MADE EASY Indls Bost Institute for IES. GATE & PSUs MADE EASY offers high quality Soersce me) ESE: Eand Gare Regula Wagkandsun necator el tcneigoc fe = {tenants sounded Pare asa lits} Fluid Mechanics —— Pog Z| a including Hydraulic Machines Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions RABE EASY fakeaiionsMADE EASY Publiatons open On: eA Ka Se tee Maes Heo i, Nw Deb Ema nomoperedryn hy (ora ons sc7207 watus ar wmunaseeoybteion og utd Machanesinuding Hydrate Machines © Copyih,by MADE EASY Plate, [Age we veerea No patel pubiston my bo reproduce, std or ineduced toatl ero wanenied in ay lam by any means (evi, mechanics sho-copying, ecg a fer) wou te por wn pinion ol ha bees ‘meron osteo is bck ‘canme208 age seed oy tA EASY MUPUCNIONS No pa oft pokey Berend Contents -— Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Machines Chapter 1 Fluid Properties... 13 RuldstaConinwm ——————- 1a Rata mapenis Some cheinporate epee vec. vpouePrenve empresa ny spe in Koes Sate Aan ne Chapter 2 Fluid Pressure &its Measurement 21 tatu Fumento 25 Penwereid—————_ roma Chapter 3 Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces. 32 Toulon Fee ena Pines Touiyeatefoeeonaenkane Tousen Freon Pane sutse—— 33 Pessuetiogam orm —— 1A Tonya on Cured rae Otte ben een Stade signe: Chapter 4 Buoyancy and Floatation, 42 hoywface 421 Ona Campi tengo 422. Ona Fay Submerged oy. Messen snd aan Ht ‘sobtyat submerged an sing Boies. {AI Tans or Une Say. ——— 4422 otal tiny. Decanter ign ————e 482 Thora Matas ever nalterising Bees 47 Tweed fame Cxnion a egingBoty=n——— otic me ee Sables — Chapters Liquids in Rigid Motion. 52 igianensoien521 Fu as sae nto near Aceleon—____ 522 Und Comainen sate onsune tena adem. 525, el Conner Sete toContnt etal aclon.——___— ar olden Moten 0 S41 Geel ong ia Boing wehisAaeesl__ ao 52 Gini Velcon gang ‘oehtsAuehodsonal bce Baines Stet signmens 08 Chapter 6 Fluid Kinematics. a 2 « ‘ype stew. eso of Pate. 42: Seeminetind Steams. 632 Pine —_ ot 623 Svakton enmity Ea. 64 Conineyeuaenin ann coorinieSytem_-—__—__ 109 642. Conia eutenin Gna ceorseaespten 1 ‘eclelon clu Pane 651 AcalaonGnatn Coenen 12 452. Tanger NomatAclrosto (5 hake hrCoenyai 2017 Notansland ntl tao Ceealan andy. sey Pat be fae Sader eigen ww Chapter7 73. Gls Eginenetten along the Sanne — 10 28 eenausqwtencteonsns te Santon 10 25 Anchset temo evan 7 eemulunlona Ene faut —. 2 1 Ree een ene MS 75 fepesiona Bema Epon —— = WP 7A Vertutte 743 oiiteesteer poe Moments aoe — 7112 Mementam Conon Fe 7.12 Arpleatoncl helnpieMmente Fate. 16 ‘gs Momence erent ef Moet Gi) an 27121 Alt Sse Pl, 7 beeen ane — Suber puigomen Chapter 8 Flow Measurement... 82 Othe 12) tapped re Otc Fee —— 3 222 a ToughLage ere c= 7 823 Fou though Smeg or Srmeedh Ohta 83 tute —— 1831, Few thcughon xen Gna 132 Fle tncoghConrgem and Degen 633 Pow high bien oxRentanter bord Notice 192 114 ow Though ance Moubpiace Under te Hees——____ gp 2 owes herons el Arter 183 ee 11 Romer conga Ship Cet woe ginger wetter ‘Wang Vc 02 ow dygmpoeicineerteh 204 sehr Overs Stppec Hecho 205 fea cs We 1247 opal or Seer ——— 288 Obed toe 288 tad Aspens. Chapter Flow Through Pipes.. 92 Reysd pene 95 LamotruicFicten 981 Fortainsefow 24 Veli Pinon —— 95 Fabs toxHend as ete Fen nM tos 91 OneyeitecnEgnien a7 952. CherysFoou 96 Geogr loves Foe 96) Nieto 4 ——— 97 Tealeeglne and ote ae ine 728 925 Yel tnway tne 4-228 873 HydaseGuetine eu. 28 962 Pal Connect 59 ow thcwha typ. 24 0 o 30 Siphon. 