by 90 electrical degrees from v1α , as shown in Fig. 4. The use of an
SSI filter in the PCC voltage makes the reference current generator insensitive to grid voltage distortions. The
fundamental components of the inverter reference current i∗ 1α and i∗ 1β are calculated by imposing the reference
power p∗ equal to the amount of active power to be injected into the grid, as follows:
Since the system is single phase, the current i∗1β is neglected and i∗1α is added to the harmonic reference
current i∗ hα to obtain the inverter reference current. The SSI filter used to extract the fundamental component of
the nonlinear load current is very flexible, and the gain kA (see Fig. 4) can be adjusted to improve the selectivity
of the reference generator or to improve its transient response.
It is important to emphasize the difference between the solution used in this paper to create the
fictitious variable and another existing method [14]. In the proposed technique, the orthogonal fundamental
component signals, used for current reference generation and obtained from the SSI filter, are sinusoidal and
phase shifted by 90◦. In the existing method, the obtained fictitious variable is a signal with a high harmonic
content generated by phase shifting all frequencies of the load current by 90 ◦. In this case, some phase delay is
introduced in the fictitious variable and implicitly in the inverter current reference [19].
2.2. Current Control

For inverters that generate active power and also compensate the reactive power, the reference current
is sinusoidal at fundamental frequency, so the use of conventional Fuzzy controllers would probably suffice if
their bandwidth is high enough. If the inverter must also compensate the current harmonics, the reference
current will become no sinusoidal. In this case, achieving zero –steady-state error is not possible with Fuzzy
controllers, unless particular control schemes are employed.
Fig.7 Current control scheme.
Coming to the scheme in Fig. 7, the key issue is the implementation of the repetitive control scheme.
The repetitive controller is nothing else than an FIR filter of N taps. The filter can be designed by using the
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to achieve unity gain for every single harmonic to be compensated. As
described in detail in [22], the filter coefficients can be computed as
Where N is the number of the coefficients, Nh is the set of selected harmonic frequencies, and Na is the number of
leading steps necessary to maintain the system stability. The kR parameter from Fig. 7 influences the repetitive
controller speed response [22].
The number of FIR filter taps is directly related to the sampling frequency. To implement (6) with a
sampling period Ts of 100 μs, we will need an FIR filter by using 200 taps. For example, the frequency plots of
the FIR filter (6) tuned for the fifth and the seventh harmonics (Nh = 5, 7) and implemented with N = 200 taps
are shown in Fig. 8.
The implementation of the original repetitive controller [22] requires a high number of the filter taps
that are necessary for the chosen sampling frequency of 10 kHz. To reduce the taps number, a modified
repetitive controller is proposed in this paper. The proposed filter coefficients are computed by using
With respect to (6), the proposed filter (7) allows halving the number of taps for the same sampling frequency.
For a sampling frequency of 10 kHz, (7) will lead to N = 100 taps with respect to N=200 taps imposed by (6),
making the proposed filter more suitable for DSP implementation since the computational time will be
significantly reduced.
Fig.8 DFT frequency response using Nh = {5, 7} Fig.9 DFT frequency response of the modified
and N = 200 taps. FIR filter using Nh = {5, 7} for N = 100.
The frequency plots of the proposed FIR filter (7) tuned for the fifth and the seventh harmonics (Nh =5
and 7) and implemented with N = 100 taps are shown in Fig. 9. As can be noted from Fig. 9, the proposed FIR
filter exhibits similar filtering properties with the original filter presented in [22], but the implementation is
simpler due to the halved number of taps. The number of the leading steps Na has been set equal to 2 since a
mean delay time of 1.5 Ts is introduced by the current control loop, while the kR parameter has been set equal to
1.
2.2.1. The Fuzzy current controller
Table: 1 Fuzzy Membership functions
V DEL_V Idr
NB NB NB NB: Negative Big
N N N N : Negative
ZE ZE ZE ZE: Zero
P P P P : Positive
PB PB PB PB: Positive Big
None None None
The Fuzzy controller in Fig. 7 has been designed to get a bandwidth of about 700 Hz and a phase
margin of 60 electrical degrees. The membership functions of the Fuzzy controller are given in the Table 1.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS

The general diagram of the setup is shown in Fig. 10, where the positive polarities for grid current iS,
load current iL, and inverter current iF are emphasized, in agreement with Fig. 1. The system parameters are given
in Table 2.
Fig. 10 General diagram of the experimental setup

The hardware platform used to implement the inverter control algorithm is a dSPACE development
modular system based on the DS1005 processor board and several boards for each special hardware task (for
example, DS 5101 board for pulse width modulation (PWM) generation, DS 2004 board for A/D conversion,
and DS 4002 board for digital I/O). All boards are hosted in a dSPACE PX10 expansion box that uses the
DS817 board for bidirectional communication with PC through optical fibers.
The repetitive current controller parameters are kR = 1, N = 100 (sampling frequency = 10 kHz), Nh =
2n−1 with n = 1,. . .,13, and Na = 2. The Fuzzy current controller parameters are kp = 3 and ki = 500.
The quantities measured from the system are the inverter current iF , the PCC voltage vPCC, and the local
load current iL , as shown in Fig. 10. As the paper focus is on the grid-connected inverter, the dc energy source
has been emulated with a three phase diode rectifier fed by a three-phase variance.
Table 2 Simulation Parameters
Fig.11 Steady-state operation of the inverter injecting the active power requested by the resistive load (2 kW).
(Trace 1) Inverter current iF (10 A/div). (Trace 2) Grid current iS (10 A/div). (Trace 3) Grid voltage vPCC (350
V/div).
The single-phase inverter injects active power into the grid and compensates the harmonics generated
by a local load, which contains two parts: a 2-kW linear load and a 3-kVA nonlinear capacitive load (a single-
phase diode rectifier with capacitive dc load). The linear load (Z2 in Fig. 10) has been considered either as a
single resistance (R2) or as a series RL load (R2, L2), whose values are specified in Table 2.
3.1. Validation of Active Power Generation

This test has been performed with the inverter having only a 2-kW resistive local load. The steady-state
operation for the inverter, injecting 2 kW of active power, is shown in Fig. 11. In this case, it can be seen that
the grid current iS is almost zero because the local load power request is completely supplied by the inverter (iS =
iL−iF in Fig. 10).
Fig. 12 Steady-state operation for 3 kW active power generation. Only the 2 kW linear load is connected in this
case. (Trace 1) Inverter current iF (20 A/div). (Trace 2) Grid current iS (10 A/div). (Trace 3) Grid voltage vPCC
(350 V/div).
Fig. 13 Inverter transient response during a step-up of the injected active power (1–3 kW). Only the 2 kW linear
load is connected. (Trace 1) Inverter current iF (20 A/div). (Trace 2) Grid current iS (10 A/div). (Trace 3) Grid
voltage vPCC (350 V/div).
Fig. 14 Steady-state operation of the inverter injecting 1 kW active power and compensating the current
harmonics of the local load. (Trace 1) Inverter current iF (20 A/div). (Trace 2) Load current iL (20 A/div).
(Trace 4) Grid voltage vPCC (350 V/div).
Fig. 15 Steady-state operation of the inverter injecting 1 kW active power and compensating the current
harmonics of the local load. (Trace 1) Inverter current iF (20 A/div). (Trace 2) Grid current iS (40 A/div).
(Trace 4) Grid voltage vPCC (350 V/div).
3.2. Validation of Current Harmonics Compensation

