RESEARCH ARTICLE
10.1029/2022RS007501
Key Points:
• A 2 × 2 super-ultra wideband
(super-UWB) multiple-input
multiple-output antenna is proposed
for dual band-notched characteristics
and high gain
• Defected ground structure and
tapered feedline play an important
role in achieving the super-UWB
performance
• The proposed design achieves a
maximum gain of 13 dBi with the
lowest envelope correlation coefficient
of 0.015
Correspondence to:
X.-X. Yang,
yang.xx@shu.edu.cn
Citation:
Rahim, S., Elobied, A. A., Huang, W., &
Yang, X.-X. (2022). Super-UWB MIMO
antenna with dual band-notched and high
gain. Radio Science, 57, e2022RS007501.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RS007501
Received 10 MAY 2022
Accepted 18 OCT 2022
© 2022. American Geophysical Union.
All Rights Reserved.
RAHIM ET AL.
Super-UWB MIMO Antenna With Dual Band-Notched and
High Gain
Sajjad Rahim1  , Abubaker Ahmed Elobied1  , Wei Huang1, and Xue-Xia Yang1,2 
1
School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China, 2Key Laboratory of
Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
Abstract  A 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with super-ultra wideband
(super-UWB), dual band-notched characteristics and high gain is proposed. The antenna element consists of a
circular slot shape radiator fed by a tapered feedline on the top side of the substrate, whereas defected ground
structure (DGS) is etched on the bottom ground plane. The DGS and tapered feedline has been designed to
produce the super-UWB performance. Dual-band notch is achieved by etching a J-shape slot in the radiator and
an I-shape slot at the edges of the ground plane. The dual-band notch prevents the electromagnetic interference
allocated for other wireless applications. High isolation is realized by incorporating a plus-shape decoupling
structure with four small arm shape stubs at the center of the ground plane. A prototype was fabricated to verify
the simulated and measurement results. The proposed design achieves a super-ultra wide bandwidth of 165%
(3.4 ∼ 35 GHz), isolation of 21 dB, and a peak gain of 13 dBi. The notched bands are at 6.6 and 10 GHz. The
envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.01. The overall size of the MIMO design is 0.58λ0L × 0.34λ0L (λ0L
is the free-space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency).
1. Introduction
Super-Ultra wideband (super-UWB) technology has become more and more attractive due to its merits such
as high data rate, wide bandwidth, and low cost. Several designs have been suggested to achieve the super-
UWB operation, such as loading square shape monopole (Eltrass & Elborae, 2019), circular monopole (Chandel
et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2020), triangular-shaped monopole (Gautam et al., 2018), semi ellipsoid patch (Kingsly
et al., 2019), and parasitic patches (Youcheng et al., 2019).
However, ultra wideband (UWB) wireless communication faces the issue of multipath fading, like other wireless
communication systems. Applying multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology combined with UWB
antenna can effectively enhance the channel capacity and improve the reliability of the UWB system without
exploiting extra power resources. Hence, the closely packed antenna elements can degrade the antenna perfor-
mance due to its strong mutual coupling. Various techniques have been reported to mitigate the coupling in close
proximity such as decoupling structures. A periodic electromagnetic bandgap structure structure was employed
between the antenna elements to ensure high isolation (Wu et  al.,  2018). A fan shape parasitic structure was
placed between the antenna elements to eliminate the coupling current (Hassan et al., 2019). A neutralization line
was inserted between the antenna elements to produce an additional coupling path to cancel the original coupling
(Elobied et al., 2021). A T-shape slot and stub were etched between the antenna elements to block the coupling
current (Li et al., 2019; Mao & Chu, 2014).
Diversity technique is also a promising choice to reduce the mutual coupling MIMO antennas. The spatial diver-
sity reduces the coupling with the cost of larger space (Tang et al., 2021). The pattern diversity can suppress the
coupling up to 10 dB (Liu et al., 2013). Polarization diversity is preferable (Sipal et al., 2017) because it can
produce a dual-polarized system.
UWB antennas are also affected by the electromagnetic interference caused by the frequency bands allocated for
other wireless applications. The only solution to this problem is to design a UWB antenna with a band-notched
characteristic. The rejected band can avoid interference from the pre-existing narrowband systems. Recently, vari-
ous techniques have been used to realize the band-notched characteristics, such as embedding parasitic elements
(Malekpour et  al.,  2017), etching slots (Tripathi et  al.,  2015), adding stubs (Muhammad Irshad Khan,  2020),
loading metamaterials (Jaglan et al., 2018), and use of split-ring resonator (Liu et al., 2020), respectively.
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Figure 1.  (a) Evolution of the antenna structure from Ant.1 to Ant.5 (b) Simulated S-parameters against the frequency for various antennas.

