Preliminary Report on the Echini of the Exploring Expedition of H. M. S. "Challenger," Sir C.

Wyville Thomson Chief of Civilian Staff

Author(s): Alexander Agassiz
Source: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 14 (May, 1878 -
May, 1879), pp. 190-212
Published by: American Academy of Arts & Sciences
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 190 PROCEEDINGSOF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY

XIV.

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ECHINI OF THE

EXPLORING EXPEDITION OF H. M. S. "CHAL
LENGER," SIR C. WYVILLE THOMSON CHIEF OF
CIVILIAN STAFF.

By Alexander Agassiz.

[PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF THE LORDS OP THE ADMIRALTY.]

Presented May 14,1879.

It was not my intention to publish a notice of the Echini

preliminary
collected by the Challenger. I hoped to be able to issue the de
of the with my final on the group. I am
scriptions species report
compelled, however, for the sake of for the material of the
retaining
expedition the priority of discovery, to notice the
Challenger briefly
collection of Sea-urchins intrusted to my care
magnificent by Sir
Wyville Thomson. The two expeditions of the U. S. Coast Sur

vey steamer Blake, in which I was allowed, the Superintendent

by
of the Coast to carry on very extensive
Survey, dredging operations
in the Straits of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern part of
the Caribbean Sea, have brought together extensive deep-sea col

lections, second only to those of the Challenger. In most of the

groups, judging my from recollection of the Challenger collections

when I had the privilege of examining them at Edinburgh, I should

say that the collections made on the Blake not include

only dupli
cates of the of the but numerous
species Challenger, representatives
of the principal families collected by that expedition. I wish, of
course, as far as to of the
possible, guard against any anticipation
results to be drawn from the older collections of the
Challenger.
With the of certain Pourtalesiae, of which
obtained I
exception only
a few on the Blake, numerous
perfect specimens (although frag
ments were up by the trawl from of be
constantly brought depths
tween 1,000 and 2,000 fathoms,) the Echini collected by the Blake
represent some of the most forms obtained the Chal
interesting by
lenger, and often more or less
complement imperfect Challenger

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 191

material. I shall, of course, not hesitate, in my final report on the

Echini, to avail myself of this additional material. It is

Challenger
both from a systematic point of view and for deter
quite important,
more the bathymetrical range of the greater num
mining accurately
ber of the Echini, as it does, that many
Challenger showing, species
thus far considered as the
deep-sea species approach very nearly
hundred-fathom line.
the Cidarid^e, in addition to the new of genera
Among species
well known before, the most form is a fine of
interesting species
Porocidaris, n. sp. and valuable material
(P. elegans,A. Ag.). Large
was also collected for the study of Goniocidaris canaliculata, A.
Ag.,
its earliest and many varieties, as well as a most ex
including stages
tensive series of Goniocidaris tubaria, a in the varia
showing range
tion of the unknown in any other of the genus.
spines species
A new species of Salenia (S. hastigera, A. Ag.), the third now
known, was also discovered. Of this many were collected.
specimens
the Arbaciadje I note a of Porocidaris
Among species (P. prio
A. and a series of Ccelopleurus Maillardi. This
nigera, Ag.), large
has enabled me to make a careful of this genus.
study interesting
In the of Diadematid^e, a new allied to
family genus Astropyga,
(M. tuberculatum, A. and two species of a genus
Micropyga Ag.),
closely allied to Trichodiadema, Aspidodiadema (A. tonsum, A. Ag.,
and A. microtuberculatum, A. have been collected.
Ag.),
the Echinothuri^e a number of new were
Among species
both of Asthenosoma and of Phormosoma, in addition to the
dredged,
species already described by Sir Wyville Thomson in the " Echini of
" "
the Porcupine," the Depths of the Sea," and the of the
Voyage
are A. A. A. Grubei, A.
Challenger." They pellucida, Ag., Ag.,
A. tessellata, A. A. coriacea, A. P. luculenta, A. and
Ag., Ag., Ag.,
P. tenuis, A. Several small of these genera also were
Ag. specimens
collected, but
it will be to do more than refer them tem
impossible
to as the material is hardly sufficient for
porarily existing species,
exact determination. I hope, however, use of the many
by making
Echinothuriae for comparison, to deter
young collected by the Blake
mine them more satisfactorily.
the Echinometradje of was collected.
Among nothing importance
Among the Temnopleurid^e excellent series of the of Sal
species
macis and of were obtained; a new of
Temnopleurus species Trigono
cidaris A. a Cottaldia A.
(T. monolini, Ag.), (C. Forbesiana, Ag.),
hitherto known from the Chalk, and an Prio
only exquisite genus,
nechinus (P. sagittiger, A. Ag.), allied to Salmacis and Podocidaris.

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 192 proceedings of the American academy

The most feature of the Echinid_e proper was the oc

interesting
currence of several northern
forms, acutus, E. E. and E.
elegans,
norvegicus, in deep water in the tropics.
Not a new of Clypeastroid was found, and the number
single species
of specimens even was small. do not play any important
quite They
part in shaping the character of the fauna of deep water, and are,

perhaps, the most strictly littoral group of Echini, indicative, at least

in the present epoch, of comparatively shallow water, inside of the
hundred-fathom line, and us a as to the
probably giving good guide
of the sea and the nature of the bottom of the cretaceous and
depth
occur in such
tertiary shores, where they large numbers.
A recent of is as
species Catopygus ( G. recens, A. Ag.) interesting
another of the cretaceous forms to those still found
adding living.
By far the most interesting group of Echini collected by the Chal
is the group of Pourtalesi_e. were known before
lenger They only
from a couple of genera and a few species collected in the expeditions
of the Coast and by the Porcupine. The old material was
Survey
very limited; the present material is, in some cases, abundant, and has
enabled me to the affinities of this remarkable group;
study passing
on the one side from Pourtalesia proper to such groups as
Aerope,
W. Th., and Aceste, W. Th., with the gigantic suckers of their petaloid
ambulacra, and on the other, through genera with short anal snouts, as