2s 2.11 anmlson of one a 912 WaerhanmerPrsiee 21 Wetec eres Wore 208 2122 Wows ate tamer 209 123 epupulen elena Wve 280 ‘124 DeinetPpe Tiaras 3 213 Rootes 20 4 sanchedPps ae 905 pene as 915: Matos. as Object Ba Tort usenet ——— 286 Chapter 10 Boundary Layer Theory..j 102 VaesTpeef Tne ound 258 103 dou tayeraogateng Pe 22 14 feud tae tgon or20 ves tonctncamenib as 264 125 tealandresgedag court 26 106 sususpents—————— te 1063 FrLniar Gendron Sn a — 266 1062 Fert ody enSnonh Rie — 252 ‘eoamanineyelManeem on 269 109 temday yrSepitin aa the benen——_———to Sire Aigner 38 Chapter 11 Laminar Foner 1 dan — 2 112. Dependent sharonPenue Get ——203 13. are. Chie 2 114 unter fortteer Two Foe aes 15 net Coan me 118 Momeni Grn ot —— 6 17 tamhueFiowin Ope Cinna? xpi ess Sues gee. 8Chapter 12 ‘Turbulent Flow in Pipes ievenrmrn-306 12 bodicton—— 6 np ‘Sew Suetrintutet Foe 30? 122) aos Ty. 0 1222 yeah a 1223 Pant Wiggs Teo 308 ‘aos Reson cen Fn 39 ama Smet and Rogh Bune 310 ‘Wc Orton Tbe win pe 312 aman rnd Yeo Dot Euaton feted nantly smeth and Rough Ppet_312 1263 Hydra Seth Pps 312 462 Rough et m6 tlc Dibuiole Temat ege Woy 316 1271 Seeth Pipes? Fin Facer low Tough Pes —319 pete en tte 8 ‘Sede eigen, Chapter 13 Dimensional Analysis pT brdecion 132 Dineen = 122 Oimentonitonogesey—————— 39 184 NenOimententtenel quo 0 15 meodte mena A 16 Note eae 137 Siete 1974 Gone Sing 1372 Kner ma 1373 Oj ry 8 as FoveRaes Dinettes 28 129. fe Omi Ss Mae {392 Wear of Otaed Hoa een ees 81 Suse Ages Chapter 14 External Flow-Drag and Lit. 354 1 ton se wi 13 bg as 43 Tp fog 356 1432 009 ont Shopes———__—357 4s enacted, ——— 386 443 end 8 Otpete toh eo aa Sse game. Chapter15 |! ‘Open Channel Flow 152, pes ————- us 121 Pemabetd Now pate sors 376 122 Rgdand ble Bounty hat. —976 152. Guuthaien ste —__» 151 Sense sendy ons. —————377 $522 blainandsenantorn Fon ” 1533 Guy nd ally ae low 277 1524 splay ad Fon.————____278 1535 inane Fon 28 1526 Seka ia an Super ons 278 155 Unlom ew ———— 1581 Cee Eguon———_—. 164 Mestearantaleron ten Sectanof hae 16) Fecangu Chara Setar 1562 taper Come Secon —— 142 argu Chae an 17 Cony tn ———— 15) Fest Fm 1522 Fespoay oi 1573 Fe Use oy ann BO 188 tery tour — 0 189 Specie Monet quem ana ‘SpccFoce ——— 1553 Spetctn $22 Horetumqasnvanrg Fan 1493 SpecFoee aleasen tie Oop 110 ferRecanga Secon 8 15102 Fer TangaeChae _ 1511 Chamel ans. 15 22Konaniom flow — 15114 Gann a Home — 15.112 anton Wah Contnen #02 Flatonemest Open Crore as 1524 Meeiog hes ts 14222 Stang Wave Fart iat Det oe. 1124 Raab ane 106 152 Guay vanes. Laos 15532 Raped ow 2 1514 suger Gpen Chore «29 514) Poe Sues —_ Cicer 88 Stade Agnes ——— +8 Chapter 16 Impulse of Js nan 489 et eihes Romain ston Fe — 08 162 eet on anton Sida ate 48 14a Feed by een Moing Fe Nowa se— 0 164 lesen Sefer Pt Mounted ensbeFeihary le! 165 Inseingenasynmecil sma Cone e851 166 aun oteveral Hongo se 681 Chapter 17 Hydraulic Turbine. AST Tayo tts Pant ssdaconofTablesen nase ergy tet a ro) 1731 Chenoa bins te alee ype Fm iti Tutine———A0 175. cent Pakon het ——— 176 Fans Tubine 197 plane 174 Dolce. 8 1743 Teese Dauber ———— 1743 etic On abe 179 Pesamnce raises Gat Consanteod Cane a6 1792 opeingghascteeCunes ot conan Speed Ces as 1793 coat eeny Conese Careers ene Cane. as pte Baers. —ao Chapter 18 Hydraulic Pumps. 81, Calapan ——————— 102 fHanesal mePomp———- 13 Mita Spee Stang Cents Po 687 1 choc aresof eng! Peas. ——€88 1843 Naina Canes ane 1042 Cpetiog Chace Cane 943 cont ey Cree AP 15 Recaing Pep. a 1951 Seteueionn Scion ety Pps ondtrDiage.——A90 ad efron onto Diag 91 bee besten —atts Fluid Properties FRM) 12 13 * Allis substance which defers continuo under he intuonceof shearing faxces no mater ‘how snallna orc may be, + Fuidare substance capabie ol towing and gy conan tothe shape the contalning vesse * Ts propery ol continuous delormaton in tectnicalteris known a Tow property whavas is rope absent in soi + lafis seat. ere canbe no shearing eves aeting and three, al oces nthe fui ust be perpencicular'o tha planas upon whicn ay act + Fuidsare classed as idea fas ana prac oral us * coal this are ose uid which have neler viscoey nov surface tension and they are Incompresible. nau, he el is do net exit ana theretore, hy are only tragiar Suis, Practical real ues ae those uid whch posses vscoty, surlacelnsion and eompreetiy