In this article, a 2 × 2 super-UWB MIMO antenna with dual-band notch characteristics is suggested. The presented
super-UWB MIMO antenna can avoid interference from two frequencies of 6.6 and 10 GHz by etching slots in the
radiator and ground plane, respectively. High isolation is obtained by adding a plus-shaped decoupling structure
along with four small arm shape stubs at the center of the ground plane. This super-UWB MIMO antenna can be
used in various modern wireless applications such as wireless personal area networks (WPAN), RFID devices,
and target data sensor collection.

2.  Design of Antenna Element

The proposed antenna element is printed on a single-layer substrate. The design evolution of the proposed dual
band-notched antenna element is discussed in five sequential steps as plotted in Figure 1a. The top side of the
substrate in Ant-I consists of a conventional circular shape radiator fed by a rectangular feedline, whereas the
bottom side of the substrate is a solid rectangular ground plane. Figure 1b shows the S11 versus frequency. It
is observed from the simulated results that Ant-I provides a frequency band from 10 to 45 GHz. However, the
impedance bandwidth does not match at two sub-bands of 13.7–17.4 GHz and 22.2–24.8 GHz. The feedline of
Ant-II is changed to a tapered shape and a small rectangular notch in the ground plane is etched as depicted in
Figure 1a. Observing from Figure 1b that the bandwidth is extended from 7 to 45 GHz. To further widen the
bandwidth, the ground plane of Ant-III is loaded with defected ground structure (DGS) and a small circular slot
of a radius of 1.5 mm is etched inside the radiator. Figure 1c illustrates that the new bandwidth is increased from
5.4 to 45 GHz, which satisfies the requirement of super-UWB operation.

To prevent interference problems from the two frequency bands of 6.6 and 10  GHz, a simple J-shape slot in
Ant-IV is etched in the upper portion of the radiator and two I-shape slits in Ant-V are etched at the edges of
the ground plane. These slits introduce impedance mismatch between the radiator and feed line to produce the
band-notched characteristic.

Figure 2a shows an antenna element with different shape of defected ground slots. The numerical evaluation of
Ant.1 with designed semi-circular shapes in the ground plane illustrates that the radiating slots generate more
resonances with wider bandwidth as compared to the other shapes as shown in Figure 2b. The constructed DGS
of Ant.1 with a semi-circular slot structure can improve the impedance bandwidth from 5.4 to 45 GHz, which is
better to satisfy the super-UWB operation.

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Figure 2.  (a) Antenna element with different defected ground slots (b) Simulated S-parameters versus frequency.

3.  Dual Band-Notched Mechanism

The effect of etching slits/slots is to obtain the dual band-notched characteristic. For this purpose, a simple
J-shaped slit in the upper portion of the radiator and an I-shape slit at the edge of the ground plane are etched as
shown in Figure 3a. These slits produce a mismatch between the radiator and feedline to provide a band rejection
at 6.6 and 10 GHz. Furthermore, to verify the effect of the slits, the vector surface current is plotted. Figure 3a
illustrate that the vector currents along the slit are in opposite directions to cancel the radiation of one side current
by the other side current, and hence the rejection is achieved at 6.6 and 10 GHz, respectively. These current distri-
butions illustrate that the proposed super-UWB antenna can greatly provide dual band-notched characteristics.