Cionobrissus, A. Ag., and A. to

Spatagocystis, Ag.,
Echinocrepis,
A. and W. Th., in which the to
resemblance
Ag., Calymne, Infulaster
fades, and such genera as Urechinus, A. Ag., and Genico
gradually
A. Ag., appear, us of Holaster, while
patagus, reminding Cystechinus
recalls proper with many features of Micraster.
Ananchytes
Of Pourtalesia, no less than six are found in the collection,
species
five of which were not among the earlier Pourtalesije.
deep-sea
are P. A. P. A. P. rosea, A.
(They hispida, Ag., laguncula, Ag., Ag.,
P. ceratopyga, A. Ag., and P. carinata, A. Ag.)
Of Cionobrissus (C. revinctus, A. Ag.), Spatagocystis (S. Chal
A. (E. cuneata, A.
lenged, Ag.), Echinocrepis Ag.), Genicopatagus
A. and Urechinus A. Ag.),
(G. affinis, Ag.), (U. naresianus, only
one of each genus was home. An additional
species brought species
of Homolampas (H.fulva) shows that the species of this genus grow
to a very considerable size.
A number of
specimens of A. Ag.)
Paleopneustes (P. Murrayi,
were collected near which it may be necessary to place in
Kagosima,
a separate There are in the fascioles
sub-genus. peculiarities marginal
and their can
development, the value of which only be determined by

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 193

with a more extensive series of younger Fortu

comparison stages.
there are a number of the young of Paleopneustes in the
nately quite
Blake collections.
In there are three C. Wyvillii, A. and
Gystechinus species: Ag.,
C. A. the test of which is quite stout, while in G. vesica,
clypeatus, Ag.,
A. the test is reduced to a mere film, so that even in alcohol
Ag.,
the shape of this Sea-urchin reminds one of the crown of an old felt
hat which has seen its best
days.
The test of all is quite
the Pourtalesi^e delicate, the amount of
limestone at the great where reduced to a
being, depths they occur,
minimum, and yet at the greatest depth at which these delicate Echini
are found are associated with Ophiurans which are no means
they by
in limestone.
wanting
the Euspatangina, purpureus occurs in the
Among Spatangus
at a of 400 fathoms, and Echinocardium australe is
tropics depth
found littoral and at the great depth of 2,675 fathoms. With the
of a new allied to Maretia, vitreus,
exception Spatangoid Argopatagus
A. Ag., notice was obtained.
nothing demanding special
the Brissina two of Hemiaster allied to the creta
Among species
ceous H were obtained gibbosus, A. and H.
prunella (H. Ag.,
zonatus, A. also an extensive series of Hemiaster cavernosus,
Ag.);
A. that the several species thus far recognized,
Ag., plainly showing
H. antarctica, H. Philippii, and H. cordatus, are the different
only
of of the males and females of Philippi's
stages growth original
T. cavernosus. In addition to Periaster limicola, A. Ag., which is inad

vertently described from the Echini of the first Blake expedition, a

new of Rhinobrissus hemiasteroides, A. and two new
species (R. Ag.)
of Schizaster claudicans, A. and S. A.
species (S. Ag., japonicus, Ag.)
close the list of this extraordinary collection.
I can give no better idea of the value of this collection than by
that there are in the list not less than
stating accompanying forty-four
" was
new At the time the Revision of the Echini" pub
species.
lished, which included the number of unknown forms collected
large
Mr. Pourtales in the Straits of Florida, there were not many more
by
than two hundred species of Echini known, and since that time less
than have been added to the list.
fifty species
Withregard to the geographical distribution of the deep-water
species, the North Atlantic is in striking contrast with the North
Pacific and the Southern Ocean. The Pacific is remarkable for its
numerous of littoral CidaridaB, which are few in number in
species
the Atlantic; of Dorocidaris and of Porocidaris, there is one Atlantic
vol. xiv. (n. s. vi.) 13

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194 proceedings of the American academy

and one Pacific species of each. Goniocidaris is a Pacific genus, with

the exception of Goniocidaris canaliculata, which is the characteristic
of the great ocean belt the extreme Southern Atlantic
species uniting
and the Southern Indian Ocean. Salenia, Podocidaris, Coelopleurus,
and Aspidodiadema each have one Atlantic and one Pacific species.
The Northern Pacific, however, is characterized the num
by greater
ber of Echinothuriae; the Atlantic collection of the con
Challenger
two of the while there are no less than
taining only species family,
ten or eleven in the Pacific. has an Atlantic and a
Trigonocidaris
Pacific Several of the Echini proper, well known from the
species.
Northern seas, extend far into the South Atlantic, as
European
E. acutus, E. and E. the latter even found in
elegans, norvegicus, being
the Pacific, while the representatives of their species found the
along
southern of South America, E. magellanicus and E. marga
extremity
ritaceus, extend far into the Southern Indian Ocean towards the

Kerguelen and Heard Islands.

Of the Clypeastroids, Echinocyamus pusillus appears to be the only
a wide range and a
species having geographical great bathymetrical
distribution; it extends from the Northern seas to the
European
South Atlantic.
The new
species of Catopygus is a tropical Pacific species, as well
as
Palaeotropus.
The species of Pourtalesia proper thus far known were, of course,
Atlantic. The Challenger discovered two species in the Pacific ; but
far the greater number of the of this were found in
by species family
the Southern Indian Ocean in the track from the Cape of Good
to the Kerguelen Islands, and thence to Australia: three
Hope
species of Pourtalesia proper hispida, P. P. carinata),
(P. phyale,
Spatagocystis Challengeri, Echinocrepis cuneata, Genicopatagus qffinis,
and Urechinus nauresianus, as well as the three of Cystechinus
species
vesica, C. and C. Of these one extends into
(C. clypeatus, Wyvillii).
the South Atlantic, C. clypeatus, the other into the South Pacific.
Aceste and Aerope are Pacific genera, and Calymne is an Atlantic
and each have an Atlantic and a
genus. Homolampas Paleopneustes
Pacific species.
Of the Spatangina proper, all are littoral Pacific
nearly species,
with the of vitreus and the deep-water
exception Argopatagus
South Pacific Echinocardium australe. E. is also found
flavescens
reaching far into the Southern Indian Ocean. Of the northern

species of S. purpureus extends well south in the North

Spatangus,
Atlantic and S. Raschi reaches as far as the Cape of Good Hope.

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 195

The most common of the Brissina is Hemiaster cavernosus,

species
which occurs in number in water at the
large moderately deep
Kerguelen Islands, the southern of South America. Hemi
extremity
aster is a Pacific of which H. zonatus is the Atlantic
gibbosus species,
representative. The northern and Schizaster
Brissopsis lyrifera
fragilis are found in the South Indian Ocean. The Pacific Schi
zasteridae were S. claudicans, S. ventricosus, and S. while
japonicus,
S. from the southern of South America
Philippii ranged extremity
the South Pacific to the Southern Indian Ocean.
through
The are the main of the ba thy metrical distribution
following points
of the Echini of the Challenger expedition.
Among the Cidarid^e, Cidaris proper, Phyllacanthus, Stephano
cidaris, and Goniocidaris are littoral, and extend but little the
beyond
100-fathom line; G. canaliculata has been found to 1,700
though
fathoms.
Dorocidaris extends to a depth of 600 fathoms, while Porocidaris
was not found in less than 400 fathoms, and extended to a depth of

nearly 2,000 fathoms.