This test has been performed with the inverter having a local load consisted of the resistance R2 and the
diode rectifier. The steady-state operation of the inverter, injecting 1 kW of active power and compensating the
current harmonics of the local load, is shown in Figs. 14 and 15. The inverter current iF , the PCC voltage vPCC,
and the local load current iL are shown in Fig. 14, while Fig. 15 contains the inverter current iF , the PCC voltage
VPCC, the grid current iS , and the Fourier analysis of the inverter current iF . It can be seen from Figs. 14 and 15
that even if the local load current is highly distorted, the mains current is almost sinusoidal.
Also, it can be noted that the grid current is in phase with the PCC voltage, so in this case, the local
load still draws active power from the grid. This happens because the inverter-injected active power of 1 kWis
smaller than the active power requested by the local load.
The inverter dynamic performance has been evaluated by turning on the load diode rectifier, as shown
in Figs. 16 and 17.
Fig. 16 Inverter transient response during nonlinear load turn-on. (Trace 1) Inverter current iF (20 A/div). (Trace
2) Grid current iS (40 A/div). (Trace 4) Grid voltage vPCC (350 V/div).
Fig. 17 Inverter transient response for nonlinear load turn-on. (Trace 1) Inverter current iF (20 A/div). (Trace 2)
Load current iL (40 A/div). (Trace 4) Grid voltage vPCC (350 V/div).
It is resulted from these figures a fast transient response of the inverter with a settling time of about 20 ms.
3.3. Validation of Reactive Power Compensation
To clearly emphasize the inverter capability to compensate the local load reactive power, the inverter
has been operated only with an RL load obtained as the series connection between the resistance R2 and the
inductance L2 (Table 2). The load current lags the load voltage by about 20 electrical degrees, as shown in Fig.
19.
The inverter transient operation obtained for zero active power generation when the reactive power is
enabled in a step fashion is shown in Fig. 19. It can be noted howthe grid current becomes pure active since the
inverter completely compensates the local load reactive power. As expected, the inverter current iF is pure
reactive and leads the PCC voltage by 90 electrical degrees (see Fig. 19).
The steady-state operation of the inverter, injecting 3 kW of active power and compensating the entire
load reactive power, is shown in Fig. 20. The grid current is out of phase with respect to the PCC voltage by 180
electrical degrees, which means active power generation since the inverter generates more active power than the
active power requested by the load.
Fig. 18 Steady-state linear resistive–inductive load operation. (Trace 2) Load current iL (10 A/div). (Trace 4)
Grid voltage vPCC (350 V/div).
Fig. 19 Inverter transient response when only the reactive power compensation is enabled and the load is
resistive–inductive. (Trace 1) Inverter current iF (10 A/div). (Trace 2) Grid current iS (10 A/div). (Trace 3) Grid
voltage vPCC (350 V/div).
Fig. 20 Steady-state operation for 3 kWactive power generation with reactive power compensation. (Trace 1)
Inverter current iF (20 A/div). (Trace 2) Grid current iS (10 A/div). (Trace 3) Grid voltage vPCC (350 V/div).
(Trace A) Fourier analysis of the inverter current (0.5 A/div).
Finally, the transient response for step reactive power compensation when the generated active power
was 3 kW is illustrated in Fig. 21, showing a time response of less than one grid period and no particular
problems during the transient.
Fig. 21 Inverter transient response for step reactive power compensation when the injected active power is 3
kW. (Trace 1) Inverter current iF (20 A/div). (Trace 2) Grid current iS (10 V/div). (Trace 4) Grid voltage vPCC
(350 V/div).
IV. Conclusion
This paper deals with a single-phase H-bridge inverter for DG systems, requiring power quality
features as harmonic and reactive power compensation for grid-connected operation. The proposed control
scheme employs a current reference generator based on SSI and IRP theory, together with a dedicated repetitive
current controller. The grid-connected single-phase H-bridge inverter injects active power into the grid and is
able to compensate the local load reactive power and also the local load current harmonics. Simulation results
have been obtained on a 4-kVA inverter prototype tested for different operating conditions, including active
power generation, load reactive power compensation, and load current harmonic compensation. The
experimental results have shown good transient and steady state performance in terms of grid current THD and
transient response. The integration of power quality features has the drawback that the inverter will also deliver
the harmonic compensation current with the direct consequence of increase the inverter overall current and cost.
A current limitation strategy should be implemented and if the inverter output current exceeds the switch rating,
then the supplied harmonic current must be reduced. In this way, the inverter available current is mainly used
for active power injection and if there is some current margin, this can be used for the compensation of reactive
power and nonlinear load current harmonics. An analysis of the inverter design that takes into account the
current required for reactive power and current harmonics compensation is beyond the paper scope and it will be
subject of future study.
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Speed Sensorless Sliding Mode Control of Induction Motor Using

Simulink
K.Venkateswarlu1, G.Sandeep2, N.Srinivas3, K. Damodara Reddy4,
A.Ramakrishna5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(Department of EEE, Vardhaman College of Engineering, India)
Abstract: AC motors in particular squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) enjoy several inherent advantages
like simplicity, reliability, robust, low cost and maintenance free. The operation of induction motors in the
constant volts per hertz (V/f) mode has been known for many decades, and its principle is well understood. V/f
control has displaced the dc motor to some extent, particularly in the lower kW range, and the majority of
variable speed drives in operation today are of this type. However for high dynamic performance industrial
applications their control remains a challenging problem because they exhibit coupled nature of the stator and
rotor flux and also significant nonlinearities. Sliding mode control is novel and quite different than the
conventional field oriented or direct torques control (DTC) and optimizes the torque response. A new stator and
rotor flux observer based on continuous sliding mode which allows Induction motor operation at low speeds is
proposed in this project. This model is characterized in the stator reference frame and modeled using
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Keywords: Induction Motor, sliding mode controller, sliding surface
I. Introduction
Electrical motors play vital role in the development of industrial systems. The DC machine was the
first practical machine to convert electrical power into mechanical power, and vice versa. Inherent operating
characteristics, flexible performance and efficiency encouraged the use of DC motors in many types of
industrial drive application. The later developments of the low cost AC motors have displaced the DC motor to
some extent. Induction motors are relatively economical, rugged and reliable machines due to the absence of
commutators and brushes. Therefore much attention is given to their control for various applications with
different control requirements.
An induction machine, especially squirrel cage induction machine, has many advantages when
compared with DC machine. However, because of its highly non-linear and coupled dynamic structure, an
induction machine requires more complex control schemes than DC motors. Traditional open-loop control of the
induction machine with variable frequency may provide a satisfactory solution under limited conditions.
However, when high performance dynamic operation is required, these methods are unsatisfactory. Therefore,
more sophisticated control methods are needed to make the performance of the induction motor comparable
with DC motors.
II. Sliding Mode Control

Sensorless torque control of an induction motor drive essentially means torque control without any
speed sensor. An incremental shaft-mounted speed encoder (usually an optical type) is required for close loop
speed or position control in both vector and scalar-controlled drives. A speed signal is also required in indirect
vector control in the whole speed range. And in indirect vector control for the low speed range, including the
zero speed stat-up operation. A speed encoder is undesirable in a drive because it adds cost and reliability
problems, besides the need for a shaft extension and mounting arrangement. It is possible to estimate the speed
signal from machine terminal voltages and currents with the help of a DSP or intelligent controller. However,
the estimation is normally complex and heavily dependent on machine parameters. Although Sensorless
controlled drives are commercially available at this time, the parameter variation problem, particularly near zero
speed, imposes a challenge in the accuracy of speed estimation.
A sliding mode control (SMC) with a variable control structure is basically an adaptive control that
gives robust performance of a drive with parameter variation and load torque disturbance. The control is
nonlinear and can be applied to a linear or nonlinear plant. In an SMM, as the name indicates, the drive response
is forced to track or ―slide‖ along a predetermined trajectory or ―reference model‖ in a phase plane by a
switching control algorithm, irrespective of the plant’s parameter variation and load disturbance. The control is
nonlinear and can be applied to a linear or nonlinear plant.
Speed Sensorless Sliding Mode Control Of Induction Motor Using Simulink
2.1 Control Principle

An SMC is basically a variable structure control system (VSS) [5] where the structure or topology of
the control intentionally varied to stabilize the control and make its response robust. Consider a simple second-
order undamped linear system, as shown in Figure 2.1. With variable plant gain K. It can easily be seen that
system is unstable in either negative or positive feedback mode. However, by switching back and forth between
the negative and positive feedback modes, the system cannot only be made stable, but its response can be made
independent to the plant parameter K. Consider Figure 2.1 in negative feedback mode with switch 1 closed. We
can write
X1= R-C (2.1) or
R- X1 =C (2.2)
Where X1 =loop error
Figure 2.1 Variable structure control of second-order system
Differentiating equation (2.1)

(2.3) or
(2.4)
+
Where R=step input with constant value at time t and -X2 = dc/dt . We can also write the derivative of X2 in
the following form to satisfy the loop relation
(2.5)
Combining Equations (2.4) and (2.5)
(2.6)
This gives the second-order system model in terms of the loop error X1 and its derivative X2. The general
solution of under damped equation, (2.6) is
(2.7)
(2.8)
Where A and θ are arbitrary constants. Combining them, we get
(2.9)
Equation (2.9) describes an ellipse with semi-axes A and√kA. Its phase plane trajectory is plotted in fig 2.1,
which shows concentric ellipse with arbitrary A. the shape of the ellipse will vary with a variation of gain K.
In the positive feedback mode (switch 2 close) of fig 2.1 we can write the following equations:
(2.10)
(2.11)
Figure 2.2 phase plane portrait of Figure 2.1 with negative feedback
Combining these equations,