Figs are considoresiobeconinwumic. .aceninuaus eetuton af mater wihnoweds ore pty space. Fluid Mechanies + Ful mechani ithe study figs at rest orin maton "thas been applied in areas such aso sign of cara, woe, dom sytem, pump ee. “+ The basi ins whieh are appicatle o ay td for analyse ol any problem in id mechani, re @ Tetqotcansewaiono! mass (i) Newtons second aw of maton (09 Thepieplect anguar momentum (0) Tho ett of hermexyramics () Theseconstamctthenodynemics Fluid as a Continuum * Ina idsystem, ne inert spacing between the i partciesistealed us nage sd tho entice fil mass sycem is assumed! 88 coninuous datibuion ol mass, which is know 98 Cone,2 | cil Engaerng PEM) «=| MADE Ens made enss ERENT] fui Mechanics | This eseumption i vais nt the id syste is ver large as compared tothe spacing between mass deny ond specie woig ya folowing rlatonsip y= pg: p = 719. Bon mass densy tapes, ‘nd specie weigh depend uson temperature and presse «+ Astconsequence fhe continu, enc uid ropenyis assured iohavoa cea vl at every 15. Spocie Volume : Specie volume ofa fuitis tho volume ote tid per ust weight. Thusikisthe ‘obtnspece Thus, ful proper such ex deni. empeakre nd veloc, condor recrocalol specie weigh ts general denoted «In Stuntepectic values expresses in ‘8 comin uncon fposian and tine bar spanner Ay ae oe Ved, C= an ana, To at pa Tn Ss ee ee da rabbnshcaadics rd en Fe ee ena oh pig agitepatn game i esp eyes sa Fs er ies eerie raemyie varices 2 domains eeluoeaed : _ ‘nn Hava) sponte pany pele 2 wots | 1.4 Fluid Properties ‘Specie weight of petra = weight per unit volume 232 = rote « 7940? re nana lah uct pen ST pastecsseseena ——— — ae pata aaanhee fetal eahsinet noms " Se oat rae ae eee ive ob vn ck oc etn er ple oes iaee caan niciact omremeenaee reas wom ccceonen «ETT ce pateunatecimarsonounecaebmemhiinvs edt So ee Cee ntl eter “+ Fotoning er some ol he inrve an extensive propaies of fie syst, ) Vcosty Gi) Sutace Tension (i) VapourPressira_ (x) Compressbily nasty 1A Some other Important Froperties 41 Mase Denaly:Maze deniy (or specife mass) ot fu Is the mass wich itpossesses par unit ‘olune ts dnote by asynbe (fs Sune kom 2. Specific Gravity: Secic gravy (pectic gravy, 5) ste rata of specific weigh (ee mass rey) dah ote spelen) ol ad fe The andar Pus * ” 8 covnlrconssonspowwai eC. 4 Fig (la aan ote) ton fa ate + nd vcheymmyetinas, Second , Soecows teccometn tcc eee ‘Speciic weight of weter ‘98101 1+ Consider tne behavior of a ‘Wis clement between the two infinite plates as shown in Figure 1.1 (2). 2a Dana (P20): ele os aoe ely of one strc wn spect wane troreetnpr hd comer aya tine et row apposed ; leash eaptnc wie ppp nett aggesctss hist casos The sWbEtONEE. Pre Fe tetsve shearing acon ie plas produces shear sess, wich acisoniefkis ekrmentand nee bse 100 contact ees trent wh ba ate date denty ot stance we respecta mtnce 4. Spee Wot: Spat w(t cal vigor faut ha wee pssests Lee eur _per unit volume. It is denoled by a aymbot , For water, tts denoted by 7,, ts SI unit is Nimm?, The ‘pate and 8F, tthe force exerted By the plate on tha len Gitte ES) Hsia Seed Sani4 Tommencous mane ens MADE ERSS ENE) Fuld Mechonics | 5 Vato poston al tid leer, shnn in gue (11) sal the deformation he id a —— {teen fom poston MOP a 1 A NOPAL t+ 8 OAPNOP ate = 2 dua he Impesed sheer sts. The loan ol te his gen by + NOTE Kr vz cav ial 15s eae Wen th BeapOSGD OPT TORT Detomatinrto fi Mf. 8 {asain of Vics with Temperature ie + ncas in temps causes a cere io veo of @ Datence btueen the pots Mans Ms Given. inisonenrccoegnericermewbtersaegoee | Tp Bie bubr “0 ouen2, sai nt ge ® + Mccttrsemepenvestennssnye | Euang Easton (on binary dpc ccheson eh cerensesninrease @ involina due btarperave increment wie n gases, viscosity "sd rpagprremewumvaniowneninseaseswan hee “keg tots fbn ses a wnnarbo df hcorbennecroeonenss Terrien Fee 12 Variton 1422 