1. How does solar cell converts light energy into electrical energy, explain with diagram?

Solar cells convert light energy into electrical energy either indirectly by first
converting it into heat, or through a direct process known as the photovoltaic
effect. The most common types of solar cells are based on the photovoltaic
effect, which occurs when light falling on a two-layer semiconductor material
produces a potential difference, or voltage, between the two layers. The voltage
produced in the cell is capable of driving a current through an external electrical
circuit that can be utilized to power electrical devices. This tutorial explores the
basic concepts behind solar cell operation.
2. Operation of the solar cell of a solar Cell?

3. what do u mean by solar insolation, how is solar isolation related to air mass?
Solar irradiance is often integrated over a given time period in order to report the
radiant energy emitted into the surrounding environment. This integrated solar
irradiance is called solar irradiation, solar exposure, solar insolation, or insolation.
#Solar Insulation is the amount of electromagnetic energy (solar radiation) incident on
the surface of the earth.
Solar insolation levels are generally expressed in kWh/m2/day. Bangladesh has average
solar insolation of 4.5 kWh/m2/day.
The air mass at any given moment is expressed as a ratio between how much
atmosphere the sunlight has to pass through right that moment and how much
atmosphere the sunlight would have to pass through if the sun was directly overhead.

4. what do u mean by DOD of the battery? How does DOD affect the lifetime of the
Battery?

The depth-of-discharge(DOD) is the percent of capacity that has been removed. The
allowable DOD is approximately 75– 80% for deep cycle batteries. Relation between
DOD and the life cycle is logarithmic.
#It indicates that the number of charge-discharge cycles of a battery increases
exponentially as the DOD decreases linearly.

#It is defined as the number of complete charge-discharge cycles that a battery can
perform before its nominal capacity falls below 80% of its initial rated capacity. After
the specified life cycle, the battery continues to work but its capacity decreases, It
implies that the battery can still be used for more cycles but available capacity will be
lower.

5. What do u mean by the c-hating battery? What are blocking diodes in the PV system?
Blocking Diode: A blocking diode allows the flow of current from a solar panel to the battery but
prevents/blocks the flow of current from the battery to solar panel thereby preventing the battery
from discharging.
Bypass Diode: A bypass diode is used in case one of the panels of a multi panel string is faulty,
it bypasses the faulty panel by providing a current an alternative path to flow and thereby
maintains the continuity of power production.
6. why does sulfation occur in the battery? Mention the way to minimize of sulfation?

Sulfation occurs if the battery is deeply discharged on a regular basis.

During use, small sulfate crystals form, but these are normal and are not harmful.
During prolonged charge deprivation, however, the amorphous lead sulfate converts to a
stable crystalline and deposits on the negative plates. This leads to the development of
large crystals that reduce the battery’s active material, which is responsible for the
performance.
Permanent sulfation sets in when the battery has been in a low state of charge for weeks
or months. At this stage, no form of restoration seems possible.
#One of the easiest ways to prevent battery sulfation is proper battery storage.
7. Draw a diagram of the active water heating system?

8. Draw the schematic diagram of a series shunt?

 9. What is the purpose of MPPT CC in the PV system, Explain the operation of the Hill
Climbing (Perturb & Observe) method?
MPPT technology is used to impose optimum voltage across the PV array which
corresponds to Maximum Power Point (MPPT).

There are 3 ways to measure MPPT.

 Fractional Open Circuit Voltage Method
 Hill Climbing (P&O)Method
 Incremental Conductance Method

Hill climbing / Perturb and Observe (P&O) methods are widely applied in the MPPT
controllers due to their simplicity and easy implementation.
This method measures the power output of a solar module/array and then changes the
voltage supplied to that panel.
After, the system will measure the power output again and compare it to the previous
power output.
If the power went up after increasing the voltage, then the system will increase the
voltage once again in search of finding the MPP.
However, if increasing the voltage on the module leads to a decrease in output power,
the system will provide a voltage decrease to the module next time increment.
Using this algorithm, the voltage is always changing, and when it leads to an increase
in power, the system will continue to increment the voltage in the same direction. 
However, if increasing the voltage on the module leads to a decrease in output power,
the system will provide a voltage decrease to the module next time increment.

10. Explain the effect of Shading on a Solar PV Module relative diagram? How can
this effect be minimal?
Partially Shaded Cells produce less current than others and behave reverse biased.
In this condition, the shaded cell acts as a resistance to the current generated from the
other cells. This causes the shaded cell to heat up and leads to a hot spot that can
eventually damage the module.

The way to minimize Shading on a Solar PV Module

#Shading is caused by nearby trees and buildings.
#Dust and other objects deposited on the panel also cause shading.
 11. draw the block an off grid PV system for DC load and AC loaf?

12. what is the purpose of the gearbox, the motor, and nacelle in wind Turbine

A gearbox is typically used in a wind turbine to increase rotational speed from a low-
speed rotor to a higher-speed electrical generator.
In a wind turbine, the motor is used to create electricity.
A nacelle is a cover housing that houses all of the generating components in a wind turbine,including
the generator, gearbox, drive train, and brake assembly.

13. Wind turbine (out of our syllabus )

14. explain the operation of power touch CSP technology?

#CSP technologies use mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto receivers that
collect solar energy and convert it to heat.
#Thermal energy can then be used to produce electricity via a turbine or heat engine
driving a generator.
#More efficient than solar PV cells as it can collect and absorb nearly the entire solar
spectrum.
#Three types of CSP systems: linear concentrator, dish/engine, and power tower
systems.

15. draw the block diagram of central and string inverter? advantage and
disadvantage central and string inverter?