The Salenid^e extend from the 100-fathom line to 1,850 fathoms.
In the Arbaciad^e the of Arbacia proper are littoral, and
species
are found to a depth of 150 fathoms ; from 80 to somewhat over 100
fathoms extends while the species of Podocidaris are
Coelopleurus,
the forms of this with a of from 400 fathoms
deep-water family, range
to 1,100.
nearly
the Diademetidje, Diadema and Echinothrix are
Among strictly
littoral, while and the new genus Micropyga, allied
Astropyga closely
to it, occur quite from 75 fathoms to 250 fathoms, and
frequently
even
occasionally to a depth of 600. The genus Aspidodiadema com
mences at a depth of 100 fathoms, takes a at
greater development
about 600 to 700 fathoms, and has been found at a depth of over
2,200 fathoms. This genus, with the species of Asthenosoma and

Phormosoma, are the deep-water of the and of the

types family,
EcHiNOTHURiiE, for one of the of Asthenosoma
although species
occurs in ten fathoms, the larger number of the of the genus
species
are not found in less than 100 fathoms, the number
greater occurring
in 200 to 300 fathoms and extending to 2,600 fathoms. The species
of Phormosoma collected by the Challenger are found mainly in
from 250 to 1,000 fathoms, being still common from 1,000 to 2,000
fathoms, and found as as 2,750 fathoms.
deep
The Echinometrad^e are all shallow-water no
species, species
extending beyond the 100-fathom line.

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 196 proceedings of the American academy

Of the Temnopleurid-E, Prionechinus, Cottaldia, and Trigonoci

daris alone are Cottaldia about 300
deep-water species. occurring
fathoms, from 500 to 1,000 fathoms, while Prionechi
Trigonocidaris
nus ranges from 700 to nearly 1,100 fathoms. With the exception of
A. which was found the
Temnopleurus Regnaudi, Ag., by Challenger
down to a depth of 275 fathoms, none of the other of Temno
species
nor of those of Microcyphus, Salmacis,
pleurus, Mespilia, Ambly
or reached the 100-fathom line, and by
pneustes, Holopneustes, beyond
far the greater number of the species do not extend beyond the
40-fathom line.

Among the Triplechinid_e, Hipponoe, and Evechi

Toxopneustes,
nus are littoral.
In the genus Echinus proper, while a few of the appear to
species
be littoral, we find several a most extended
strictly having bathy
metrical range from strictly littoral to 1,600 fathoms, several northern
in deep water in the tropics.
species appearing
the Cltpeastroids, with the exception of the Fibularina
Among
and of one species of Peronella, all the genera are littoral, Echinanthus
alone to a depth of 120 fathoms, while no of Mel
extending species
lita, Encope, Echinodiscus, or was
Astriclypeus, Laganum, Clypeaster
found beyond 70 fathoms.
" "
The small number of Clypeastroids dredged by the Challenger is
very plainly showing that of this group the Echinanthid_e
striking,
are littoral, in the Fibularina the species of Echi
eminently though
nocyamus extend to 400 fathoms and those of Fibularia to 950
fathoms. One of Peronella extended to 300 fathoms.
species
own in the Blake
while with
My experience dredging corresponds
this. the region where in the littoral species of
Although working
the group are very numerous, we collected but few species of Scutel
lidce or of Echinanthidce, even while near the 100-fathom line.
dredging
The same is true of the former sent out the Coast
expeditions by
Survey.
Of the Nucleolid_e, the genera and
Echinolampus Catopygus
were limited to the of 120 fathoms.
region
We now come to a strictly the Pourtalesi_e,
deep-water family,
as we may for the present call the group to which Pourtalesia, Palceo

Aceste, and the like, No of

tropus, Aerope, Calymne, belong. species
the group has as yet been found in less than 375 fathoms; at this
occur have been found more at
depth they rarely. They commonly
from 600 to 700 fathoms; seem to take their
they greatest develop
ment at from 1,000 to 2,000 fathoms, and are not uncommon
they

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 197

down to the depth of 2,300 to 2,900 fathoms; the genera Palceotropus

and Gionobrissus being limited to a less depth than 1,000 fathoms,
while and two or three of Pourtalesia, are
Aerope, Calymne, species
found within these limits, but also extend to the greatest at
depth
which any Echini have been found, viz. 2,900 fathoms.
The genera Urechinus,
Spatagocystis, Echinocrepis, Genicopatagus,
and Cystechinus, range between 1,300 and 2,000 fathoms,
mainly
one of the of the latter to 2,225 fathoms,
species genus extending
while Aceste has only been found in 2,600 fathoms thus far.
Paleopneustes occurs in the neighborhood of 300 to 400 fathoms,
and Homolampas is found at a depth of 400 fathoms and over.

Among the Spatangina, the northern purpureus is

Spatangus
found in the tropics at a depth of 450 fathoms. Eupatagus, Lovenia,
and Maretia are littoral, not
Breynia, planulata strictly extending
a of 28 fathoms. Maretia alta has been found to ex
beyond depth
tend to a depth of 800 fathoms; and the species of Echinocardium,
like those of Brissopsis, littoral, yet extend to great
although depth,
one species, Echinocardium to 150 fathoms, while E.
flavescens,
australe has come up from no less than 2,675 fathoms. The only
of the genus was found at a of 800
species Argopatagus depth
fathoms.
the Brissina, Rhinobrissus, Periaster, Metalia, and some
Among
of Schizaster, are either littoral or do not extend to the 100
species
fathom line, or but little it. The species of Schizaster, how
beyond
ever, reach a considerable ; in one case 1,375 fathoms, in another
depth
800, and in a third 345 fathoms. The species of Hemiaster, also, greatly
vary in their bathymetrical range, the two species most allied
closely
to the cretaceous Hemiaster from 340 to 800 fath
prunella extending
oms, while Hemiaster cavernosus ranges from 15 to 400 fathoms. In
the bathymetrical range extends from 15
to 1,100
Brissopsis lyrifera
fathoms. The Mediterranean Brissus unicolor extends to a depth of
450 fathoms.