Wonentonan Fé, esa para ‘+ Fis for whch eneatstoss fs ot dey properional to detonation rate are ron-Newionien. Tootrpasie anc pantare the exapes of nen Nawenan fd. ‘Thus bo reo of angular deformation I equa to veloc gradlantae:28 the low * Non Nevin kis common ae clssved sing ie ndependert er bre-dependent behav. canbe categizedas Newonianandnen-aewlnlantuids. ‘+ Onine basis ctrtatenbetween tho applied sar evetsos andere of delormaion uid op 1422 Newtonian Fluide | +" Rsronncbn Setanta aomat Nevo i + Ascot Newareitvscosy shew ses hte paren other eon PAG Oreos pan oor oto j wae = abso ot araievesoely Booman * Wisi: ane gasin are Newran uncer ormeleondtions ee Dynami vor) Fro 13 (a) Shear ates, od (B) Appr vcs. Prelate ate + Falatonbateon sear sess andateo deornaion onan Newerian hid canbe rpresenied as + tc. 9.5. us nis expressed as pote’, 1 poke = 0.4 Nain? : ri + War 15 g (Whaire 181 104 sh (Bot at 20°C and standad atmosphese presse) Whore, n= tow ehavorinon, f= eonitany ince are i han Forneworantid, neti key =f an ees ‘Azowe equation an alo berepeseied ss inamativscosty : 1) (o 1 Thetnemate vcosy (is elo ase a fdas wiscosly oss desi fe id SYS) an thereto, «= we mt arenas eater were ned wy {is relemedas the apparent vie Orta ate con Ce Dacre Vstke= 0m LAC and at standard aimosphie presse Yaya < 1x 10° we 155 10% nis " WOTE: Dyna econ contan( eel loprain leds whe sparen scoly a) Gepende onthe shear ate, (ConnmadeeasypubliationsorgMADE EASY 6 | Civil Engineering Pe) «atop cre ian sa: Pprotepati esi appre sony desses inca aman aa Se arp nih our Sowers in aoe Teme cot gers, Woodend opt pat 2. Ca theeppa vend cee ube ato "> aie tome tect sear ecana) ‘Ex: Suspensions ofstoreh, saturated sugar sohaion. 4. bighon Panes babe sidan fs sek. 5 wae set wenn euaigaico rune, Tu carespend se ses otic yon 4:Cay apes iia ean aoe 4 Tahar gpa vac rico had ese nn unr aseer evinces Pon Pre 4. raconal ote vacony (spel th vba wh re nr ono oes opp jes Thea avn, ovr bated a afoced i Te said Bound a0 st ‘uray hot yet clacton eld steno witnavesamavelocty aso! ‘Note Kb tha eld cule. (i Visoetal Puids whl ter sme Gefrmaton pani rt obs gral shape ‘when tne applied sess lead euch fulds arcated Wscenasic. (uy Rheology: Branch of slence which dea’ wih tne sues o! ferent ypes of i beravous. TFiho velocity profieof a fuld over a plete Is parebolc with fre stream volocly of 140 envase oectrng at 20 er: om the gla, cslculete the veloc gralonts and shear ‘sass a disianco of 0, 10 and 20 em fom th pat. Take the vscosty ofthe id as 8.5 pole. elaon: Geen us ecm Distance of surace tem pote = 200m ly | Veocetsutec, D> tacts nf = econ pa nse Mtoe OT . ‘Tre veeoypoteigiven parable Heneequnton lois "es Pe ve apeayee © sure, bande we comnts Th! vues a dterned ha boy cenit (@ aly=0,u=0 ) aly=2em, us emer MADE EASY = uid techanies | 7 Em metro) _Subeuting boundary codon (ain equation (8 08 ono ‘Boundary condi (b)onsubstturon (gives "20 = a(207 + 20) = 400 + 200 A) ‘Boundary conan) onsubstiutn i equation } gives a Sv tered « + Qa 2eaxaebedaed Saling equations (i) ang i or sana 2 Fromequstion i b=-40a ‘Subaituing this valve in equatio (we ant "2 = 400 0420 (#08) * b= (40}«(-03)¢ 120 Substuing te valves o band cin equation () ue-03F+ ty ‘olocty Grasiont ey M gan oye i2=-06y+ 12 a y ayo gant ( ge 3 yon (B) peteemesze se nentoene ” syne (A) easement sie ‘Shoar grass is given by ( Shoorsress sty=0, (6) Shor sess a‘seg with giycerin, What forces required o crag avory tn pate of eurace ares 05 square malo ‘botwaon the two large plan mnok EASY FEEEEDRENE Woterce piace surecasaro2t om apart Tho space botwoon te surlaces faces a speed of 0.8 ms, (0) tho thie plots othe mide othe two plane stra, ond (0) ta thin plate Is ota cletanco of 0.8 cm tom ana of he plane eutaces? Take the dynamic vsvosty of gearing = 8.10 x 10-1 Ns. Assumalinarvelocy deibuton In vansvers