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    10 views12 pages

    F111

    Uploaded by

    Mayank Rai 4

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 12
    ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS} > Quantization of charge: If n number of electrons are added/removed from a body total charge q on itis such that la=tne]. > Coulomb's law Force between two charges q, and q, placed at a distance r in free space is given by 1 4x4, o are, FF This relation is called Coulomb's law. Nm? c Value of —— is 9x 10" ane, > If there is some medium between the charges, then force is given by F.-— SX), 4ze 6 where < is the electrical permittivity of the medium > Dielectric constant: for a medium m dielectric constant is defined as , kis also equal to |k 4 . > Force acting on a charge q placed in an electric field of intensity E is qE. This force is in the direction of field if charge is positive and in the opposite direction if charge is negative. 14 4re, |" > Electric field at a distance r due to a charge qis |E > Dipole moment = either charge x distance between the charges, p=a x 2al, here 2a is the distance between the charges. > Electric field at any point at a distance r on axial line of an electric dipole , 1___2pr is given by |e =_———“PF | given by JE = 7 ay 1 2p for short dipole this formula reduces to |E = ———“P |. are z & MANDEEP ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE POTENTIAL BASICS > Ifa charge q, is brought from infinity to a point in the field of another charge q and the amount of work done is W, then potential at point A is |v - Go > When a charge q is taken from a point A to B in an electric field and work done is W, then potential difference between A and B is |V,, = V, -V, = 4 iq > Potential at a distance r due to a point charge q is |v = ame, 1 ELECTRIC DIPOLE > Ata point around electric dipole of dipole moment p, potential at P jamre, o Axial line is © Equatorial line is 0 [pcos BCS]. where ris the distance of point from centre of dipole ref © Atany other point is of and @ is the angle between the dipole axis and line joining the centre of dipole and point WV > Potential gradient: |e = —& ir > |v=-| Edreose| POTENTIAL ENERGY > Potential energy of a system of charges a, and q, separated by a distance ris _ 1 axa ane, > Potential energy is external electric field is |U FE ay ray, me, EQUIPOTENIAL SURFACE A & MANDEEP > Dielectric slab of thickness t and dielectric constant k, new capacitance is COMMON POTENTIAL > When two capacitors are connected after being separately charged then, their common potential after combination is |v = M+ ©2¥.| C,+C, > Energy sss gen by a - SLM IRRENT ELECTRICI Consider a conductor connected to a battery as shown. Let Abe the area of cross section of the conductor fbe the length of the conductor Ve the potential difference across the ends of the conductor be the current flowing through it e and m be the charge and mass of the electron + be the average relaxation time nbe the number of electrons per unit volume (also called number density of electrons) then 1. Drift velocity E m a 2. Relation between current and drift velocity A & MANDEEP VARIATION OF RESISTANCE WITH TEMPERATURE 12.R, =R,[1+a(t, -t,)] Where Ro = resistance at temperature tz Ri = resistance at temperature ts a = temperature coefficient of resistance EMF, TERMINAL POTENTIAL DIFFERNCE AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE 13, Terminal potential difference V=e—IR] 14. Internal resistance of cell 1)«R| r=| =A] x. wo 15. Charging =e+iR COMBINATION OF CELLS 16, Series combination e_,=€, +8, +8, £, 17, Parallel combination & » £ fy KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS In an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of currents at any junction is zero which means that such of current entering the junction is equal to sum of currents leaving the junction. A & MANDEEP APPLICATIONS OF BIOT SAVART’S LAW Magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop carrying current ul 2r iB Magnetic field due to arc p- + .¢| 4nr MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR Magnetic field at point P at a perpendicular distance r from a conductor carrying current | is ma B= , TE (sing, +sing,) Special cases When length of wire is infinite (or very long) and distance ris very small then V If Plies near one end , then @, = 90° and , =0° 50,8 =P! 4nr (sing0° + sino*) =|p- 2] ane V If Plies near centre, then @, = 90° and @, = 90° so, B= Hel (sin90° + sin90°) aur ==] 2nr| MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR LOOP Nu, 2(r? +x?)? iB straight Which is directed along the axis (a) towards the loop if current in itis in a clockwise direction (b) A & MANDEEP DIRECTION OF F CAN BE FOUND BY FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE It states that stretch the thumb, forefinger, and central finger Thrust or Motion /\s the forefinger is pointing towards the direction of the Current lagnetic Field of the left hand in a mutually perpendicular position such that magnetic field, central finger pointing towards the direction of motion of positive charge (direction of current) then the direction of thumb gives the direction of force acting on the _ particle. lta charge q enters perpendicularly into a magnetic field, then its path will be circular as force always acts in a direction perpendicular to the direction of motion of motion of the charge. Centripetal force required for circular motion is provided by the magnetic force acting on the particle, Thus ‘ m= a8 Mm 9B r 1. Radius of the path (r) m™ Bq 2. Velocity (v) Ir Bar m 3. Time period (T) 2nr_2nf [2mm v Ba | Bq m 4, Frequency 5. Angular frequency Bq 2nm_ [im w= 2nv = 20x A & MANDEEP IF =12B sing] FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL STRAIGHT CONDUCTORS CARRYING CURRENT EF F, _ Molle ¢2nr When the currents are in same direction conductors attract each other and when currents are in opposite direction conductors repel each other. i h TORQUE ACTING ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD r= NIABsin® In vector form 1=MxB where M = NIAis called magnetic dipole moment of current loop abd is directed in direction of area vector. MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER __k NAB ‘So measuring by deflection a, we can measure current | passing through the coil ~ & MANDEEP Gis called galvanometer constant ~~ Voltmeter Thus is the galvanometer of resistance R, which gives full deflection at current I , is to be converted into voltmeter capable of measuring maximum voltage up to V volts, then a high resistance R is connected in series with it which is given by V=LR,+I.R or V-1R, or |R= IMAGNETISM AND MATTER) COULOMB'S LAW IN MAGNETISM When two poles of pole strengths m: and mz and kept r apart, then force of attraction or repulsion between them is given by J, xm, 4n_ IF Magnetic field intensity at a point B= im ©] nam, Where F is the force acting on an imaginary isolated north pole of pole strength mo MAGNETIC FIELD AT A DISTANCE R DUE TO A MAGNETIC POLE OF POLE STRENGTH M Magnetic dipole moment of a magnet of length 2a having pole strength m (of each pole) is M=mx2a Magnetic field at axial line of an electric dipole at a distance r from centre of the dipole is given by = to _2Mr_ ane ay For short dipole (a<

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