The antenna input impedance at the notch frequencies is similar to that of a lumped parallel RLC circuit. So, the
proposed antenna can be modeled as a lumped-element circuit with two parallel RLC resonators connected in
series with a 50 load as shown in Figure 3b. In Figure 3b, the first parallel RLC resonates at 6.6 GHz and the
second at 10 GHz, while the load approximates the radiation resistance of the antenna. The input resistance of the
equivalent circuit at the rejected bands is maximum. However, it can be seen in Figure 3c that the input imped-
ance is mismatched at two sub-bands of 6.6 and 10 GHz, which represent the dual band-notched characteristics.
The frequency characteristic of the DGS is modeled by a parallel LC resonance circuit in the transmission line
to improve the impedance bandwidth. The equivalent circuit of the single DGS slot is shown in Figure 3b. The

Figure 3.  (a) Surface current for the J-shape and I-shape slots (b) Equivalent circuit for the proposed slits and DGS (c) Input impendence of the equivalent circuit
model.

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simulated results in Figure 1b depict that the DGS produces some resonance
points to improve the impedance bandwidth.

4.  MIMO Antenna Structure and Configuration

A 2 × 2 dual band-notched super-UWB MIMO configuration is proposed by
replicating and rotating a single antenna element as described in Section 2.
As shown in Figure 4b that plus-shaped stub and four small arm shape stubs
are inserted at the center of the ground plane to realize high isolation. All
the optimized dimensions of the proposed structure are given in millimeters:
D1 = 8, Wf1 = 4, D2 = 3.6, Lf = 11.3, Ws = 30, Ls = 52, D = 13.6, D3 = 15,
T1 = 13, T2 = 4, T4 = 12, N1 = 3, T4 = 11, T5 = 10, Wg = 30, Lg = 11, L1 = 5.2,
L2 = 2, L3 = 2.5, L4 = 0.3, G1 = 11, G2 = 0.4.

To investigate the function of the decoupling structure, the isolation

versus the frequency and the current distribution are observed in Figures 5
and 6, respectively. Figure 5a describes the design evolution of the decou-
Figure 4.  (a) Top view (b) bottom view of the proposed design. pling structure, while Figure  5b shows the simulated S-parameters versus
frequency for various decoupling antennas. Ant.1 in Figure 5a represents a
MIMO antenna without a decoupling structure, which produces high mutual
coupling between the antenna elements in the frequency band of 3–20  GHz. Therefore, to lower the mutual
coupling between the radiating antennas, a T-shape stub at the center of the ground plane is added as in Ant.2.
Observing from Figure 5b that the isolation below 4 GHz is still very low. Therefore, four small arm shape stubs
are incorporated near the T-shape as in Ant.3.

Figure 5c illustrates that Ant.4 obtain high isolation of 21 dB, which is significantly high and is good enough for
UWB MIMO performance. Due to the symmetrical structure of the antenna elements, only |S21| is presented in
Figure 5b. At higher bands, the mutual coupling is highly suppressed.

Figure  6a shows the current distribution of the MIMO antenna at various frequencies without the use of any
decoupling structure when port 1 is excited and other ports are terminated with a matched load. It is observed
that strong currents flow on the common ground plane, which could cause high mutual coupling between the
radiators. By inserting a T-shape stub and four small arm shape stubs in Figures 6b and 6c, the coupling current
is suppressed from port-1 to port-2, and the current is more concentrated at Ant-1 and toward the left portion
of the T-shape stub. After simulating and analyzing the current distributions for the various kinds of decoupling
structures, the conclusion agrees with the |S21| simulated parameters.

Figure 5.  (a) Ant.1 is without decoupling structure; Ant.2 is only with T-shape stub; Ant.3 is with T shape and small arm shape stub (b) Simulated S-parameters
against frequency at various decoupling configurations for Ant.1, Ant.2, Ant.3.

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Figure 6.  Current distribution (a) without decoupling structure (b) with only T-shape stub (c) with T-shape and four small arm shape stub at 3 GHz, 8 GHz, 16 GHz,
and 32 GHz.

5.  Fabrication and Results

In order to verify the proposed design, a 2 × 2 dual band-notched super-UWB MIMO antenna has been fabricated
and tested. The image of the fabricated prototype is shown in Figure 7. The S-parameters were measured using
an Agilent 8722ES vector network analyzer.