Dorocidaris bracteata, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

This species is closely allied to Dorocidaris It is charac

papillata.
terized by the small papillae the abactinal area, the small
covering
size of the mammary boss of the primary tubercles, and
greater the
distance between the primary tubercles compared with the Atlantic
The are fluted, with a more or
species, D. papillata. primary radioles
less serrated The ambulacral system is also much
edge. relatively

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 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY

narrower ?
in this species than in the Atlantic species. Amboyna,
100 fathoms, 15 fathoms.*

Porocidaris A. nov. sp.

elegans, Ag.,

The principal differences between this species and P. purpurata

consist in the shape of the primary radioles. These are. more uniform
in shape, some of them three times in the diameter of the test,
length
with a short collar above the milled the length of
comparatively ring;
this collar is often half the length of the spine in P. purpurata. The
abactinal of this
system species is remarkable for the great size of
the genital placed within the plates, and not
openings, entirely genital
as in P. into the apical of the interambu
extending, purpurata, plates
lacral area. ? Station 214, 500 fathoms ; Station 164, off New South

Wales, 950 fathoms, 410 fathoms.

Goniocidaris A. nov. sp.

florigera, Ag.,
In no of the is there so a difference between
species genus great
the of different parts of the test, or of different individuals,
spines
from short or even with radiat
varying cupuliform spines terminating
spokes, to radioles covered with
ing long cylindrical spines
thickly
or to ser
irregularly arranged, gradually tapering spines with delicate
rations and spines quite placed. The ornamentation of the
regularly
test is limited to small, deep pits at the angles in the median line of the
interambulacral plates, with a sharp bare line the sutures
indicating
also at the of coronal plates with the zone. The
junction poriferous
lower of the ambulacral is
part plates covered granules, by minute
leaving the upper part of the
plate bare; median ambulacral space
wider than zone, coronal boss small,
poriferous plates high, mammary
scrobicular area not confluent,
deep, completely separated by interven
ing secondary tubercles. Ocular plates heart-shaped, genital plates
both covered coarse and
hexagonal, by granulation; papillae sharp
slender; ten anal with smaller ones in centre;
large plates, genital
towards the centre ?
opening large, placed of the plate. Ki Islands,
129 fathoms; Station 204, 100 fathoms.

Salenia A. nov. sp.

hastigera, Ag.,

Differs from Salenia by the closer and uniform

varispina granula
tion covering the abactinal system and the smaller anal
relatively

* the principal localities are the bathymetrical and geo

Only given, showing
graphical range.

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 199

The are much also, four times the

system. spines longer nearly
diameter of test, but little in shape ; they taper gradually and
varying
are covered from to base with numerous small
tip spines closely
in round the shaft. The number of primary
packed regular rings
is smaller both in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas,
plates
the three tubercles of the interambulacral area
largest occupying
same test occupied in
in this species the relative space of the by five
Salenia The ambulacral tubercles of the actinal
varispina. large
so characteristic of the latter are not found in S. has
region species
the actinal tubercles are but than the other
tigera, slightly larger
ambulacral tubercles. ?
Station 195, 1,425 fathoms; Station 170,
630 fathoms; Station 335, 1,425 fathoms; off Cebu, 100 fathoms.

Podocidaris A.
prionigera, Ag.

This species is readily distinguished from itsWest Indian congener

the greater of the ; they are more
by length spines regularly tapering,
?
flattened, with very serrations of the two Station
prominent edges.
218, 1,070 fathoms ; Station 205, 1,050 fathoms.

A. nov.
Aspidodiadema, Ag., gen.

This genus is intermediate between the Cidaridae proper and the

Diadematidae. It has, like the latter, a thin test with the spines
characteristic of that
family. It has, like Centrostephanus, buccal
But the tubercles are few in number, as in the
plates. primary
with the scrobicular area and
Cidaridae, occupying accompanying
spines nearly the whole of the interambulacral plate. The
secondary
most characteristic feature of the genus is the ambulacral system.
The of a nearly uniform size, are small, as in Cidari
plates, forming,
dae, a narrow ambulacral system. Thesystem consists
abactinal of a
narrow of ocular and
genital plates placed side by side surround
ring
ing
a
large anal system. Two species were collected by the Challenger.
tonsum, A. Ag., nov. sp., in which the anal sys
Aspidodiadema
the greater
tem is protected by five large plates, occupying part of
and ocular in which
the space enclosed by the genital ring, and the
actinal ambulacral tubercles form a double row of tubercles much
than those of the abactinal region of the ambulacral space,
larger
which extends to the middle of the test. ? Station 170, Ker
nearly
madec Islands, 630 fathoms; off Cebu, 100 fathoms; Station 122,
356 fathoms ; off Macio, 1,700 fathoms.
The second species is Aspidodiadema microtubefculatum, A. Ag.,
nov. sp. It can be at once distinguished from its congener by the

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200 proceedings of the American academy

larger number of plates the anal and actinal systems, and

protecting
also by the uniform size of the tubercles of the median ambulacral

space its whole The of this species are

along length. primary spines
stouter and shorter than those of A. tonsum, some of
comparatively
which are three times the of the test; the number of
nearly length
is less in this than in the one. ?
primary plates species preceding
Station 298, 2,225 fathoms ; Station 134, 2,025 fathoms.

A. nov. gen.
Micropyga, Ag.,

Allied to Astropyga, it has, like it, a flat test, short spines, but a
more compact abactinal a small actinostome with inden
system, deep
tations for the passage of the gills, and primary tuberculation extending
both in ambulacral and interambulacral areas to the abactinal system.

A. nov. sp.
Micropyga tuberculata, Ag.,

The of the abactinal surface are while on the acti

spines pointed,
nal surface, where the primary tubercles form a closely-packed pave
ment both in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas, the primary
are and are ?
spines club-shaped, the secondary spines alone pointed.
Off Cebu, 100 fathoms.

Asthenosoma A. nov. sp.

pellucida, Ag.,

This from alcoholic was of

species, judging specimens, probably
light green or yellowish color; it is readily distinguished from A. hys
its nearest allied narrow ambulacral zone and the
trix, species, by the
of the tubercles in a horizontal
very regular arrangement secondary
row the centre of each ?
occupying primary plate. Off Cebu, 100
fathoms ; Station 192, 129 fathoms.

