Reservoir Simulation

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THE CHALLENGE OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION …

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DYNAMIC RESERVOIR SIMULATION

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Incentives for running a flow simulation

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 Computer Modeling

 The reservoir model Fluid flow Equation within the reservoir

The reservoir is modeled by subdividing the reservoir
volume into an array, or grid, of smaller volume
elements, which called: gridblock, cell, or node.

 The well model Fluid flow that represents the extraction of fluids from
the reservoir or the injection of fluids into the reservoir

 The well bore mode Fluid flow from the sand face to the surface

 The surface model constraints associated with surface facilities, such

as platform and separator limitations

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Reservoir simulator

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Reservoir simulation model

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Reservoir simulation model

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Main modeled phenomena

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Definitions

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Types of models

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Types of simulators

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Types of simulators

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Black Oil model

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NUMERICAL MODELS: DISCRETIZATION

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Reservoir Simulation PLANNING

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A question of Scale

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 Prediction Future performance
Reservoir Simulation Model

Geological Model
History Matching

Prediction
Reduce Operation Expenses
Increase Recovery

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Problem definition

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Data review

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Main Types of Data

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Study approach

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Study approach

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GRID TYPES

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GRID TYPES

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Sugar box geometry

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Sugar box geometry

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Corner point geometry

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Reservoir description : PROPERTIES

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Reservoir description : PROPERTIES

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 Reservoir Discritization
Defination: the reservoir is described by a set of gridblocks (or
gridpoints) whose properties, dimensions, boundaries, and locations in the
reservoir are well defined.

 Block centered grid

 Point distributed grid
i-1 i i+1

ΔY

ΔX

ΔX
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Block Identification and Ordering

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 Block Identification and Ordering

• Natural ordering
• Zebra ordering
• Diagonal D2 ordering
• Alternating diagonal
D4 ordering
• Cycle ordering
• Cycle-2 ordering

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GRID SIZE SELECTION

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ACTIVE and DEAD CELLS

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GEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS

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CHOICE OF VERTICAL DISCRETIZATION

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Using LGR to model gas coning

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Block-centered grid

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Block-centered grid

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Block-centered grid

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Dip or fault ?

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CPG grid intercell flow

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Fault description in CPG grid

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Example of CPG reservoir model

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Fault description in CPG grid

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Reservoir layering: Use of log Correlation

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 Upscaling

• Optimum level of
and techniques
Gurpinar, 2001
for upscaling to
minimize errors

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Khalid Aziz, Petroleum reservoir simulation
Rock properties: Main parameters

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Rock properties: Net thickness and porosity

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Rock properties: Compressibility

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Rock properties: Compressibility

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Horizontal & Vertical Permeability

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Horizontal Permeability

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Vertical Permeability

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History Matching

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History Matching

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History Matching

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FIRST STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 1

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FINAL STEP - GENERAL FIELD MATCH - RUN 3

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Predictions

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Predictions

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Predictions

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 Fluid flow equations

• Conservation laws
– Conservation in mass
Assume:
 Isothermal condition
 complete and instantaneous phase equilibration in each cell
– Conservation in energy
– Conservation in momentum
• Additional constraints
• Wells and facilities
• Large number of non-linear equations

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 Fluid flow equations

• Type of fluid in the reservoir

•  Incompressible
Flow regimes
 Slightly compressible
• Steady State
Reservoir geometry flow
 Compressible
Unsteady State flow
• • Radial flow
Number of flowing fluids in the reservoir
• Pseudo Steady State flow
Linear flow
• Single Phase flow
• Spherical and Hemispherical flow
• Two phase flow
• Three phase flow

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 IN OUT

Pressure
Reservoir Simulator Saturation

Newton-Raphson (IMPLICIT)
all primary variables are calculated at the same time.

IMplicit Pressure Explicit Saturation (IMPES)

The IMPES procedure solves for pressure at the new time level using
saturations at the old time level, and then uses the pressures at the
new time level to explicitly calculate saturations at the new time level
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 Numerical Models
 Black oil model
 Depletion
Compositional
 Water Injection model

o Gas injection oil
Component: to increase
water gasor maintain reservoir pressure
Chemical model

o Miscible flooding
Phase: Oil water as
gasthe injection gas goes into solution with oil
 Carbon dioxide flooding, with the gas soluble in both oil and water
 Polymer and surfactant injection
 Thick reservoirs with a compositional gradient caused by gravity
o Component: Water oil surfactant alcohol
 Reservoirs with fluid compositions near the bubblepoint
o Phase: Agues oleic microemulsion
 High-pressure, high temperature reservoirs
 Natural-fracture reservoir modeling.
o Component: C1,C2, ….So2,H2S,N2,..
o Phase: Oil water gas

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 Reservoir simulators
 ECLIPSE  Objective
 GPRS  Accuracy
 SENSOR  Time
 NEXUS  Limitations
 UTCHEM  User friendly
 Boast 3  Easy to integrate
 COMET3  …
 …

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 Eclipse reservoir simulator

• Commercial reservoir simulator for over 25 years

• Black-oil
• Compositional
• Thermal
• Streamline

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 Eclipse reservoir simulator
 Local Grid Refinement Pseudo-Compositional
 Gas Lift Optimization EOR Foam
 Gas Field Operations
 Gas Calorific Value-Based EOR Polymer
Control EOR Solvent
 Geomechanics EOR Surfactant
 Coalbed Methane Wellbore Friction
 Networks Multisegmented Wells
 Reservoir Coupling
 Flux Boundary Unencoded Gradients
 Environmental Traces Parallel ECLIPSE
 Open-ECLIPSE Developer's Kit
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Grid definition : Example

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Grid definition: Quiz

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Reservoir layering: Quiz

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Rock properties: Main parameters

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Thank You!

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