Figures 8a and 8b give the simulated and measured S-parameters of the proposed dual band-notched super-UWB
MIMO antenna. The measured S-parameters are close to the simulated one. It can be seen that the measured |S11|
less than −10 dB is from 3.4 to 35 GHz with two notched bands in the frequency range of 6.3–7.27 GHz and
9–11 GHz. The measured isolation in Figure 8b is higher than 21 dB except at two sub-bands of 17 and 23 GHz,
which is still higher than 17 dB. Due to the similar structure of the antenna elements, |S11| = |S22| = |S33| = |S44| and
|S21| = |S24| = |S43| = |S31|, and |S41| = |S32|, only |S11|, |S21|, |S31|, and |S41| are presented here. A slight discrepancy
between the simulated and measured results is due to fabricating error and loss of the SMA connectors.

The radiation patterns are tested in the anechoic microwave chamber. The simulated and measured far-field
radiation patterns in E-Plane and H-Plane are depicted in Figure 9 at 3.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 8 GHz, 16 GHz, 32 GHz,
and 35 GHz, where Port 1 is excited and other ports are terminated to a 50 Ω load and vice versa. The radiation
pattern at lower bands is omnidirectional in both the E-plane and H-plane, while at higher bands it deteriorates
due to the splitting of radiation lobes. At higher frequencies, the splitting of the main lobes is noted due to the

Figure 7.  Photograph of the fabricated dual band notched super-UWB MIMO antenna.

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Figure 8.  Measured and simulated results of (a) Reflection coefficient (b) Isolation for the proposed design.

higher-order mode being excited. For frequencies higher than 15 GHz, the patterns started getting distorted and
acquired distorted omnidirectional nature. In general, the splitting of lobes at higher bands is common for super
wideband antennas. The simulated and measured radiation pattern have a small discrepancy at 5 GHz in H-Plane,
which is mainly due to miss alignment or fixing of the proposed antenna in the anechoic chamber. Due to the
same structure in MIMO design, the radiation patterns of each antenna element were similar; therefore, the radi-
ation patterns of only one element (port 1) are shown in Figure 9. The measured and simulated gain is plotted

Figure 9.  Simulated and measured E- and H-plane radiation patterns at (a) 3.4 GHz, (b) 5 GHz, (c) 8 GHz, (d) 16 GHz, (e) 32 GHz, and (f) 35 GHz.

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in Figure  10. The gain is increased from 3.5 to 13 dBi over the operation
band excluding the notched bands. Moreover, a significant decrease in gain is
observed at 6.6 and 10 GHz frequencies. It is observed that as the frequency
increases the peak gain is also increasing except for the notch band. This
is because that at higher frequencies, the radiating patch dimensions are
larger than the corresponding wavelength. This characteristic of peak gain
is consistent with the peak gain characteristics reported in previous SWB
antenna structures (Manohar et al., 2014; Singhal & Singh, 2016).

The radiation efficiency and multiplexing efficiency of the proposed Super-

Figure 10.  Measured and simulated gain of the dual band-notched super-
UWB MIMO antenna.
UWB MIMO antenna with dual band-notched and high gain are given in
Figure 11. The multiplexing efficiency defines as the difference in the power
required for a MIMO (Antenna under test) to obtain a given capacity in
comparison to the ideal reference MIMO antenna. It is generally considered
as the total efficiency which not only accounts for the total antenna effi-
ciency but also the correlation and efficiency imbalance. The multiplexing
efficiency can be calculated by using the following equation
√(
(1) 𝜂𝜂𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 = 1 − |𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐 |2 𝜂𝜂1 𝜂𝜂2

where ρc is the complex correlation coefficient between the two elements,

and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC)  ≈  |ρc| 2 and ηi is the total effi-
ciency of ith antenna element. Hence, the total efficiency and multiplexing efficiency are almost identical and its
value goes down at the notched band only. At 6.6 and 10 GHz, there is a substantial drop in antenna efficiency
which is due to notch characteristics.

The performance comparison of the proposed 2 × 2 dual band-notched super-UWB MIMO antenna with other
referenced antennas is illustrated in Table 1. Our 2 × 2 MIMO antenna has a super wideband performance and high
gain. The size of this work is smaller than that of the antenna in Eltrass & Elborae (2019), Hassan et al. (2019),
Wu et al. (2018), and Youcheng et al. (2019) and approximately equal to the antenna in Tang et al. (2021). The
designs discussed in Eltrass & Elborae (2019), Hassan et al., 2019, and Youcheng et al. (2019) attained high
isolation; however, their profile is larger, which limits their applications. The proposed MIMO antenna achieves
higher gain than those in the referenced antennas. In summary, our proposed 2  ×  2 MIMO  antenna has dual
band-notched characteristics, super-UWB bandwidth, and high isolation.