Asthenosoma Grubei, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

This species is allied to Asthenosema of Grube, varium

closely
and these two may a separate form
section
species perhaps properly
of the genus, while such species as A. A. hystrix, and
pellucida, A.fenes
trata would form a second subgenus. The material collected by the
is sufficient to determine this. From the
Challenger scarcely large
number of specimens of the genus collected by the Blake, I hope to be
able to determine, before the final report is published, the range of
variation in one or two of the The test of this is
species. species
the narrow in both areas, well
quite tough, primary plates extremely
covered tubercles in one row; these are on
by primary arranged larger
the actinal surface and separated few smaller secondary tubercles
by

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 201

rathei placed. On the actinal membrane the tubercles of

irregularly
both areas are identical in size, concentric
forming regular rings
broken the bare spaces in the median areas round the actinostome.
by
The of the actinal surface are more orless trumpet-shaped at
spines
the with well-worn ; those of the abactinal are
extremity, tips region
and covered a loose muscular sheath
pointed generally by extending
the end of the spine, a series of from four
beyond forming swellings,
to six, ?
around the sharp which it encloses. Zam
cylindrical spine
boanga, 10 fathoms.

Asthenosoma coriacea, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

Distinguished from the preceding by its broader primary plates and

similar on both the actinal and abactinal surfaces.
by having spines
The tubercles are few in number, limited to the prox
primary mainly
imity of the edge of the test, both on the actinal and abactinal sides.
One row extends to the abactinal area on the of the
principal edge
interambulacral of the abactinal side, and one on the actinal side.
plates
The remainder of the interambulacral are covered
plates closely by
small tubercles or miliaries. In the ambulacral area the
secondary
tubercles extend over a few on each side of
large primary only plates
the middle of the test.? Station 204, 100 fathoms ; Station 173, 310
fathoms ; Tongatabu ; Station 299, 2,160 fathoms.

Asthenosoma tessellata, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

The on which
this species is established may prove to be
specimen
a younger of the preceding. It presents, such
only stage however,
features in the extremely of its
striking regular arrangement plates,
both on the actinal and abactinal sides, and their uniform size both in
the ambulacral and interambulacral areas, that for the present it may
be convenient to distinguish this species from A. coriacea until we
know more of the this of Echini
something changes group undergo
during growth.
The same remarks to a number of small Asthenosomse
apply
and Phormosomae which, unfortunately, from many different
coming
localities, I am unable, on account of the differences show
great they
from the to associate them at present with
fully-grown forms, any of
?
the species here described. Station 200, 250 fathoms.

Phormosoma luculenta, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

This species is readily distinguished from the others of the genus

by the greater solidity of the test, its pinkish or violet color seen

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202 PROCEEDINGSOF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY

from the abactinal side, and the few long, large, dark violet primary
spines of this surface, with similarly colored short, fine and
secondary
miliary spines standing out in bold contrast to the light test, and by the
size of the anal system and of the genital on the actinal
large openings
side. The primary tubercles of the actinal side carry
large spines
tipped with white cup-shaped appendages, performing for this group
the same functions as a similar
tip
on the
spines of the actinal side
of the Arbaciadae. The secondary and similar to those of
miliary spines
the abactinal side. One specimen in the collection differs from the

majority of the others in the test and of a uniform

having spine
yellowish-pink color. Station 200, 255 fathoms; Station 205, 1,050
fathoms ; Station 332, 245 fathoms.

Phormosoma tenuis, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

allied to Phormosoma uranus, W. Th., from which it dif

Closely
fers mainly in having and more numerous tubercles,
larger primary
on the actinal side, while on the abactinal side the small
especially
number of miliaries in this it a very different
occurring species give
facies. The coronal are more numerous in P. uranus than in
plates
of the same size of this and the abactinal is
specimens species, system
also proportionally smaller in P. tenuis, and the anal made up
system
?
of larger plates. Station 274, 2,750 fathoms ; Station 237, 1,875
fathoms.

Prionechinus A. nov. gen. & sp.

sagittiger, Ag.,
The apical system genus of this is
Salmacidae. similar to that of
row of plates of pores on each side of median ambulacral line.1
Single
Actinal membrane covered serrated, somewhat flat
by plates. Spines
tened, radically different from those of any other genus of Triplechinidae.
As is well known, the serrations of the spines of young Echini proper
disappear with age, and it is only among the Cidaridae, Salenidae, and
the like, that we find spines in allied genera or spe
greatly differing
cies, the spines of the Echinidae proper remarkable for their
being
uniformity. Unfortunately onlyindifferently preserved specimens of
this genus were collected, and are not
interesting they probably fully
as the a few
grown, large anal system is still covered
by large plates,
as in all young Echini. Genital of uniform size; ocular
plates plates
notched in excluded from anal ?
apex, system. Station 164, 950
fathoms ; Station 218, 1,070 fathoms.

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 203

Cottaldia Forbesiana, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

There is only a single specimen of this interesting species (probably

not full grown). It is closely allied to the tertiary Psammechinus
monilis; pores are in simple vertical rows, much as in Temne
arranged
chinus. The spines similar to those of Salmacidae; abactinal
large
system of without, however, any trace of the indentations
Temnopleurus,
and pits of the Salmacidae and Temnopleuridae. Actinostome sunken,
actinal membrane covered with ten large plates, or a
spine wThite yel
lowish orange, primary tubercles of the same size in both areas, form
a very marked vertical row in the ambulacral area; secondaries
ing
indistinct horizontal rows near the ambitus,
forming genital opening
small, cut; plates crowded with secondaries, anal sys
sharply genital
? 315
tem fathoms.
covered by few plates. Station 173,

monolini, A. Ag., nov. sp.

Trigonocidaris

This species is readily distinguished from T. albida by the structure

of its actinal membrane and the ornamentation of the
striking genital
and the smaller number of primary coronal plates and
ring, relatively
coarser reticulation, both in the ambulacral and interambulacral
pitted
areas. The ten buccal plates occupy nearly the whole of the distal
of the actinal in T. albida are small and
edge ring, while they the
actinal membrane is crowded plates. A prominent
by imbricating
extends round the of the ocular plates and across the ad
ridge edge
a pentagon with rounded round
joining genital plates, forming angles
the anal two or three tubercles are
system; prominent secondary
in the middle of the plates. No similar ornamentation
placed genital
in found in T. albida. ? Station 170, 520 fathoms.