devotion. sot Give: Diiancebotwsentwolaige surfaces 240m Aveacltinpisie, A» OSM? Voloeiyottinpiae, uw = 06m Viscosiy of gyceine, w= &10% 1 Nein ‘Caso-: Wher te hin atisin he mide! he wo pare sutacesasehewninFigue, Let,» Shearfore onthe uppe side ote thin plate , = Shear rceontho lover side ene Wingate F = Tesallere equtedinckag ne pate Ton, Fa A+ The shea stress (son he upper ee othe tn pats gion by oquaien, 3min) he capita ses neg + Lanarnr ube, ered uit oe adnan capt se Isqherby hs ascent St, "Va tube of rac is inseried in mescary (Specie gray. 5.) above rich @ Squid of pectic ‘ray, Ses tren he capiary ception nis gen by, + Mwovericatpates isance sport are hela partyinmercacin aid surace tensions snd specie gravity, then capi site cr desression his given by, b= 222882 ———————— 'NOTE: On reducing ve height el capa tbe ia hg Taquvod hag, he cavalo ol he Fad aac 'nside the capltar tube reavangos iso. Te oniacl ang ineeasns ler sinetace ana tdeceaces er a ‘onaweingiretaco FEEEEIRENE —Oorive on expr oct capiary rica betweon two verica paral patos ot wich partaly Immersed in liquid o specie gravity Sin tems of the dstaneot between iho lates surface tension «an Ine contact angle © botween tha liguld and he ples, og tia I i Upwardsutace asionloree = (6 cos0hx 2 o Woight ole nui elumn = ($949 91 ry Since, theetore euiTorum condition, the sirtce tension ke and weigh le igi clue ane ec rani) s@mADE EASY Postal Study Package ELIE] extbxeasd = &,9 ft Fuld Mechanics | 13 aden copia ofan anina Gee ube claim Gane whan vrmaraed (ar) mee. Th onpeauecl eg °C vd value oe euace tenn cl wlan acu a 20°C coat th a at 073 Nand 0.1 Nn specvl, The aloof contact or waa rr and tal or rer is 18°, Tako dans of waar at 2°C 6 98haie?. iy sotten Si Bara Sl m= 10%m Te captan eect cp iar pen gen by Zooud , doceso var” nad (0) Capilayetoct for water = OO73Nim, <0 4xoo7swcor0* 26 in? -SxOO7S C080" Pe KOI Bg Bx = 748x109 m= 746mm (6) Caplary eect far mercury 51m, 0 = 150° P= specie gravy 1000 = 136% 1000 19600 Kgin? i 4 x0.5txcos!20" Ta860x867e «10> 1.44 Vapour Pressure + For phase-change process for any pure lguio, there is 2 cerain Felalonship whieh exists betwaen pressueandiompeaive Ata given ogssure, th temperaire at which any but tau changes hase Giqut to vapouy is cao tha saturation emperlue Fo water, ie ‘eorcat aim +) Simi a a given temperate. the ‘Pressure a which ary iqud changes phase scatedthesauatonpressir,MADE EASY 14 | Git Engineering T2013) 1+ The vapour pressure ofa pure fq ie ceed asthe pressure exerted by te vapos in pase auitrum. is a prope of pure Fai vapour, + Pavia pressure is doined astra pressure ola gas vapour in micture wih cher gass, ‘+ Thus.inanepenaveasphere thou ol he iuid exerts parts pressure celia sutace hicis known asthe vapour prosauea the qu + Thus forasysemola put euidan ony vapour ol that gud. twee pressure diquidsutace ‘wll exerted by fnevapoor and hence tem paral pressure placed by he apo esse, 1 Thopressre value would be the ire wheter it's mented in fh vapne or iui phase. ‘+ Vapour press fhe iui neeaces wth temperature. Thus, alec at Wiha pressure alt ighertomoeratve : 1 Atoiing pit of he qu, vapour pressure becomes eqalioth alroenhatc pressure. 1 Vola Kids have igh vapour possue (Ex. Benzene. ‘+ Mercuryhasa very ow vapour pressure and hence itis an exclent io be used in barometer cavetion t : + Wnenaiqudows toa region heres pressures redvoedlovapour Frese. Ns vepering (oc bong), and vapour pockets o bubbles ae formed in the iuid, These vapou Bubbles a0 ‘aed aang wih Rowing Fi una region of higher prossur i resched, where ney suddenly elapse sth vapeur cancanses lui agen. Moreover, hase bubbles may aso colapse even athe port where thy are formed, because ole momar focal ncreaseln pressure ats ott ‘nena vapour buble cotapses a cvs farmed and tne surouncing iauishes loi. Ts process oration ol