(2.12)
The general solution of equation (3.12) is
(2.13)
(2.14)
Where B1, B2 are arbitrary constants. Squaring each equation and combing them gives us
(2.15)
Where B1, B2 term can be positive, negative or zero. Equation (2.15) describes hyperbolas that are plotted in
the plane of figure 2.3. The straight line asymptote equations can be derived by substituting as
(2.16)
i.e, (2.17)
The families of hyperbolas are plotted for B1 B2 > 0and B1 B2 < 0. The system can be switched back and forth
between the positive and negative feedback modes for SMC, as explained in Figure 2.4. The operation in Figure
2.4 can be understood by the superposition of Figure 2.2 and 2.3, where the hyperbolic asymptote line is
described by the equation (2.18)
Figure 2.3 phase plane portrait of Figure 2.1 with positive feedback
Where σ =0 is the line. Assume that initially, the system is in negative feedback mode and the
operation point is at X1 = X10 on the ellipse. As the operating point moves on elliptic trajectory and touches
point B as shown, in the positive mode is invoked. Ideally, it will then moves along the straight line BO and
settle at steady-state point O, where X1 and error velocity are zero. The slope of line BO may vary with variation
of K. even with constant K, precision switching at point B is practically impossible to reach the steady-state
point O. let us define the sliding line equation as
(2.19)
Where C<K0.5 so that the line slope is lower and beyond the range of the K variation. Note carefully
that on the sliding line, defined as the "reference trajectory." Describe by hyperbolas and ellipses, respectively,
cross in opposite directions. This means that at point B, the control can be switched to positive feedback mode,
and then at point D, it can be switched back to negative feedback mode, and so on. The operating point will thus
track the sliding line in a zigzag path until the steady-state point is reached at the origin. The time-domain
solution of the sliding line is basically a deceleration with exponentially decaying, as indicated by the following
equation
(2.20)
Figure2.4 Sliding line control in phase plane
Where t0 = time at which the trajectory reaches the sliding line. The time-domain response for the
sliding line control of two different values of C is shown in Figure 3.6, which reflects the characteristic
chattering effect. None that once the operation reaches the sliding line, the response is strictly dictated by slope
C, but it is not affected by a variation of parameter K or any load disturbance (robust). The operation of the
sliding line control in the second quadrant for – X-1 (reverse position error) is similar to that for the fourth
quadrant, and is shown in Figure 2.4. The polarities of parameters σ, σX1 , and σX2 above and below the sliding
line for both +X1 and –X1 are summarized in Figure 2.4. The strategy of switching control is defined by
Figure 2.5 Time-domain response in sliding line control for two different values of C
These polarities, which will be described later. Evidently, σ > 0 and d σ/dt<0 , as the trajectory trend to
cross the sliding lines from above, where as σ < 0 and d σ/dt<0 , as the trajectory tends to cross the line from
below. Mathematically, we can write
(2.21)
(2.22)
Combining equations (2.20) and(2.21), we get
(2.23)
Equation (2.23) is defined as an existence or reaching equation, which must be satisfied for the SMC. In
other words, the validity of the reaching equation guarantees that the response will cross the trajectory in each
switching transition, and is essentially for a system to be controllable by the sliding mode. In practice, the
parameters in the sliding mode controller are designed with the reaching equation.
III. Simulation Of Various Models

Machine dynamics and problem statement are discussed in the first part of this chapter. Then later part of
the chapter focuses on the discussion about sliding-mode control system. Simulink models are developed for the
various control circuits based on the equations given for stator flux sliding mode control, sliding mode flux
observer.
Figure 3.1 Simulink model for closed loop control scheme
Figure 3.2 Simulink model for Sliding mode control scheme with closed loop
Figure 3.3 Simulink model for Induction Motor
IV. Simulation Results

This control scheme of IM drive is simulated using Simulink. The IM used in simulation is Y connected 50
Hz, 4 pole, 1500 rpm. Parameters in the per phase steady state equivalent circuits are (per unit values): stator
resistance Rs=0.025, rotor resistance Rr = 0.015, stator and rotor inductance Ls1=Lr1=0.10, mutual inductance
Lm=3.0, motor and load inertia j=0.239.
Figure 4.1 Sliding Mode control signal Figure 4.2 instantaneous q-axis currents iqs
Figure 4.3 flux linkages qr Figure 4.4 flux linkages qr
Figure 4.5 flux linkages qs Figure 4.6 flux linkages ds
Figure 4.7 Rotor speed demand, delivered
Figure 4.8 Instantaneous Load Torque and Demand Torque
V. Conclusion
The robust sliding mode control is presented in the stator fixed reference frame so that an easy description
for a real-time operation could be found. Combining VSDS and Lyapunov design has developed a new discrete
time control algorithm. It possesses all the good properties of the Sliding mode and eliminates the undesired
chattering of control input. Sliding Mode Control has low speed tracking error and high control effort when
compared to PI controller. In this paper, a speed Sensorless sliding mode control for IM is simulated using
Matlab/simulink. The conclusion can be drawn from the results obtained in the previous chapter. New rotor flux
observer allows the speed Sensorless operation of IM at low speeds. The same was shown in the graphs drawn
in the figure 4.7. It is simple control method and quite different from the FOC and DTC.
References
[1] K.M.H. Kubota and T.Nakano, "DSP-based speed adaptive flux observer of induction Motor", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. vol.29, 1993 pp.
344-348.
[2] Hasan Zidan, Shuishi Fujji, Tsuyoshi Hanamoto, Reruo Tsujji "A simple Sensor-less vector Control System for Variable Speed
Induction Motor Drives" paper conference.
[3] H. Tajima and Y. Hori. Speed sensorless field-orientation control of the induction Machine. IEEE Trans. Indust.Appl., 29(1):175–180,
Jan/Feb 1993.
[4] Marcello montanaria , Sergei Peresadab , Andhrea Tillia , Alberto Toniellia "Speed Sensorless control of Induction Motor based on
Indirect Field-Orientation".
[5] Karel Jezerink ―Speed sensorless Torque control of induction Motor," University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science.
[6] P.Vas, "Sensorless vector and direct torque control" Oxford University Press,1998.
[7] Vadim I. Utkin „Sliding Mode Cotrol Design Principles and Applications to Electric Drives", IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics,
VOL 40, NO.1. feb 1993 Tutorial Course, 1986.
[8] J.R.Zhang, S.J.Xu, and A.Rachid "Sliding Mode Controller for Automatic Path Tracking of Vehicles", Proceeding of the American
Control Conference, Anchorage, AK May 8-10,2002.
[9] Rong-Jong Wai, Kuo-Min Lin, and Chung-You Lin, " Total Sliding-mode Control of Field-Oriented Induction Motor Servo Drive".
[10] Abdelkrim Benchaib, Ahmed Rachi, Audrezet, and Mohamed Tadjine "Real-Time Sliding-Mode Observer and Control of an Induction
Motor" IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics, vol 46, no.1, feb 1999.
[11] Abdelkrim Benchaib, Ahmed Rachid, and Eric Audrezet, " Sliding-Mode Input-Output Linearization and Field Orientation for Real-
Time Control of Induction Motors", IEEE Trans on power Electronics, vol 14, no.1, jan 1999.
[12] EDWARD Y Y.HO,AND PARESH C. SEN,"Decoupling Control of Induction Motor Drives" IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics,
vol 35, no.2, MAY 1988.
Design of Cost Effective Independent Power System Using

Renewables for Rural Villages
A.Ramakrishna1, V.Sharatbabu, R.Bhaskar3,N.Srinivas4, K.Venkateswarlu5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Electrical & Electronics Engineering department,Vardhaman college of Engineering,India.
Abstract:-. Independent power systems (IPS) consist of a solution for the electrification of applications when
the access to a large transmission network is not reasonably viable or even unfeasible. Their size can range
from few hundred Watts to tens or hundreds of MW.This paper discusses the economic analysis of integrating a
solar, wind, battery storage systems into diesel-electric power systems for remote villages, in which the cost of
electricity supplied is reduced with the help of different combinations of PV cells, wind with diesel, battery
system. The economic part of the model calculates the fuel consumed, the kilo watt hours obtained per litre of
fuel supplied, and the total cost of fuel, savings due to PV, wind and battery system. The above concept is
studied for six different cases and their corresponding models are designed with the help of Matlab/Simulink
Software
Keywords:- Independent power system, Renewable energy sources, PV cells ,wind power , Simulink
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is essential to human being and it generates economic development. While in most western
countries electrical energy is seen as a common commodity, in many other countries people have scarcely
access to a sustainable power source for electricity. According to the International Energy Agency an estimated
1.3 billion people in the world are without access to electricity. Furthermore, over 2.7 billion people are without
clean cooking facilities.
If present policies do not change, the International Energy Agency predicts there will still be 1.2 billion
people who have no access to electricity by the year 2030. As described above, the role of electrical energy is
essential for development. Access to energy reduces hunger and improves access to fresh drinking water
through the ability of preserving food and pumping clean water via a pumping system.
Rural areas in developing and developed countries, without the necessary grid infrastructure, are a
characteristic example of applications with a high potential for the development of Independent Power System
(IPS). Taking into account the strong association between the economic development in these areas and their
electrification, the importance of powering them is obvious. Other application fields include houses, physical
islands and remote telecommunication and industrial installations.
IPSs can be based on renewable energy sources (RES), such as solar, wind, battery storage and fossil
fuel generators. Due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy, storage devices and appropriate demand
management strategies are necessary when conventional generators are not included in the system In the case of
IPS electrified by fossil-fuel units, Diesel Generator (DG) is usually utilised, due to their low cost and
reliability. However, the fuel used is polluting and expensive taking into account the transportation costs. A
solution to these problems can be the introduction of RES in the energy merge, when ample resources are
available. In such a case considerable improvement can be accomplished in terms of fuel saving.
However, for the achievement of a large diffusion of renewable sources technical issues related to
system stability and reliability of supply, due to the fluctuating and intermittent characteristics of RES must be
confronted, to overcome this can be achieved through the introduction of controllable storage devices and
demand-management techniques[1].
The input data to the model are acquired using a remote terminal unit (RTU). The RTU allows for
remote data collection and system control while also providing information necessary for modelling the APS. In
this paper a model is proposed to process the information obtain from RTU to optimize the performance of the
APS.This paper presents a model based on an IPS in which different combinations of its input sources are
preferred for the economic generation of electricity. Using Simulink, other renewable energy sources, dynamic
operation, and control system strategies can be easily incorporated into the existing IPS model to study the
overall performance of the system.
II. INDEPENDENT POWER SYSTEM MODEL