Echinus horridus, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

and imperfect specimens of a large conical Echinus were

Fragments
collected in the Straits of Magellan which cannot be referred to any
of the species known from that locality. It seems to be read
already
characterized its narrow zone. One row
ily by poriferous principal
of primary tubercles in the interambulacral space, with secondaries in
lines from it; the are remarkable for their
irregular diverging spines
even much than in some of
length, comparatively longer specimens
E. acutus ; abactinal system very compact; genital plates, small
large
ocular Actinostome not as as abactinal ;
plates. small, large system
?
color of test reddish brown when dry, spines darker color. Off Tom

Bay; Station 308, 175 fathoms.

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204 PROCEEDINGSOF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY

recens, A. nov. sp.

Gatopygus Ag.,

denuded tests of this were collected. Apex anterior

Only 6pecies
and with Prominent rounded keel at ex
corresponding apical system.
of anal towards the actinostome, three genital
tremity groove, sloping
abactinal indistinct, odd anterior and anterior pair of
pores, system
ambulacra of equal than posterior ones ; tubercles form
length, longer
over the and bourrelets well
ing uniform granulation test, phyllodes
marked. Test in median odd posterior interambulacral space
gibbous
between and anal also in the centre of the
apical system opening,
the of lateral posterior interambulacra, the swelling of this por
plates
tion of the test becoming more on the actinal side ; actinos
prominent
tome sunken, upper of anal flush with the test, the
edge opening
at the bottom of the anal groove. Ambulacral plates
posterior edge
of nearly uniform size sides of the test, nar
along becoming gradually
rower ? 129 fathoms.
towards actinostome. Station 192,

Loveni, A. nov. sp.

Palceotropus Ag.,

Differs from theWest Indian P. Josephines in being more elongate,

in having its breadth near the apical
greatest posterior extremity;
on the contrary,
nearer the anterior extremity. It has also a
system,
subanal fasciole; the anus is placed on the upper plane of the
larger
truncated end; its greatest diameter is horizontal, the pos
posterior
terior part of the actinal plastron forms a rounded keel. ? Station

210, 375 fathoms.

Pourtalesia A. nov. sp.

hispida, Ag.,

The of Pourtalesia proper are into two

species readily separated
from the character of thetest, the one such rectan
groups containing
forms, or more or less bottle-shaped forms, as two of the
gular species
of Pourtalesia known P. with the
previously (P. miranda, phiale),
additional species discovered by the Challenger (P. laguncula, P. his
and such forms as P. and P. rosea, which are more
pida), ceratopyga
or less in outline when seen from above, their broad anterior
triangular
towards the anal end, while the rectangu
extremity sloping gradually
lar forms, such as P. P. P. are interme
hispida, carinata, Jeffreysi,
diate between the two groups, of the rounded test
having something
of the former and the flattened actinal side with the more solid
group,
test of the last. The P. differs from its
present species, hispida,
nearest P. in a shorter anal snout, a more flat
ally, Jeffreysi, having
tened actinal surface, a smaller actinal plastron, and a smaller number

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 205

of tubercles in horizontal rows across the

larger primary arranged
Its outline is more anteriorly, and more
primary plates. rectangular
? Station
nearly vertically truncated. Station 147, 1,600 fathoms;
156, 1,975 fathoms.

Pourtalesia A. nov. sp.

laguncula, Ag.,

This is very allied to P. miranda; it is, however, more

closely
bottle-shaped, comparatively broader at the anterior extremity, shorter,
with a wide anal snout and a more truncated anterior ex
vertically
tremity ; shorter actinal plastron, with broad fasciole round the anal
snout. This fasciole I did not detect in P. miranda, and as the
unique
specimen is at present in the hands of Professor Loven I am unable to
?
give its position in that species. Station 191, 800 fathoms ; Station
168, 1,100 fathoms; Station 232, 344 fathoms; Station, 244, 2,900
fathoms.

Pourtalesia carinata, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,

This is a large species with a

comparatively stout test, quite
gibbous,
apex with its breadth near the
posterior, greatest posterior extremity;
on median interambulacral line of abactinal side
largest primary spines
of test in the anterior and in the odd interambulacra; rest of test

thickly covered with small secondary spines, in size

quite increasing
towards the ambitus; on the actinal side the plastron carries still
on the of the actinal
larger primary spines closely packed ridge
keel. ? Station 299, 2,160 fathoms ; Station 157, 1,950 fathoms.

Pourtalesia A. nov. sp.

ceratopyga, Ag.,

Test seen from above, with rounded apex formed by

triangular,
anal snout and base with rounded corners and centre, as
re-entering
well as sides. Seen in profile, the outline is rectangular,
re-entering
with the anal snout projecting from the posterior extremity like a
knob. The actinal side is nearly flat, the abactinal outline somewhat
rounded while abactinal
is placed system
posteriorly (apex posterior),
nearer the anterior extremity, which also rounds off gradually. Seen

endwise, the outline is triangular, with rounded corners; actinal groove

less than in the species of the P. miranda type. The test
pronounced
is thickly covered by tubercles of nearly uniform size, irregularly
short slender are and carry
arranged, carrying spines; they larger
the abactinal keel and on the sides of the actinal
longer spines along
The color of the test, which is quite solid, is deep violet. ?
groove.
Station 298, 2,225 fathoms.

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206 PROCEEDINGSOF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY

Pourtalesia rosea, A. Ag., nov. sp.

of this were It is, however,

collected. well
Fragments only species
characterized by the peculiar shape of the anal snout, which is later

ally compressed, truncated posteriorly. From the few fragments of

the test found to a
they must belong large species closely allied to P.
?
ceratopyga. Station 272, 2,600 fathoms.

Oionobrissus revinctus, A. nov. gen. & sp.

Ag.,

This genus is interesting, pointing as it does to the affinity of the

Pourtalesiae and Brissina. It resembles Brissopsis somewhat, has
like it a peripetalous fasciole and petaloid ambulacra, and also pos
sesses a well-marked subanal fasciole what to
surrounding corresponds
a anal snout, somewhat like the beak of Echinocardium.
rudimentary
The tubercles within the peripetalous fasciole recall Macro
large
pneustes, and the groove at the end of which is the actinos
placed
tome, with the rounded actinal surface with its keeled actinal plastron,
remind us somewhat of the Pourtalesiae. of
The the test are
spines
pretty uniform in size, with the exception of the larger ones within
?
the peripetalous fascioles. Station 191, 800 fathoms.

cuneata, A. nov. gen. & sp.