vapour bubbies ander clansing scaled caviation ‘+ Any cot stace inthe ity ote caves aio subieted to nance presse, bacase, evan ie envites ar nol actsty ath sold eurtace, he pseu is propagaid tem fh cvs by presse waves snkaro theta exzcuntered in wale hammer. Te formation ard colepse ote large umber of bubbles onthe boundary surface subject he surface oinence local ssa. ‘+The boundary suaceisthus serra suessec ard relevedaf the sss0s, thereby uimately damaged by aigue resulting in earcus econ othe eurace whieh is kon epi. “+ Lculds goreaty eon sore dsovedak, Tis dseched at rloacedas ie reste reduced ‘ad huss pokes r bubs ae foun quid, The a pockets are en ied a8 aocks ‘duetowtscn ait cavilaion occurs. “Ts pharoranon ol caviaionisaays accompanied considerable cise and Vals Ven necarlaion occu, he Bows curbed ow gassapnis camaged.ard thee slowered ‘Areaviatonis oss damaging ran vapour cavation ul oth educa eiciency equaly mane ERS EN) uid Mechanics | 15 ‘+ Protection agsnstenilaon: [@) _Toadopisuchahy use designathesysemutch would aris development ofl presse (0). thiisnorpossieto develop completly cavition ee regions e.g, n case of trbnes and ‘pumpe). we ean gol pci caiaton resistant materials 8 «coming suchas ays ot ‘Auris, Brome sinless stele. 145 Compressiblity and Elasticity Fis sao pees osc craracorates Me easlic sali 1+ Compessibiiyathisis quandatvely exoressed asinverse ole bukmodus of elasely Kot ta hi, wri dtinad as ee MOE ob shange inpressue ° Fan ~ ~[aV1¥) * Ghangein volmefonnal volume) + Ka 206% 10° Kg 18 10° Nie ‘ius, abou 20.000 mes rove compress than wal. Kt = 208 10" Wr? ‘raters 100 nae mora compress han soo 1__foviwy “rus, compas 8) = y= + Buk mds (of kd sot conan, be il increases wit incest in pressure This is $0 becouse when a hidmasa's comoresse, ts molecules become cose logethe and ia resistance tolurnarcompeesion nreacesi.o., Kincreates 1+ Foviquis,K decreases win incresetnemparalure while or geses,Kinereases ih erperahse 1+ For liquids snc tha bulk macius of lasts very righ, the change ol dens wih increase! presse verysmallever th herons possi charge encased. Accordingly in ecasec! lauds th eects of empressbity canbe eaglaced in most ol he problem: but case of water hhanmar, where he changes of pseu are etherlarge cr very sucen, Il nacessaxy 0 conser ‘hecllec of compressbiy of taves. elociyt sound vlacty of pressure waveina fu syslamis descrbedas, C= YR, where, ass deny of ai. ‘Algud compressedina cylinder has a velume ol 1000 en® at 7 MNF and ‘volume! 995 er at 2 MNinf. Whatis ts btk modulus of easy? “The cavitation rwznibor (6) is used to characterize the suscopiitilty GiMRa System 10 cavitate. (a) 200GPe —'{b) ROOKPa = (c) 200 MPa (d) 2000 MPa . Suton’ i tis defined Sau Changein volume {dV} = 995-1000 » = 5 em* ” (ores (2) = <3 veameicnin(2) - <5 ‘where, p= absolute pressure at pont under consideration; p, = wanaur pressure ot uid vd 060 pomasscowiyeiqua. Yereence vent store! count = 21 MN? + cteatmmain pave: “« + fhe gereneat dei oane thei ean eyed beeniy hy ca suk notes 8 = 20" 0 tn? 0 rayon besearoopecteontan = Themen cle serewnane 0 oce 8, emo) Conidae16 | Givi Engineering ET] DRRIRENN Wrich oi tong earract prac ornavobaiy leon act fe fe [a foc o & o — of wo & Selaon (6 —e v d= pdV+ ep =0 ol = $e _o Tu Keay thoraore, co: @ fe? siLusTRAnVE EXAMPLES | ivough avr narow 9a of alg ho hn plate lege onal aad | fat velocly V. On ona si a th pats io viscosity, and en tho othr side oof viscosity Calcvieo the positon ofthe pita so that () the shear force on the wa olds ofthe plate is equal, {9 hops rouied to cag the plates mivimuen. Assume ino veloc dsbulon in tansverae deecton, Solation ivan Letye the estance ol no hin pate from one one sulaces as shown in he Figure. i (0) Force pr unit area on the upper sivtace he pale au) v . “(G)-mah Feace por ontatencn the beim autace of he piste. -+(F} Vint