Electrical energy is a crucial constraint for economic and of essential substance in societal and
industrial development. The ample energy available in nature can be harnessed and converted to electricity in a
Design Of Cost Effective Independent Power System Using Renewables For Rural Villages
sustainable way to supply the necessary power to raise the living standards of the people without access to the
electricity grid.
In general, when two or more different sources of electricity are connected to a common grid and hand
in hand to supply the desired load, the system becomes an IPS [2]. A simple model diagram of an IPS is shown
in Fig.1. The sources of electric power in this system consist of a diesel generator, a battery bank, wind turbine,
and a PV array. The diesel generator is the main source of power for many of the remote villages around the
world. The output of the diesel generator is regulated ac voltage, which supplies the load directly through the
main distribution transformer. The battery banks, wind turbine and the PV array, are interlinked through a dc
bus.
Fig.1. Independent Power System Model

RTU is control block which control the flow of power by switching between different input units based
on the load need to be supplied. As we can see in the block diagram of autonomous energy power system the
different energy sources such as PV cells, wind turbine connected to the centralized DC bus and even battery
bank is also connected to the same bus. Diesel generator is separately connected to AC bus and all these units
are again connected to the RTU. Now based on the load, RTU sends signal to the different units to supply load.
If the demand is more RTU activates the other sources (Solar, Wind and Battery bank) to meet the maximum
power demand.
III. MODELLING OF INDEPENDENT POWER SYSTEM

In this paper the following load curve is considered for six different cases as follows
Fig.2. Load Curve
1. Total load supplied by Diesel system.

2. Total load supplied by PV-Diesel Battery System.
3. Base load supplied by DG.
4. Base load supplied by PV cells and Batteries.
5. Total load supplied by PV cells and Batteries.
6. Total load supplied by Wind -Diesel battery system
The results of the simulations are used to perform an economic analysis and predict the environmental
impacts of integrating a PV array into diesel-electric power systems for remote villages. The economic part of
the model calculates the fuel consumed, the kilowatt hours obtained per gallon of fuel supplied, and the total
cost of fuel. It also calculates the CO2, particulate matter (PM), and the NOx emitted to the atmosphere [3-6].
1. TOTAL LOAD SUPPLIED BY DIESEL SYSTEM:

In this system the 24 hours of load demand is fulfilled completely, only by the diesel generator. It is
responsible for supplying both the peak and the average load of the system.
2. TOTAL LOAD SUPPLIED BY PV DIESEL BATTERY SYSTEM (PVDB):

In this case we have divided the 24 hours of load in to two 12 hours sections in which the morning
section that is from morning 6 A.M to evening 6 P.M is being supplied by diesel generator of 50KW rating (it is
responsible for supplying both the peak and the average load of the system in its duration) and the night load
from evening 6 P.M to morning 6 A.M is supplied by the battery of the required rating which charged with the
help of photovoltaic cells from 8A.M to 5 P.M (considering constant solar insolation during this interval)
supplies the night load. Ratings of the equipment’s used are Diesel generator rating is 50KW. Battery rating in
(KWh) the load that is to be supplied by battery for 12 hours from evening 6 P.M to morning 6A.M is constant
load of 25KW as shown in Fig.2.
3. BASE LOAD SUPPLIED BY DG

In this case the base load of 25kW of the system as shown in the load curve will be completely
supplied by diesel generator for 24 hours and the peak load of 25KW from 10A.m to 6P.M i.e. 8 hours out of
which 7 hours of load from 10am -5pm will be supplied by the PV cells directly (because of the limitation of the
solar insolation after 5pm as considered), and the last one hour of peak load i.e. from 5pm to 6pm will be
supplied by the battery which is charged in the morning hours before the occurrence of the peak load, through
the PV cells. The load that is to be supplied by battery for 1 hour from 5pm to 6pm is constant load of 25KW as
shown in Fig.2.
4. BASE LOAD SUPPLIED BY PV CELLS AND BATTERIES

In this case the base load of 25kW of the system as shown in the load curve will be completely
supplied by Photo voltaic cells for 24 hours and the peak load of 25KW from 10A.m to 6P.M i.e. 8 hours is
supplied by the diesel generator. Since here base load is completely supplied by the PV cells and the Batteries.
In this case the day time base load of 25kW from 8am to 5pm is directly supplied from the PV cells and
the remaining load 25kW from 6pm to 8am are supplied from the batteries which are charged during the period
8am to 5pm. The load that is to be supplied by battery for 14 hours from evening 6 P.M to morning 8A.M is
constant load of 25KW as shown in Fig.2.
5. TOTAL LOAD SUPPLIED BY PV CELLS AND BATTERIES:

from evening 6 P.M to morning 6 A.M is supplied by the battery of the required rating this charged with the
help of wind energy from 8A.M to 5 P.M supplies the night load. Ratings of the equipment’s used are Diesel
generator rating is 50KW. Battery rating in (KWh) the load that is to be supplied by battery for 12 hours from
evening 6 P.M to morning 6A.M is constant load of 25KW as shown in Fig.2.
In this system since the whole load is being supplied Photovoltaic cells and Batteries there is no need
for diesel generator. Ratings of the equipment’s used, Battery rating in (KWh) the load that is to be supplied by
battery for 14 hours from evening 6 P.M to morning 8A.M is constant load of 25KW as shown Fig.2.
6. TOTAL LOAD SUPPLIED BY WIND WITH DIESEL BATTERY SYSTEM

from evening 6 P.M to morning 6 A.M is supplied by the battery of the required rating which charged with the
help of wind energy from 8A.M to 5 P.M supplies the night load. Ratings of the equipment’s used are Diesel
generator rating is 50KW. Battery rating in (KWh) the load that is to be supplied by battery for 12 hours from
evening 6 P.M to morning 6A.M is constant load of 25KW as shown in the load curve.
In this system since the whole load is being supplied Photovoltaic cells and Batteries there is no need for
diesel generator. Ratings of the equipment’s used, Battery rating in (KWh) the load that is to be supplied by
battery for 14 hours from evening 6 P.M to morning 8A.M is constant load of 25KW as shown in Fig.2.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

A model of an IPS was designed using MATLAB/Simulink to study the performance of the proposed
power system. Simulink also allows the dynamic operation and the control system strategy to be incorporated
into the IPS model to study the dynamic performance of the system. In this model the diesel generator is
represented by the three phase source, The PV cells are represented by DC source, Battery is directly
represented by the Li-Ion battery bank model, Wind Turbine represented by alternator.
The control operation of RTU is given with the help of Circuit Breakers (C.B) controlled by the pulse generator
which switches on /off based on the pulses applied. As mentioned earlier we have divided the 24 hours of load
in to two 12 hours sections in which the morning section that is from morning 6 A.M to evening 6 P.M is being
supplied by diesel generator of 50KW rating (it is responsible for supplying both the peak and the average load
of the system in its duration) and the night load from evening 6 P.M to morning 6 A.M is supplied by the battery
of the required rating which charged with the help of photovoltaic cells from 8A.M to 5 P.M (considering
constant solar insolation during this interval) supplies the night load.
Fig.3. Simulink model of IPS system

Now the control of diesel generator is done with the help of C.B in subsystem 3 this C.B will be on
from 6 A.M to 6 P.M since the pulses are given like that which can be seen in the output graph. Parallely during
that period the batteries are getting charged by the PV cells which are controlled by the C.B in the subsystem7
and since both the operation i.e. DG supplying load and charging of the battery are done at a time so both are
controlled by the same pulse generator.
Now during the time 6pm to 6am batteries are switched on by the C.Bs of subsystem 5 and 4. The
control of application of peak load of 25kW is done with the help of pulse generator and the final output is seen
across the scope ―P,Q‖. The output of the above simulation is shown in Fig.5.As mentioned earlier the base load
of 25kW of the system as shown in the load curve will be completely supplied by diesel generator for 24 hours
and the peak load of 25kW from 10A.M to 6P.M i.e. 8 hours out of which 7 hours of load from 10 A.M - 5 P.M
will be supplied by the PV cells directly (because of the limitation of the solar insolation after 5pm as
considered), and the last one hour of peak load i.e. from 5 P.M to 6 P.M will be supplied by the battery which is
charged in the morning hours before the occurrence of the peak load, through the PV cells.
Fig. 4. Simulation results of PVDB system