Echinocrepis Ag.,

This genus has, like Pourtalesia, a actinal

deeply-sunken groove
and simple ambulacral pores the test. It has, like the species
piercing
of the group to which P. a outline when
ceratopyga belongs, triangular
seen from above, with base and sides and somewhat angu
re-entering
lar rounded corners, but has no anal snout; anal system placed on the
actinal side. Seen in profile, the apex is anterior, with
corresponding
the abactinal system. The test is covered with small tuber
uniformly
cles small slender with the of a few
carrying spines, exception larger
tubercles near the abactinal area in* the interambulacral spaces, along
the actinal keel and the anterior interambulacral spaces of the actinal

side, and round the anal system. Seen endwise, the outline is that of
a truncated cone. The color of the test is violet brown. ?
Station

147, 1,600 fathoms.

A. nov. gen. &

Spatagocystis Challengeri, Ag., sp.

The new genera Urechinus, and Geni

Spatagocystis, Cystechinus,
are the most Echini ever on
copatagus among interesting discovered,
account of their decided affinities to the strange group of Pourtalesiae,

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 207

as well as their in many respects, to such cretaceous forms

similarity,
as Holaster, Cardiaster, and Ananchytes.
The present genus has a thin test, an outline from above resembling
Holaster, but when seen in a actinal anal snout
profile well-developed
shows its affinity to the Pourtalesiae. Seen in profile, the outline is

arched until it reaches the which is

regularly posterior extremity,
above the anal snoat. This genus has a short but
pointed, projecting
deeply sunken actinal groove and a small anal pouch. The color of

the test of this is covered on the abactinal

species pinkish, sparsely
side by slender sharp spines of a uniform length. On the actinal side
are ? Station
the spines larger. Station 157, 1,950 fathoms; 147,

1,600 fathoms.

Urechinus naresianus, A. nov. & sp.

Ag., gen.

Urechinus and have not the sunken actinal groove

Cystechinus
which characterizes the Pourtalesiae. In these genera the actinos
tome is more or less central, and does not differ materially in its
structure or from that of the more normal The
position Spatangoids.
structure of the ambulacra, however, is, as in Pourtalesiae and the

other forms allied to them, different from that of the

deep-water quite
with which many of re
Spatangoids, externally they present points
semblance. Urechinus in outline and general appearance resembles,
at first but in the structure of the test it is more
glance, Neolampas,
closely allied to Cystechinus, having like it a nearly flat actinostome
and The anal alone recalls
large ambulacral plates. system Neolampas
its in a shallow groove placed above the ambitus. The
by position
differ but little from the olderstages, the interambu
young specimens
lacral over the anal system alone is not quite so
prominent,
projection
and the actinostome less sunken. The number of primary tubercles

in younger is limited to one for each plate, only becoming

stages
more numerous in older when the whole test is thickly
specimens
covered with fine slendar and secondary spines. The spines
miliary
are white, the test of a reddish brown color or pinkish color.
yellowish
?
The lower surface of the test tuberculated. Station 147,
closely
1,600 fathoms; Station 146, 1,375 fathoms; Station 158, 1,800
fathoms.

A. nov. gen.
Cystechinus, Ag.,

This has the appearance of Ananchytes, with the

genus general
ambulacral of the Pourtalesiae ; actinostome much less
simple system
labiate than in that group of Spatangoids. This genus and Urechi

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 208 PROCEEDINGSOF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY

nus, as well as and with the actinostome

Homolampas Palaeotropus,
in one form a transition to the actinostome of the
nearly plane, ready
Nucleolidae and Echinolampadae by the additional development of the
interambulacral tubercles in immediate to the actinostome
proximity
and their to form bourrelets more or less
crowding together prominent,
and thus pass into such types as which have the simple
Neolampas,
ambulacra of this group, with the actinostome of the Echinolampadae

proper.

A. nov. sp.
Cystechinus Wyvillii, Ag.,

The outline of test seen from above is nearly elliptical, slightly

broader across the actinostome. Seen endwise, the outline
anteriorly
is conical, with rounded apex and sides to ambitus.
gradually rounding
Actinal surface flat, sunken actinostome, anal near pos
slightly system
terior on actinal side. Seen in profile, the outline is also conical,
edge
with rounded apex placed slightly posteriorly (apex and apical system
coincide). The test slopes, with slightly re-entering sides towards
the anterior and extremities, into ambitus with a
posterior passing
near test. test is
edge of
rather rounded outline The whole
abruptly
covered with short, sharp spines, carried by the few large tubercles
on
the primary plates. from the centre of
arranged Ridges radiating
each plate to the side of the test, when denuded, a
give peculiarly
ornate appearance. The color of the test is violet, spines of same

color, darker. Test thin and very variable in outline

quite according
to age.
specimens
are
quite flat. ? Station 146,1,375 fathoms;
Young
Station 147,1,600 fathoms; Station 158, 1,800 fathoms.

A. nov. sp.
Cystechinus clypeatus, Ag.,

Judging from the fragments of the test of this species, it must have
to a very size, five or six inches in diameter.
grown large probably
It differs from the preceding species in having a much shorter test;
the arrangement of the plates of the anal system is quite different%in
this and the preceding species. In C. although the speci
clypeatus,
mens are there are fewer plates the anal system than
larger, covering
in G. Wyvillii ; in this species the genital plates are also much larger
in proportion. from a of the actinostome, the
Judging fragment
actinal surface was more covered with tubercles than
closely primary
in the preceding species. ? Station 133,1,900 fathoms; Station 205,
1,050 fathoms.

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 209

vesica, A. nov. sp.

Cystechinus Ag.,

This species is at once distinguished from its congeners by the flex

ible nature of the test. This is so thin that its mere weight out of
alcohol is sufficient to change the shape of the test, which has, when
seen in profile, much the appearance of an old felt hat. The outline
of the flat actinal surface is regularly elliptical. The anal system is
placed just beyond the edge of the ambitus; the whole actinal surface
is more thickly covered large primary
by tubercles than the abactinal
of the test, where are more distant; the spines are short,
part they
slender, the color in alcohol is greenish brown. The most
sharp;
character of this species is the size of the plates of
prominent large
ambulacral area, resembling, in this respect, more Galerites than Anan
? Station 153, 1,675 fathoms; Station 298, 2,225 fathoms.
chytes.
A. Ag., nov. sp.
Homolampas fulva,

The on which this was established was

species genus originally quite
small; it is therefore difficult to compare the two. Outline, seen from
above, is slightly width near anterior
heart-shaped, greatest extremity
across abactinal system; anterior ambulacrum anal
broadly re-entering
indented. A few large tubercles in interambulacral
extremity deeply
spaces curved rest of test on abactinal side carries
carry long spines;
short slender spines of uniform closely crowded ; on
length, together
actinal side, ambulacral areas bare; actinal and
posterior plastron
lateral interambulacral spaces paved with large tubercles
regularly
arranged and carrying moderately long curved spines; subanal fasciole

broad, in outline. Seen in profile, test

pentagonal slopes regularly
from apex, the short side anteriorly, the long side towards anal ex
is anteriorly truncated in alcohol, ?
tremity, which ; color yellowish.
Station 271, 2,475 fathoms.

vitreus, A. nov. gen. & sp.