ot Equaing he woe ge) G+ hey Tange ens made EASY en ** Goud (8) de, {9 Lol be to pul por unt areavasutesa cag bel reales}n() = Sumo he seat ces per vaca nba he utc othe pla, Forth be rir ‘ a” Ld FLW bY og ae i ° fe GD or the \uncaled cone as chown inthe gion figure ° Fluid Mechanis | 17 ‘Calculate the torque required Miho cr stata at 200 rp. Vicosty ofl n tho 2mm gap betwoon the cone andthe housing Is 2 pose. oe ‘Solutio ‘Conde he roncaled cans show inigulet Rand Ribot tai 21 op and baton al he cota afte vertex ange 20. Lethe coe is ‘olted at ngulr speedo arediee and re richness othe gap is (Consider an lavoriay ip of ne cone waa ‘Shear sess onthe sping walla! ne sp A) 48) “) ‘fecal slope wal al stip «2x (= 2 2 hha Srna etn) Torque stout cent eis du toss fc ont oT = Fe “ore (2Baew i Tata [at = 288%18 | Gill Engineering a2 anol“) A= (18-9) endo" = 25 un 0° 14ASem=0.144m ond A= 16lan 30" = 024m = 0.0828 m ns gots pe arses 28 202M tezmn=2x10%m : oo. (24) 2ax200 0) a +. Puig ne 2294 aceos uosin equation) 0.22088 7 . me fate) sRXO2*2084 {00 144)*-(00004) To Bat -nt)> Gaia saaal OM 00020") ” Te 235Nm ‘Aeleeve 10 cm long encases a vertical metal fod of 3.0 em In dlometor wih cada cleerance of 0.02 mm If whan Immersed in oof viecely 6.0 pose, he etectve weight tha sleeve Is 75N. Wil the sieve sie down the rod and iso at whet valociy? ‘eter given figure) Seaton : Given, = Speise 08 N-sint : he 002en= 2x 10m Let V=Weoaty oa sleeve won sing down. ey Shear sve, aa ngeut =00)xz ‘Sine a mri! veloc aceelraons 210 So, esas ere willbe 20 ‘Shearfore = Submarged eight ol he sleeve (epmar) donee) eux 3.02659 mit = 2.65 mis ‘A very small quantity of a liquid having a surlace lension @forms a cirutar spot of ameter D ‘between two glass plaies separated by a small distance h, sion forthe force required aera a MADE EASY “weadbsbiadoars) MADE ERS ENE sotution = Leippand p, bebe anbienipesoncundvresaseinde ‘te uldand aobe fa dilornce batween hen. fe, p= H.-P whore. 24> Py) ‘ne ccutr spot stable uid Mechoncs | 19 Texalfore on rig salace due to ‘iterncoin pressure = Tos} sulacetensonlece ov) = 2} 2 of » | sovtrereasesa pute ines anan Fe (S2"l a5) « 272 « 3(F)o0) i Timmay + pnsoisasmaanca dre coins) who aeaedi naar a shear stress. QD « Pacmosesune atts smstotin See et tetccrmemamtvendsesdkinnenie « Saimin at nie ih ener 1 neers iyaatarencsunteneswseérenyetot ae «Titres ian caters meena sn cuentas « eeeivasonsnasmnsmecat route irmeton Ne rn ptecUcbosetome terse Sroeeeas seer See risen ee mews neato | Sieestaceacetnensectoaweranes any ace createceatacs ce Important Expressions «coat (eveyone) Gugbheeniitianniong SSP BRE MRS20.1 cod toh mave ensu mane EASY ens Festus | 21 ee Ba 3 + Shear sesstor Nor-Neonian is Pressure ivensy pin excess of to ouside pressure eon dope: Psu hay pnces lw oe pment: 9! Presueinensiy pinescess of eau ress. inersiyn au ets» __ 2ecost Stef (AVM) _ (obip) Re: "e CCaptery sem orial : Compressialy : 8 Objective Brain Teasers { Whe dynanse vcd el Hau is 0012 ‘43 59 pois aris. 18 0.78, then he Wnt @ ns 255 siacosity in stoke fs Ec4 | Aluidindcaled the lowing shew: sess and (@) aise 0.182 aeametroee (@ 182 (3 182 i Tho woe ditibuon in mis nav the sls qin 1 a wallata section na laminar How's gion by nts) 10 35 20 99 = Ssin(Smy) l=5pose. Tho snow sass y= 0.05", in iis This thi i eassew a te) oar © 27 (@) Newonan (9) BrghamPasie © 9 (@ 2555 (©) Blatt) Peewopasic ‘solid sha dame of 380 nm, ees at XS Kerosne hnounsohave ebukimedvExcieacion and erection gives BE = ma,=0: pyayaz-payino=0 0 BE, = may=0) pyayteonyaytoos @ Geonatirasons ar : c= e080, 2 sin ‘op grat reaions h Equation (1) and) wet BPO ~ nee p-togar «0 Fer tnuesin| een, -+0 ten, P=6 amar 6 “hus, we conchae ol he presi aap ina id baste sane nagstdeinat ecto. ort 222 Units of Pressure 1 vPantnie 2 = 981 10¢Nte? 3. 18ar= 10°Pa io1sra 5, 1 psi = 6806. Pa, tam = 147 psi 6. 