Smart Materials *A structure or material system may be considered smart if it somehow evaluates external stimuli and takes some action based on these stimuli. Thermoresponsive Materials Smart material alloys (SMAs) * metal alloys that change shape in response to change in temperature. * Once fabricated to a specified shape, these materials can retain/regain their shape at certain operating temperatures. * Useful in thermostats and in parts of automotive and air vehicles. ® Nitinol™ (nickel-titanium discovered by Naval-Ordnance-” Laboratories)Smart Materials Piezoelectic Materials + The piezoelectric effect was initially discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880. + The materials producing strain when subjected to an electric field. + barium titanate and the PZT, polyvinylidenefiouride (PVDF)Smart Materials Electrostrictive/Magnetostrictive Materials The electrostrictive effect is similar to piezoelectricity and converts an electrical pulse into a mechanical output. These materials can change their dimensions significantly on application of an electric field. Electrostriction is caused by electric polarization and has a quadratic dependence. The main difference between electrostrictive and piezoelectric materials is that the former show no spontaneous polarization and hence no hysteresis, even at very high frequencies. |eRheological Materials + Rheological materials are in the liquid phase and can change state instantly through the application of an electric or magnetic charge. +The effective viscosity of some pure insulating liquids was found to increase when electric field is applied. *This phenomenon, originally termed the electroviscous effect, later came to be called the electrorheological (ER) effect. |eElectrochromic Materials * Electrochromism is the ability of a material to change its optical properties (e.g. color) when a voltage is applied across it. + These materials are used as antistatic layers, electrochrome layers in LCDs, and cathodes in lithium batteries.SILICON CAPACITIVE ACCELEROMETER + Measures the acceleration of a body on whic! mounted. + Measures gravitational acceleration. * Basic structure consisting of an inertial mass (also called a proof mass or a seismic mass ), a suspension, and a transducing mechanism to convert the acceleration signal to an electrical signal. * First micromachined accelerometers was reported in 1979 by Roylance and Angell at Stanford University cod Harish Sharm Se)SILICON CAPACITIVE ACCELEROMETER Advantages : 1. Very low sensitivity to temperature-induced drift. 2. Higher output levels than other types. 3. Amenability for force-balancing and hence for closed loop operation. 4. High linearity, Typical Applications: 1. Consumer: airbag deployment systems in cars, active suspensions, adaptive brakes, alarm systems, home appliances, mobile phone, toys, etc 2. Industrial: crash-testing robotics, machine control, vibration monitoring, etc. 3. High-end applications: —_military/space/aircraft industry navigation and inertial guidance, impact detection, tilt measurement, high-shock environments, etc. ce “Hersh sherme | eSSILICON CAPACITIVE ACCELEROMETER Materials Used: 1. Polysilicon and Single-crystal silicon to form the physical structure, 2. Silicon dioxide as a sacrificial layer material. 3. Silicon nitride for electrical insulation. 4, Gold for electrodes.SILICON CAPACITIVE ACCELEROMETER (2)Fabricated two-axis, planar micro accelerometer with the sensor element and two ASICs; (bJa close-up view of the sensor element; and (c)schematic of the sensor element. Courtesy: Sambuddha Khan. EE i |PIEZORESISTIVE PRESSURE SENSOR Advantages: 1. Compact size, making them suitable for a variety of applications, including those that use an array of such sensors to measure pressure distribution. 2. Good thermal stability, since thermal compensation can be built into the sensor. 3. Good market potential due to low cost. ‘APPLICATION AREAS * > Household Appliances: Washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; > Automotive Applications: Oil level, gas level, air pressure detection; > Biomedical Applications: Blood pressure measurement,PIEZORESISTIVE PRESSURE SENSOR ‘STRAIN GAUGE Younes DIAPHRAGM. APPLIED PRESSURE. ee aah shar eoCONDUCTOMETRIC GAS SENSOR ow + A reversible gas-adsorption mechanism that occurs on the sensor's surface +The adsorbed gas atoms inject electrons into or extract electrons from the semiconducting material, depending on whether they are reducing or oxidizing, respectively. The resulting change in electrical conductivity is directly related to the amount of analyst present in the sensed environment, thus resulting in a quantitative determination of the concentration of the gas present in the environment. Le ith sare (eICONDUCTOMETRIC GAS SENSOR Applications: 1. Environmental monitoring. 2. Exhaust gas sensing in automobiles. 3. Air conditioning in airplanes, spacecrafts, houses, and sensor networks. 4. Ethanol for breath analyzers. 5. Odor sensing in food-control applications, etc.CONDUCTOMETRIC GAS SENSOR Materials Used The materials used for making these are films of metal oxide such as SnO, and TiO, Fabrication Process Gas sensors are fabricated using single-crystalline SnO, nanobelts. Nanobelts are synthesized by thermal evaporation of oxide powders under controlled conditions in the absence of a catalyst. = Herth sherme 1©CONDUCTOMETRIC GAS SENSOR The chemical reaction can be described in four steps: 1. Pre-adsorptioti of oxygen on semiconducting material surface. 2. Adsorption of a specific gas. 3. Reaction between oxygen and adsorbed gas. 4. Desorption of reacted gas on the surface.FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS * An optical fiber has a plastic or glass fiber core with a cladding * Used to sense any quantity that changes the intensity, wavelength, polarization, phase, or transit time of the light passing through it. + Typical measurements of a FOS are pressure, temperature, electric and magnetic currents, strain, etc. Advantages * They are free from electromagnetic interference (EMI). * wide bandwidth, compact, versatile, and economical. * sensitivity is higher. * can withstand high temperatures and harsh environments. = Hersh sherme S|FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS(cont.) + Knowing the grating periodic spacing d and the effective refractive index rq, the Bragg wavelength is given by dy = tog + The wavelength will shift with a change in the effective refractive index dir the spacing of the grating, + Such changes can be caused when the grating area is subjected to mechanical or thermal load.FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS(cont.) * lf De is the change in mechanical strain due to a mechanical load and AT is the change in temperature due to thermal load, then these changes can be related to the change in the Bragg wavelength as My =a A € +647 a= A=.) Bo dolea +e) where Bc is the strain-optic constant, a the thermal expansion coefficient of the B the thermal-optic coefficient of the fiber. er, and [ee “Hersh sherme| ©|