Argopatagus Ag.,

This genus is allied to Homolampas. It has, like it, a subanal fas

ciole, but no lateral fasciole, a more labiate actinostome. The abac

tinal surface is covered by distant primary tubercles of uniform size
both in ambulacral and interambulacral areas. are more nu
They
merous, but smaller, on the actinal surface.

In this the apex and are the outline

species apical system posterior,
from above is elliptical, slightly re-entering anteriorly. The test is
quite low; actinal surface flat, regularly arching from apex to anterior
and posterior extremities. The plates of the ambulacral and inter
vol. xiv. (n. s. vi.) 14

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210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY

ambulacral areas of the abactinal side are of very uniform size, those
of the bivium however, somewhat than those of the
being, larger
trivium. Station 191, 800 fathoms.

A. nov. sp.
Paleopneustes Murrayi, Ag.,

A number of reddish-brown were collected, unfor

large specimens
all of size,the same so that I am unable to determine
tunately nearly
if the presence of a more or less well defined lateral fasciole is a suffi
cient reason for separating this species from the typical Paleopneustes,
in which this fasciole either does not exist, or in a very rudimen
only
condition. This is at once from the West
tary species separated
Indian actinal
species by the lesser height of the test, the smaller
the far greater of the petaloid ambulacra, the propor
plastron, length
tubercles on the abactinal side of the test, and
tionally larger primary
the shorter truncated plane of the in which the
posterior extremity
? 345 fathoms.
anal system is placed. Station 232,

A. nov. & sp.

Genicopatagus affinis, Ag., gen.

This genus has affinities with Holaster, Toxaster, and Car

striking
diaster. The lateral ambulacra and the odd ambulacrum have an

identical structure, as in Toxaster, the ambulacra are sunken,

slightly
the double the ambulacra above the ambitus a
pores giving slight
appearance, much as in Paleopneustes. Seen in the
petaloid profile,
test is hemispherical, with labiate actinostome and a flat
prominently
actinal surface. The tubercles occupy the centralpart of the
primary
on the abactinal side of the test. On the actinal side the pri
plates
tubercles are and in the interambulacral areas.
mary large prominent
The ambulacral carry but a
tubercles. Thefew
plates secondary
anal system is placed half-way between the ambitus and the abactinal
The color of the test varies from pinkish to green.?
system. yellowish
Station 157, 1,950 fathoms.

Hemiaster A. nov. sp.

gibbosus, Ag.,

in profile,
Seen the anal extremity is nearly vertically truncated, the
is close to the thence the test slopes to
apex posterior edge, gradually
the anterior somewhat the system, this is also
extremity, beyond apical
truncated and rounded, the actinal line is quite flat. Seen
vertically
from above, the outline is elliptical, widest at posterior extremity.
Test covered with tubercles of uniform size and equally distributed
over the plates, in the lateral inter ambulacra, where
except posterior
the are bare, as well as on the actinal surface,
plates comparatively

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 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 211

where the tubercles are and on the actinal and interam

larger plastron
bulacral spaces ; peripetalous fasciole broad in outline; anal
pentagonal
?
system quite small; anal groove shallow. Station 232, 345 fathoms;
Station 191, 800 fathoms.

Hemiaster zonatus, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,
The specimens of Hemiaster collected by the Challenger in the
of the from which Loven's H. was obtained
vicinity locality expergitus
cannot be referred to it at present, the differences between
although
them may be due to age. In this the are uni
merely species spines
distributed over the whole abactinal surface of the test, the
formly
anal groove is deeper than in the species, and the
preceding peripeta
lous fasciole is also broader. This species is more in shape,
globular
and to the cretaceous H. ?
closely allied prunella. Station 126, 750
fathoms.
Rhinobrissus hemiasteroides, A. nov. sp.
Ag.,

This is a much smaller species than the one which I figured in the
Revision of the Echini, and it is referred to the genus with some doubt,
as this characters which remind us of Metalia
species presents strongly
and of Brissopsis and even of
(the peripetalous fasciole) (anal fasciole),
Brissus proper. It has, like Rhinobrissus, the odd ambulacrum flush
with the test, as well as the broad actinal ambulacral areas
remarkably
round the actinostome, and the great length of the spines in the lateral
interambulacra on the actinal side. It has, however, the
posterior
lateral much as in Metalia proper, as well as its subanal fas
petals
ciole, without the anal branch so in Rhinobrissus.
large prominent
The apex also, as in Metalia, with the abactinal
corresponds, system,
and is nearer the anteriorextremity, which is posterior in Rhino
brissus. The of the abactinal surface are short, of uniform
spines
size, whitish color in alcohol. ? Tahiti Harbor, 20 fathoms.

Schizaster claudicans, A. nov. sp.

Ag.,
This pretty little Schizaster is readily distinguished from its con
the nar
geners by its high posterior extremity, nearly vertical, sharp
row clean-cut lateral fasciole, and the sunken ambulacral
deeply petals
an indistinct fasciole. It has a narrow actinal
fringed by peripetalous
anal placed immediately under the abactinal
plastron; opening edge
of the posterior interambulacral keel. Abactinal surface covered by
close uniform tuberculation above the ambitus; odd anterior ambu
lacral shorter than the anterior pair of petals.? Station 192,
petal
129 fathoms.

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212 PROCEEDINGSOF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY

Schizaster A. nov. sp.

japonicus, Ag.,

Differs from S. ventricosus in the posterior ambulacra pro

having
and forming a more acute
portionally longer, angle with the longitudi
nal axis. It has a very distinct lateral and subanal fasciole ; keel of
median interambulacral space a crest at that
posterior forming high
of the test, while & ventricosus is remarkable for its com
extremity
flattened and rounded posterior ambulacra
also
paratively extremity;
more sunken, much as in S. and S.
deeply canaliferus Philippii.
These characters are
early developed, and can serve, even in quite small
?
specimens, to the two species. Off Yokohama,
readily distinguish
8-50 fathoms.

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