Here the diesel generator will be on for 24 hours which is implemented by giving a constant pulse to
C.B in the subsystem 3. and the peak load is applied by switching the C.B connected to the pulse generator. now
during the peak load the power is supplied by the PV cells for 7 hours and battery for 1 hour is achieved by the
control of C.Bs in the subsystem 4 and 5.The subsystem 4 is the common path for the powers from PV cells and
the battery and its switching on and off should be at the same time as that of the peak load occurring time
therefore same pulse generator should be applied at the peak load C.B and at the subsystem C.B.The final output
is seen across the scope ―P,Q‖. The output of the above simulation is shown in Fig.5.
Fig.5. Simulation results of Base diesel system

In the case of PVDB system the day time base load of 25kW from 8 A.M to 5 P.M is directly supplied
from the PV cells and the remaining load 25kW from 6 P.M to 8 A.M are supplied from the batteries which are
charged during the period 8 A.M to 5 P.M and the peak load is supplied with the help of diesel generator. Here
the circuit breaker of subsystem 4 is on for 24 hours in order to supply the base load completely for 24 hours
from PV cells and battery. The diesel generator should be on only during the peak load hours and hence the
pulse generator controlling the peak load application and switching of diesel generator is same. The final output
is seen across the scope ―P,Q‖.
Fig.6. Simulation results of PV cells
Fig.7. Simulation Results of complete load by PV Cells
Fig.8. Output wave forms of Wind Diesel Battery system (WDB)
Thus as discussed in Section III cases the load sharing is done based on the availability and flexibility of
different sources, the simulation results of Total load by PV cell, base load by PV cells and WDB system load
sharing according to the load demand are shown in Fig.7. to Fig.9. The economic analysis of above designed
APS is as follows
1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS:
TABLE-I
S.No Equipment Rating Cost/Unit in Total Cost in
Rupees Rupees
1. Diesel generator 50KW 5,00,000 5,00,000
2. Battery 300KWh 1152 3,45,600
3. PV cells 34 KW 120 40,80,000
4. Wind 50KW 5,00,000 5,00,000
 Diesel cost – 45 Rs/lit.



3.1kg of CO2 liberated for every combustion of 0.85kg or 1.17lit of diesel.

8gm of NOx and PM are liberated for every 1 lit combustion of diesel.

Compensation cost of CO2 1.44Rs/kg of CO2.

Compensation cost of P.M& NOx is 1.632Rs/gm.

4 litres of diesel is required to supply full load for an hour.

Cost of PV cells 120Rs/watt.
Cost of Lithium ion battery 1152Rs/kWh.
Note: The above values are taken from the IPCC (Inter Governmental Panel of Climate Change) & Power
theme Equipments (Pvt.) Ltd.
The economic analysis part of the simulation model involves calculation of the simple payback time
(SPBT) for the proposed methods. In most of the remote villages, battery banks are used as back-up sources for
power. Therefore, the PV with diesel-battery system is compared to the diesel-battery system in the analysis of
SPBT. The SPBT is given as [7-9]
Simple Pay Back Time (SPBT):
In the case of PV system
SPBT = Additional cost for the PV cells, battery
Savings per year
In the case of Wind
SPBT = Additional cost for the Wind System
Savings per year
TABLE - II
Note: The above calculation are done based on the standard formulas referred from the previous papers[7-9].
Wind with
Diesel PVDB Base Diesel Base PV Diesel
Parameters PV System
System System System System Battery
System
System Cost (Rs) 5,00,000 49,25,600 35,28,800 85,83,200 1,10,83,200 48,45,600
Fuel Consumed (Lit.) 72 42 60 20 -- 42
Total cost of fuel (Rs) 3240 1890 2700 900 -- 1890
CO2 emitted (Kgs) 191 111 159 53 -- 111
NOx, PM emitted (gms) 576 336 400 160 -- 336
Avoided cost (Rs) 1214 708 1012 337 -- 708
Running cost (Rs) 4452 2598 3712 1237 -- 2598
System load (kWh) 800 800 800 800 800 800
Energy supplied by diesel
800 500 600 200 -- 500
generator (kWh)
Energy supplied by PV
cells/wind and battery -- 300 200 600 800 300
(kWh)
Savings/year (Rs/yr) -- 6,76,710 2,70,100 11,73,475 16,24,980 6,76,710
SPBT (Yrs ) -- 6.53 11.21 6.88 6.82 6.42
Additional Cost (10L) CO2 emitted (10Kg) Running cost (1000Rs) SPBT (1Yr )
19.1 15.9 11.2

11.1 8.15.3 6.8 11 6.8 11.1
0 4.4 0 4.4 2.56.5 3 3.7 1.2 0 0 4.3 2.56.4
Diesel System PVDB System Base Diesel System Base PV System PV System
Wind Battery with Diesel Syste
Fig.9.Comparison graph
Note: above calculated cost data is subjected to increase, costs are considered based on local available
sources in Indian remote locations
V. CONCLUSION
The simulation results presented here highlights that the integration of a PV, Wind into a diesel-battery
APS reduces the operating costs and the greenhouse gases and particulate matter emitted to the atmosphere by
utilizing the RES based on load curve duration.
A Simulink model of independent power system for six different cases is developed in this paper to
verify the distribution of load to RES based on availability of non conventional energy sources. With few
modifications, the model can be extended to incorporate other renewable energy sources. The incorporation of
additional renewable sources of energy, such as biomass, fuel cells, Husk power in this system, could further
reduce fuel consumption. Hence by resolving to the non conventional means of generation, electricity can be
economically provided to the remote location without harming environment.
REFERENCES
[1] Martin Kaltschmitt, Wolfgang Streicher, Andreas Wiese ―Renewable Energy, Technology, Economics and Environment‖ published
by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007
[2] Jun-hai SHI, Zhi-dan ZHONG, Xin-jian ZHU, Guang-yi CAO ―Robust design and optimization for autonomous PV-wind hybrid
power systems‖ Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE ISSN 1673-565X (Print); ISSN 1862-1775 (Online) pp 401-409.
[3] O.C. Onar, M. Uzunoglu, and M.S. Alam, "Dynamic modelling, design and simulation of a wind/fuel cell/ultra-capacitor-based
hybrid power generation system," Journal of Power Sources- ScienceDirect, vol. 161, pp. 707-722, 28th March 2006.
[4] Ahmed Agus Setiawan, Yu Zhao, Rob Susanto-Lee, and Chem. V. Nayar, "Design, economic analysis and environmental
considerations of mini-grid hybrid power system with reverse Osmosis desalination plant for remote areas," Renewable Energy-
Elsevier, vol. 34, Iss.2, pp. 374-383, February 2009.
[5] Dimitris Ipsakis, Garyfallos Giannakoudis, Athanasios I. Papadopoulos, Spyros Voutetakis, Panos Seferlis ―Design And
Optimization of A Stand-Alone Power System Based On Renewable Energy Sources‖ Power Management Strategies in a Stand-
Alone Power System, Energy 33, pp. 1537-1550, 2008.
[6] Arzu Sencan Sahin ―Modelling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems‖ published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000
Rijeka, Croatia.
[7] Pavlos S. Georgilakis, Yiannis A. Katsigiannis ―Reliability and economic evaluation of small autonomous power systems containing
only renewable energy sources‖ Renewable Energy Journal 34 (2009) pp. 65–70.
[8] Ashish N. Agrawal, Richard W. Wies, Ronald A. Johnson ―Development of a Simulink Model to Study the Sensitivity Analysis of
Fuel Cost on Wind with Diesel-Battery Hybrid Power Systems for Remote Locations‖ project by the Arctic Energy Technology
Development Laboratory (AETDL) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Application of SVM Technique for Three Phase Three Leg Ac/Ac