6.  Diversity Performance

ECC and diversity gain (DG) are evaluated by calculating and analyzing
the diversity performance of the proposed dual band-notched super-UWB
MIMO antennas. ECC describes the capability of each antenna to receive
information independently to attain significant diversity performance. The
value of ECC less than 0.5 presents an assumed threshold level of signal
distortion. The ECC of the proposed design is less than 0.015 across the
entire UWB operating band, ranging from 3.4 to 35 GHz, which guarantees
a good diversity performance. Generally, ECC can be calculated by using the
method proposed in Hassan et al. (2019)
[ ] 2
| ∬4𝜋𝜋 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 (𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃) ⋅ 𝐹𝐹𝑗𝑗∗ (𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃) 𝑑𝑑Ω|
(2)
ECC = 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
∬4𝜋𝜋 |𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 (𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃)|2 𝑑𝑑Ω ∬4𝜋𝜋 |𝐹𝐹𝑗𝑗 (𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃)|2 𝑑𝑑Ω

Figure 11.  Measured and simulated radiation efficiency and multiplexing
efficiency of the dual band-notched super-UWB MIMO antenna.
Fi (θ, ϕ) is the 3D field radiation pattern of the system when port i is excited,
all other port are perfectly matched, and • denotes a Hermitian product. ECC
and DG are interrelated to each other. The lower the correlation between
the  antenna elements, the higher will be the DG. For a MIMO system, the
DG can calculate such as in Tang et al. (2021)

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Table 1
Performance of the Proposed Dual Band Notched Super-UWB MIMO Antenna With Other Referenced Antennas
Ref. Size (λ0L) Bandwidth (GHz) Gain (dBi) Isolation (dB) Notched band
Eltrass and Elborae (2019) 0.73 × 0.73 3–18 (142.8%) NA −20 –
Youcheng et al. (2019) 0.62 × 0.62 2–12 (142.8%) NA −20 –
Mao and Chu (2014) 0.48 × 0.48 3–11 (114.2%) 2–4 −17 –
(Wu et al. (2018) 0.6 × 0.6 3–16.2 (137.5%) 2–8.4 −17.5 1
Hassan et al. (2019) 0.78 × 0.78 3.5–20 (130%) 1.5–8.1 −20 1
Li et al. (2019) 0.22 × 0.25 2.9–11.6 (114%) 0–4.2 −16 2
Tang et al. (2021) 0.68 × 0.29 2.57–12.2 (130%) 3–4.6 −15 –
Sipal et al. (2017) 0.38 × 0.38 3–15 (133%) 0.5–5 −15 –
Saad and Mohamed (2019) 0.38 × 0.38 2.94–14 (130%) 1–5 −17 –
This work 0.58 × 0.34 3.4–35 (164.5%) 3.5–13 −21 2

√
(3)
DG = 10 1 − |ECC|2

ECC with lower values leads to high DG, which is the basic requirement in MIMO applications. Figure 12 shows
the ECC and DG values. DG of the proposed MIMO design is >9.9 dB and approaches 10 dB across the band-
width of interest 3.4–35 GHz. This reveals the high DG of the proposed design.

7. Conclusions
This article presents a 2 × 2 MIMO antenna with dual band-notched characteristics, which is proved by the exper-
iment. The dual band-notched characteristics are achieved by etching the J-shape slit in the radiator and I-shape
slits at the edges of the ground plane. The proposed MIMO antenna exhibits a super-UWB of 31.6 GHz ranging
from 3.4 to 35 GHz with a peak gain of 13 dBi. High isolation of 21 dB is obtained by adding a plus-shape decou-
pling structure on the ground plane. Furthermore, the calculated ECC is less than 0.015 over the operating band.
The simulated and measured result shows that the dual band-notched characteristic and high gain of the proposed
design make it an attractive candidate for the wireless communication system.

Figure 12.  ECC and DG for the proposed dual band notched super-UWB MIMO antenna.

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Data Availability Statement

The experimental data sets are included in this paper and no new external data set is used.

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China,
Grant 62171270.
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