Converter Topology
T.C. Srinivasa Rao1, T.C. Subramanyam2, N. Srinivas3, G. Sandeep4
134
(Department of EEE, Vardhaman College of Engg, India)
2
(Department of EEE, School of Engg, NNRESGI, India)
Abstract: Ac–ac power conversion, the most popular topologies are indirect ac–ac converters with a dc link
matrix converters and direct pulse width modulation (PWM) ac–ac converters. The indirect ac–ac converters
and matrix converters can provide variable output voltage and variable frequency. However, for applications,
where only voltage regulation is needed, the direct PWM ac–ac converters are used to perform as ac choppers
or power line conditioners with the following features: the provision of a better power factor and efficiency, low
harmonic current in line, single-stage conversion, simple topology, ease of control, smaller size, and lower cost.
The ac–ac conversions or ac–ac line conditioners can also perform conditioning, isolating, and altering of the
incoming power in addition to voltage regulation. The direct PWM ac–ac converters can be derived from the
dc–dc topologies, where all the unidirectional switches are substituted by bidirectional devices.
This paper presents simulation of a Three-phase Three-leg Ac/Ac Converter simulation design using
reduced number of power semiconductor devices, here nine IGBTs are used. This converter features sinusoidal
inputs and outputs, unity power factor, and more importantly, low manufacturing cost. The experimental results
from a 5kVA prototype system are provided.
Index Terms -AC/AC converter, reduced switch count topology, SVPWM
I. Introduction
THREE-PHASE ac/dc/ac and ac/ac converters with variable frequency (VF) and variable voltage operation
have found broad applications in the industry. The most popular configuration uses voltage source inverter
(VSI) with a diode rectifier as the front end for adjustable speed drives (ASDs), uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS), and other industrial applications. This configuration features low cost and reliable operation due to the
use of a diode rectifier, but it generates highly distorted input line currents and does not have regenerative or
dynamic braking capability. These problems can be mitigated by using a back-to- back two-level voltage source
converter, shown inFig.1, where a PWM voltage source rectifier is used to replace the diode rectifier the back-
to-back converter configuration requires 12 active switches such as IGBTs with increased manufacture cost. In
addition, it needs a large size dc capacitor. To reduce the device count and minimize/eliminate the dc capacitor
filter, various converter topologies have been proposed in the literature.
Fig.1Conventional back-to-back converter topology
One of the promising converter topologies is the matrix converter. This converter presents a radical
change in topology and directly converts a fixed ac input voltage to an adjustable ac output voltage. It is capable
of bi-directional energy transfer for the supply to the load or vice versa. There is no dc link circuit, and therefore
the dc capacitor filter in the back-to-back converter is not required. However, the matrix converter normally
requires 18 IGBT switches and its switching scheme is complex. The high cost and complex control have made
this topology less attractive.
The proposed three-phase nine-switch converter topology has only three legs with three switches
installed on each of them. The novelty here is that the middle switch in each individual leg is shared by both the
rectifier and the inverter, thereby reducing the switch count by 33% and 50% in comparison to the B2B 2L-
VSC. The input power is delivered to the output partially through the middle three switches and partially
through a quasi-dc-link circuit. The circuit can be considered that the rectifier of the nine-switch converter is
composed of the top three and middle three switches, whereas the inverter consists of the middle three and
bottom three switches.The converter uses space vector PWM (SVM) method which is an advanced
Application Of Svm Technique For Three Phase Three Leg Ac/Ac Converter Topology
computation-intensive PWM method and is possibly the best among all the PWM techniques for variable-
frequency drive applications.
II. Space Vector Modulation

The space vector PWM (SVM) method is an advanced computation-intensive PWM method and is
possibly the best among all the PWM techniques for variable-frequency drive applications. Because of its
superior performance characteristics, it has been finding wide speed applications in recent years. The desired
three phase voltages at the output of the inverter could be represented by an equivalent vector V rotating in the
counter clock wise direction as shown in Fig.3. The magnitude of this vector is related to the magnitude of the
output voltage (Fig.4) and the time this vector takes to complete one revolution is the same as the fundamental
time period of the output voltage.
Fig.2Output voltage vector in the α-βplane
Fig.3 Output line voltages in time domain
Let us consider the situation when the desired line-to-line output voltage vector V is in sector 1 as
shown in Fig.3. This vector could be synthesized by the pulse-width modulation (PWM) of the two adjacent
SSV’s V1 (pnn) and V2 (ppn), the duty cycle of each being d1 and d2, respectively, and the zero vector V7(nnn)
/ V8(ppp) ) of duty cycle d0:
d1V1 + d2V2 =V=m Vg ejθ………………………..(1)
d1 + d2 + d0=0 ………..…………….(2)
Where, 0 ≤m ≤0.866, is the modulation index. This would correspond to a maximum line-to-line voltage of
1.0Vg, which is 15% more than conventional sinusoidal PWM as shown.
Fig.4 Synthesis of the required output voltage vector in sector 1
All SVM schemes and most of the other PWM algorithms use Eqns. (1) and (2) for the output voltage
synthesis. The modulation algorithms that use non-adjacent SSV's have been shown to produce higher THD
and/or switching losses and are not analyzed here, although some of them, e.g. hysteresis, can be very simple to
implement and can provide faster transient response. The duty cycles d1, d2, and d0, are uniquely determined,
and Eqns. (1) and (2) , the only difference between PWM schemes that use adjacent vectors is the choice of the
zero vector(s) and the sequence in which the vectors are applied within the switching cycle.
The degrees of freedom we have in the choice of a given modulation algorithm is:
1) The choice of the zero vector; whether we would like to use V7(ppp) or V8(nnn) or both,
2) Sequencing of the vectors
3) Splitting of the duty cycles of the vectors without introducing additional commutations.
2.1 Output voltages of three-phase inverter

S1 through S6 are the six power transistors that shape the output voltages When an upper switch is
turned on (i.e., a, b or c is ―1‖), the corresponding lower switch is turned off (i.e., a', b' or c' is ―0‖).
Eight possible combinations of on and off patterns for the three upper transistors (S 1, S3, S5)
Line to line voltage vector [Vab Vbc Vca]t
---
(3)
Line to neutral (phase) voltage vector [Van Vbn Vcn]t
--------------(4)
Table1. Tabulation of Output voltages of three-phase inverter
 6 active vectors (V1,V2, V3, V4, V5, V6)

2.2 Basic switching vectors and Sectors
1. Axes of a hexagonal.
2. DC link voltage is supplied to the load.
3. Each sector (1 to 6): 60 degrees.
 Two zero vectors (V0, V7)

1. At origin
2. No voltage is supplied to the load
III. Nine-Switch Converter Topology

Fig.5 shows the proposed three-phase nine- switch converter topology. This converter has three legs
with three switches per leg. The novelty of this converter is that the middle switch in each of the three converter
legs is shared by the rectifier and inverter, thereby reducing the switch count by 33% and 50% in comparison to
the back-to-back converter and matrix converter, respectively. The input power is delivered to the output
partially through the middle three switches and partially through a quasi dc link circuit. For the convenience of
discussion, we can consider that the rectifier of the nine-switch converter is composed of top three and middle
three switches.
Fig.5 proposed three-phase nine- switch converter topology
IV. Simulation Analysis

The performance of the proposed nine-switch converter topology is simulated by simulink software.
The utility supply is rated 208V and 60Hz with a supply inductance of L= 2.5mH. The converter is loaded with
a three phase RL load of Rs=8 ohms and L= 2.5mH. The dc capacitor Cdl is 2350 µF. The rectifier is controlled
by a vector control scheme with unity power factor operation. The inverter output voltage is not detected and
therefore is not tightly controlled. The switching frequency of both rectifier and inverter is 3240Hz.Both CF and
VF modes of operation are investigated.
Fig.6Three phase Input voltage
Fig7. Three phase input Current
Fig8. Rectifier Line current(Ix)
Fig9. Pulses to IGBTS
Fig10. Inverter Output current(Ix)
Fig11.Inverter output voltage(vxy)
V. Conclusion
A novel nine-switch PWM ac/ac converter topology using SVM technique was proposed in this paper.
The topology uses only nine IGBT devices for ac to ac conversion through a quasi dc-link circuit. Compared
with the conventional back-to-back PWM VSC using 12 switches and the matrix converter that uses 18, the
number of switches in the proposed converter is reduced by 33% and 50%, respectively. The proposed converter
features sinusoidal inputs and outputs, unity input power factor, and low manufacturing cost. The operating
principle of the converter was elaborated, and modulation schemes for constant and VF operations were
developed. Simulation results including a semiconductor loss analysis was provided, which reveal that the
proposed converter, while working in CF mode, has an overall higher efficiency than the B2B 2L-VSC at the
expense of uneven loss distribution. However, the VF-mode version requires IGBT devices with higher ratings
and dissipates significantly higher losses, and thus, is not as attractive as its counterpart. Experimental
verification is carried out on a 5-kVA prototype system.
This paper analyzed the Back to Back inverter topology, and the more complex three-phase-leg
topologies with the modulation concepts and derived carrier-based reference equations verified in simulation for
all presented voltage-type -source inverters, and experimentally for a three-phase-leg -source inverter.
The paper presents the Three-phase Three-leg Ac/Ac converter topology using Space vector Modulation
technique for IGBT pulses. Experiments have been carried out to verify the validity of the proposed scheme.
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A New Filtering Method and a Novel Converter

Transformer for HVDC System.
Mr.A.Hema Sekhar,M.Tech.,(Ph.D), Dr.A.Lakshmi Devi,M.E.,Ph.D
Assosiate Professor & HOD Department. of EEE Sri Venkatesa Perumal college of Engg & Tech,Puttur
Professor ,Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of
Engineering ,Tirupati
Abstract: A new converter transformer and an inductive filtering method are presented to solve the existing
problems of the traditional converter transformer and the passive filtering method of the high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) system. It adopts the ampere-turn balance of the transformer as the filtering mechanism. A tap
at the linking point of the prolonged winding and the common winding of the secondary windings is connected
with the LC resonance circuit. It can realize the goal that once the harmonic current flows into the prolonged
winding, the common winding will induct the opposite harmonic current to balance it by the zero impedance
design of the common winding and the proper configuration of LC parameters, so there will be no inductive
harmonic current in the primary winding. Moreover, the reactive power that the converter needs can be partly
compensated in the secondary winding. Simulation results have verified the correctness of the theoretical
analysis. The new converter transformer can greatly reduce the harmonic content in the primary winding, loss,
and noise generated by harmonics in the transformer, and the difficulty of the transformer’s insulation design.
Index Terms:Filtering mechanism, harmonic, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), inductive filtering, new
converter transformer
I. Introduction
The high-direct current (HVDC) transmission system has been widely used in remote and large power
transmission, submarine cable transmission, and domain electric network interconnection [1]–[3]. HVDC
transmission system is always made up of a rectifier station, a dc line, and an inverter station. During the
commutating process, a large number of harmonics will be generated by the nonlinear load. Therefore, it is
necessary to carry out harmonic suppression. The traditional HVDC ac passive power filters (PPF) are always
placed at the converter transformer’s primary side (grid side), and the transformer will be adversely affected by
harmonics, which causes a series of problems, such as additional harmonic loss, heat, vibration, and noise [1],
[4]–[7]. In addition, in order to avoid series/parallel resonance between parallel PPF and system impedance, the
traditional PPF cannot reach its tuned point, which greatly affects the filtering effect [8]–[10]. The active
power filter (APF) has better filtering effect than the passive power filter (PPF), but APF needs a complex
regulation and control system, especially a large power harmonic-generating source, which is inapplicable in
current HVDC transmission’s ac system [11]–[13]. A patent named coupling-compensation and harmonic-
shielding converter transformer, that is, the new converter transformer, proposes an ideal solution to harmonic
suppression.
Fig. 1. Traditional converter transformer with ac filters.

(a) Wiring mode. (b) Voltage phasor diagram.
Problems Of Traditional Converter Transformer’s Wiring Mode And Ac Filtering Scheme

As Fig. 1 shows, the traditional converter transformer and ac passive filtering method are commonly
used in 12-pulse HVDC system. It is clear that the transformer adopts wye/wye/delta wiring, and ac filters are
placed at the transformer’s primary side. Although this kind of converter transformer and passive filters are
widely applied in HVDC systems, these structures and designs still have some disadvantages.
A New Filtering Method and a Novel Converter Transformer for HVDC System.
1) In HVDC transmission systems, the converter is the main harmonic-generating source. A three-phase
bridge converter usually generates characteristic harmonic currents at the ac side because of the turning
of the thyristors [14]. The noncharacteristic harmonic currents can also be generated due to some
factors, such as various unbalances in ac voltages, system impedance, and transformer parameters [15].
All the harmonic currents will flow in the primary and secondary windings of the traditional converter
transformer, which increases the transformer’s additional heat, vibration, and noise. As a result, it
increases the added loss, the difficulty of insulating design, the capacity of the transformer, and the
margin of the design capability, which increases the cost of the traditional converter transformer.
2) In the ac system of HVDC, traditional passive filtering is the main method of harmonic suppression.
However, it still has several disadvantages. The most serious one is that the series/parallel resonance
may occur between the system impedance and the passive power filters. This series/ parallel resonance
will result in the amplification of harmonic current and harmonic voltage, and it may damage the
passive power filters and neighboring power equipment [16], [17]. To avoid the resonance of the
passive power filters, the tuned frequency of passive power filters is designed slightly away from the
dominant harmonic frequency. However, it will degrade the performance of the passive power filter,
and the filtering effect of the traditional passive filter cannot be optimal.
Technical Characteristics Of New Converter Transformer And Corresponding Inductive

Filtering Method
Fig. 2 shows the new converter transformer and the corresponding inductive filtering system, in
which, (a) shows the wiring mode of the transformer, and its secondary winding adopts prolonged-delta wiring.
To facilitate our discussion, the winding of Ai - ai ,Bi - bi,,Ci- ci (i=1,2) is called aprolonged winding, and the
winding of a1-b1,b1-c1,c1-a1 ,a2-c2,b2-a2,c2-a2 is called common winding. (b) shows the transformer’s voltage
phasor diagram, which is used to discuss the phase-shifting of the new transformer. (c) shows the arrangement
of the inductive filters. As can be seen from (c), a tap at the linking point of each single-phase prolonged
winding and common winding is connected with double-tuned (DT) filters. The inductive filtering method will
be discussed later on in this paper.
Fig. 2. New converter transformer and corresponding inductive filtering system. (a) Wiring mode . (b) Voltage
phasor diagram. (c) Arrangement of filters.
A. Phase-Shifting Principle
In order to satisfy the demand of 12-pulse HVDC, the converter transformer has to supply 12-phase
commutating line voltage. The secondary winding of the traditional transformer adopts wye/delta wiring, and
the phase angle difference between the wye winding’s line-voltage and the delta winding’s line-voltage has to
be 30o , which is shown in Fig. 1(b). As for the new converter transformer, according to Fig. 2(b), we can set the
phase angle difference between the line-voltage VC-A and the VC1-A1 to -15o, and set the phase angle difference
between the line-voltage VC-A and theVC2-A2 to +15o . In this way, the phase angle difference between the line-
voltage VC1-A1and the VC2-A2 is 30o . So we can deduce that the phase-shifting angle Ɵ should be 15o (ᴨ/12) . Set
that the voltage value of the primary winding of the new converter transformer is V1 , the voltage value of the
secondary prolonged winding is V2 , and the voltage value of the secondary common winding isV3 ; then,
according to Fig. 2(b) and sine rule, the following can be obtained:
V3 / sin (ᴨ/12) = (V3 + V2) / sin(ᴨ/4)
= √ 3 V1 / sin(2ᴨ/3) (1)
According to the above equation, the turn-ratio can be obtained as follows
K3 = N3/N1 = V3/V1 = 0.5176
K2 = N2/N1 = V2/V1 = 0.8966 (2)
in which K3,K2 respectively, represent the turn-ratio of the secondary prolonged winding and the common
winding to primary winding.N1,N2,N3 and are the turn number of the primary winding, the secondary common
winding, and the prolonged winding, respectively.
In the actual HVDC systems, the new converter transformer can adopt the single-phase three-winding
method. As long as the relation of the turn-ratio satisfies (2), the new converter transformer can supply 12-phase
commutating line voltage and satisfy the commutating demand of the 12-pulse converter
B. Self-Coupling Action
The secondary prolonged winding and the common winding of the new converter transformer adopt
self-coupling connection, which is similar to the series winding and the common winding of autotransformer
[17], [18]. According to Fig. 2(c), set that the output line-voltage is VL , the voltage of the common winding is
Vd and the voltage of the prolonged winding is Ve; then, the following voltage phasor diagram in Fig. 3 can be
obtained.
Fig. 3. Voltage phasor diagram for secondary winding’s analysis
According to cosine rule, the output line-voltage can be expressed as follows
VL2 = ( Ve+ Vd)2+ Ve2 -2Ve (Ve+Vd) cos (2ᴨ/3) (3)
Then, the voltage of the secondary prolonged winding is deduced as follows:
Ve = -Vd / 2 + √ ((VL2 /3) – (Vd2 /12)) (4)
The secondary prolonged and common winding of the new converter transformer is electromagnetic
coupling, which is similar to the series and commonwinding of the autotransformer. When the prolonged
winding and the common winding maintain magnetic force balance, we can obtain the following relation:
Ve Ie =Vd Id (5)
in which Ie and Id are the root-mean-square (RMS) current of the secondary prolonged winding and the common
winding, respectively.
Fig. 2(c) shows that the current of the secondary prolonged winding is equal to the output current , and
its electromagnetic capacity can be expressed as follows:
Se = 3 VeIo (6)
Meanwhile, the output capacity can be expressed as follows:
So = √3 VL Io (7)
Then, the ratio coefficient can be obtained as follows, which is used to analyze the material utilizing
ratio of the transformer:
α = Se / So = √3 Ve / VL (8)
Assuming that the output line-voltage value VL the new converter transformer is 110 kV, and voltage
value of the secondary common winding is 35 kV, then, according to (4)–(8), we can obtain the ratio coefficient
α=0.681<1 , which indicates that new converter transformer is material saving.
C. Inductive Filtering Mechanism
Fig. 4. New converter transformer’s single-phase harmonic model.
Fig. 4 shows the single-phase model of the new converter transformer, which is used to analyze the
inductive filtering mechanism. In this figure,Ih indicates the harmonic current source, which is also the harmonic
current of the secondary prolonged winding. Ih1 and Ih3 indicate the harmonic current of the primary winding
and the secondary common winding, respectively. Because of the harmonic current Ih of the secondary
prolonged winding, the primary winding and the secondary common winding will induce harmonic current I h1
and Ih3 to balance Ih .
According to magnetic force balance, the following results:
N2Ih = N3 Ih3 + N1 Ih1 (9)
in which N1 ,N2,N3 ,and are the turn number of the primary winding, the secondary prolonged winding, and the
common winding, respectively.
If the harmonic ampere-turns of the secondary prolonged winding and those of the common winding
can keep balance, then Ih1 = 0 , that is, there will be no induction harmonic current in the primary winding. That
is to say, the harmonic currents only flow in the secondary winding of the new transformer. To realize the
inductive filtering method, it not only needs the full tuning design of the tapping filter, but also needs the zero
inductance design of the secondary common winding of the new converter transformer, which will be analyzed
in the following equivalent circuit of the single-phase transformer shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Single-phase model of the new converter transformer. (a) Winding arrangement. (b) Equivalent circuit.
Fig. 5(a) shows the winding arrangement of the single-phase model of the new converter transformer.
According to short-circuit test, we can measure the short-circuit impedance Z12, Z13 and Z23 . Then, the
equivalent impedance shown in Fig. 6(b) can be expressed as follows:
Z1 = 0.5( Z12 + Z13 - Z231 )
Z21 = 0.5( Z12 + Z231 - Z13)
Z31 = 0.5( Z13 + Z231 - Z12) (10)
By regulating the winding arrangement shown in Fig. 5(a), it can realize the goal that the impedance
Z31 of the secondary common winding is approximately equal to 0 (the resistance can be ignored for high-
capacity converter transformers). In Fig. 5(b), the solid arrow and the virtual arrow, respectively, indicate basic
frequency current and harmonic frequency current. Under the specific harmonic frequency of the harmonic
current that needs suppressing, both of the double-tuned filter and the harmonic impedance of the secondary
common winding are approximately 0, so the harmonic current mainly flows into the branch of the secondary
common winding, and there is approximately no harmonic current in the primary winding.
In addition, under the fundamental frequency, the impedance of the filter is capacitive, thus providing
reactive power compensation.
Fig. 6. New HVDC transmission analogy system with new converter transformer in rectifier station and
traditional converter transformer in inverter station.
II. System Simulation Study

A. Simulation Model
In order to prove the correctness of the above analyses, according to the new HVDC transmission
testing system shown in Fig. 6, we have established a system simulation model by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Fig. 6 shows the rectifier station with the new converter transformer and in the
corresponding inductive filtering method and the inverter station with the traditional converter transformer and
in the passive filtering method. It is necessary to clarify that the double-tuned filter (DT5/7) is not needed when
we consider suppressing fifth and seventh harmonic currents in the wiring method of the new converter
transformer in the rectifier station. Here, due to the high content of fifth and seventh harmonics, in order to
remove their negative effect of fifth and seventh harmonics on the converter transformer, we have designed the
DT5/7. In Fig. 7, HP2 indicates the second-order high-pass filter; Zr and Zi, respectively, indicate the system
impedance of the rectifier and the inverter side, and and Ldr ,Ldi respectively, indicate the inductance of the
rectifier and the inverter side.
Fig. 7. Phase current fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the secondary terminal of the traditional and the new
converter transformer. (a) FFT of secondary phase current IA1 corresponding to Fig. 1. (b) FFT of
secondary phase current IA1 corresponding to Fig. 2.
Fig. 8. Phase current FFT of the primary terminal of the traditional and the new converter transformer.
(a) FFT of primary phase current IA corresponding to Fig. 1.
(b) FFT of primary phase current IA corresponding to Fig. 2.
B. Contrast Analysis of Simulation Results

Fig. 7 shows the phase current FFT of the secondary terminal of the traditional converter transformer
and that of the new converter transformer. It can be seen that the harmonic content of each order of the
traditional and the new converter transformers is similar, which is determined by the nonlinear load, that is, the
converter. However, as for the primary phase current of the transformer shown in Fig. 8, it can be seen that the
primary phase-current waveform of the new converter transformer is better than that of the traditional one,
which is determined by the wiring method of the transformer and by the filtering method. We can see that
adopting the new winding wiring and the inductive filtering method can effectively suppress the 5th, 7th, 11th,
and 13th harmonic currents that only flow in the secondary winding of the new transformer, so the THD shown
in Fig. 8(b) is lower than that in Fig. 8(a). Table I shows the FFT value of the exact harmonic contents of Figs. 7
and 8, which further proves the correctness of the above analysis.
TABLE I: Comparison of the harmonic content of the secondary sides of the new and the traditional converter
transformers
Fig. 9 shows the phase current FFT at the grid side of the rectifier and the inverter station,
respectively.We can see that the waveform of the phase current in Fig. 9(a) is better than that in Fig 9(b), which
is caused by the new inductive filtering method Considering the effect of the system impedance, the resonance
point of the passive filters cannot be reached. So the filtering effect is not ideal, as shown in Fig. 9(b). While
adopting the inductive filtering method, the harmonic currents are confined by the coupling-windings of the new
converter transformer, so the resonance point of the tap filters can be reached. Therefore, we can obtain the ideal
phase current waveform at the grid side shown in Fig. 9(a).Acomparison of the exact harmonic contents is
shown in Table II.
TABLE II : Comparison of the harmonic content of the grid sides of the rectifier station and the inverter station
Fig. 9. Phase current FFT at the grid side of the rectifier station and the inverter station, respectively.
(a) FFT of phase current IAG at the grid side of the rectifier station corresponding to Fig. 6.
(b) FFT of phase current IAG at the grid side of the inverter station corresponding to Fig. 6.
III. Conclusion
In 12-pulse HVDC transmission systems, the secondary windings of the new converter transformer
adopt prolonged delta wiring, which brings about good symmetrical characteristics to its structure. Each phase
short-circuit impedance can be equal. It can facilitate the reliable commutation and the sound operation of the
converter. The equivalent impedance of the secondary common winding is approximately 0, which provides
good conditions for inductive filtering. The resonance point of the tap filters of the new transformer can be
reached without the consideration of the effect of the system impedance. Simulation results verify the
correctness of our theoretical analysis, and show that the filtering effect of the inductive filtering method is
better than that of the traditional passive filtering method. Adopting the new converter transformer and the
corresponding inductive filtering method can optimize the structure of HVDC transmission systems, greatly
reducing the negative effect of harmonic on the operation of the transformer and improving the filtering effect at
the ac side of HVDC systems.
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Author’s detail
Mr.A.Hema Sekhar Currently Pursuing Ph.D.degree in SVU College of Engineering .He is

Presently working as Associate Professor in Sri Venkatesa Perumal College of Engineering
& Technology,Puttur. he received his B.Tech in EEE from JNT University,Hyderabad,at
SVEC,A.Rangampet.he received his M.Tech in PSOC from SV University College of
Engineering,Tirupati. His area of interest are power systems,Distribution Systems,Electrical
Machines and Power system Stability & Control,power system optimizations .
Mrs.A.Lakshmi Devi She is currently working as Professor in SV University College of

Engineering,Tirupati.She received her B.Tech in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from SV
University College,Tirupati and M.E from IISc,Bangolore and Ph.D from SV University
,Tirupati. Her Area of interest are load flow studies,load frequency control,Reactive power
control,Power system operation & Control and power system stability.

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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 6, Issue 2 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 01-05

Wireless Speed Control of an Induction Motor Using Pwm

II. V/F Method for Motor Drive

Fig 1.1: Block Diagram of V/F method speed control.

Fig. 1.2:Torque–speed characteristic of an Induction motor

III. Implementation of Pulse Width Modulation

Fig. 1.3:Power conversion unit (PWM)

Fig 1.4:PWM generator

Fig 1.5: Output of PWM

IV. Wireless Monitoring And Control

Fig 1.6: Wireless communication of IM

IV. Experimental Results

Table 1.1: Speed control of an Induction motor

Table 1.2 speed control using V/Hz

Modeling and Analysis of Canal Type Small Hydro Power Plant

II. Mathematical Modeling

2. Mathematical Modeling of a Synchronous Machine:

Fig. 1: Representation of a synchronous machine

3. Modeling of Hydraulic Turbine and Governing System.

Fig. 2: A Typical Control System of Hydroelectric Plant

The velocity of the water in the penstock is given by

Fig. 3: Mathematical model of hydraulic turbine

3.2 Governor Modeling:

Fig. 4: Governor with transient droop compensation

Fig. 4: Shows the Model of governors for hydraulic-turbines

4. Excitation System Modeling:

Fig. 5: Separately Excited DC Exciter

Fig. 6: Excitation system with stabilizing circuit

III. Simulation Model Developed In A Matlab/Simulink Software Environment.

Normal working Model for Canal Drop Hydro Power Plant

Te <Load angle delta (deg)>

Fig. 7: Working model for canal type hydro power plant

PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF THE PLANT USING PID CONTROLLER

PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENTOF THE PLANT USING PID CONTROLLER

Fig.8: Working model for canal type hydro power plant

4.1 Turbine and Governor Data

4.3 Synchronous Generator

4.4 PID Controller

mechanical power input to the generator with PID

Fig. 10 Gate Operation Vs Time

Table -1 Experiment Result

Quantity Without PID With PID

Mechanical Power Upto 3.5 sec Upto 0.05 sec

Design And Development of A Plug-In Type Wireless Data Logger

II. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

 Compatible to any single phase application connected to standard 16A source.

 Low cost and simple to add and remove.

Fig. 1 System architecture

III. SYSTEM HARDWARE

IV. SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Table 1. Calibration Sequence

Table 2. AUBTM-20 Bluetooth Module AT Commands

Fig. 6 Snapshot of GUI application for data logging on computer.

VI. FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Dr. H. N. Pandya is presently serving as Professor and Head of Department of Electronics,

Economic Load Dispatch Optimization of Six Interconnected

II. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE

2.0 0.9 0.4

III. PROBLEM FORMULATION

3.2 Constraints Formulation

(i) Power balance

(ii) Generator operation constraints