7. Pressure can aio ba epresntedin terms oleh fii cours. ‘Bc: Tim = 760mm ol Hg = 10:3 mol water, ow = my Srdvieo-arsa, ithe prossute oa audi blow arospherc presse, rs designated as vaciam pressure (or ueton presse or negaive gauge preesu) and its gauge values the amu by whichis below that ote abmospners pressure. ‘Abslule Pressure = Aumospheric Pressure + Gaugo resaue -AbelutePrestute = Aospheric Pressure -Vacuum Passure + Pressures agassumedio be gauce pressures uiess special designated ss absoe. Fore... 10043 (a ul toto abeoive essures. \ i 2.4 Variation of Pressure in a Fluid ¢ + Cane aalolerl i ex
5). ‘yesieraceuscy + Thepresaze gauge easton inne case + Temanoneie conan maremeui aus ol ilerex spect gravis ac ico \ when the te pais ae tse ove!__PHN22_ Ube Dienst aroma ‘mveachetnerangwrththe itor whic presse cree ito be measured Gi Per eik aves tania” RADE HST weal) aeons “raat TAGE EREMADE ERSH 34 | Clu Engineering + Latwepremuce aa ester an 218(2,> 9 Wentevtes ihr rarer i lak eo atin ain tho ight in by th same aun Silty ina tetena heave anon ctu ‘tat inte topo ard fin eet it pos FWA fed aaretocross-cecion sas! te basin and te ube esac. then snc te von ofr Fad placed in och bas cua thovolume othe deptcesin ‘ech othe tube fen acne aff) String tom patel gig oqutoncanbe bi Berta eansse(n ay +5) 15.-[15-Leay}s,-y.-ay) « 8 ‘Substitsing the vate fay and simptving tha above equation becomes Fqwe23s Meoraremee ea. 2 24.20 « f5.-8(1-2)-5, ] 8) Nacch= 3 -0:berte sow eu enews BeBe 89 9) “Atwo-tquld double column maronalerwithenliged ends/s used {a bigh precision pressure ciferenco between two polns ofa pipeline containing gas under pressure, ‘The basins ar pecy fed wih matty eleohol of epeciic gravity 0.78 and the lower poston ofthe {tube ted with mercury of specific gravity 19.8. Th specitic weigh ofthe gas whlch Is methane 18 0476 ain. pressure erence he Utube racing i 30 mghg the carter ho basins 15 ties tat oho Ube, Sofuton : | it, ad be ie presse nero al opts arn te pena. Easing he prestweheads ato wo porta 20d 7,93 shomn ie aeconponyng gre nap | Prue nQShe, 4 i Pious n BTR + mio.78) 4990.78) oar = Be Se seme ye 7e+3e128) | BB 6 201198-078)+ 078-0476 103) 23946 + 40.705) Pee Funher Axy = xa Fluid Mechankes | 35 zal noe EPS ° y= S08 Bt As UsPas2258 | 22 ees | Y* Bs by subattuing ese vais we get | BB. s616+ 220.7795) | vy | = 964.704 mm of water ‘= 36.4708 em ol wator 263, Mechanical Gauge + Mechanical gauges are those pressxe measuring devices, hich enbody anossicekrmon. ich alge under te aetna he appied pressure Pand his movement ales beng (mechanically magned),operalesa pete meving against a graduated crcumererial sale, * erat, ase gauges ate used or measuring high preseures end where high pe reaped + Folowingerethe ypesc Bemechanical gauges (@), Bourdon Tuba Presse Gauge (©) DeptragmPreseure Gauge (e) alive Pressure Gauge (6) end sight Pressure Gauge 0 kw Svan gauge Pancduser ad pazzalaclicWareacars aa alsa veedo oasuTa ISEaUe ‘Gusezoy Rocnelo sal ae etarpe of miter thal aro usednpnzcelctc ransccoss ALiustaarive exampies aa ioe enn ag shown ind oven fue aio 1 en? water nadies el ‘haute renedina, ten watt sin bw manac erate ie ‘san Let + = Original quid eet in th vical in 1 © Otigiraltiqu eval in th nines it Frome origina pressure balance Tenanibeceana _sanadeanilaonnay ) Crenmaiecanpiiictcag "MADE ERS36 | ct Engineering meogensy | mavesass — EMEMMNMM ontop tae ats: a eektn ims guar iti mear SM ernatoseconpnyra ous mE Fant bee eee ain" 125+ oan" ve ve a tran tate fara eras. cs Ae acta Tetalubinglength = 4a | Lengtvoteachtqad = $2 i 2125-88 4125410 4 ss-Sn125010 | ence uid font : ‘ i seta" 37 : | i! | Th fates wo bul vw aloo : pork: once! |r as shown te Foe. A Bourdon gave Ms comaced Wo the -Q | aca -(ters pe | evant 90 hohe Boron gaye Meomensiene [OS] soles : cuter tankreade 35 KP. An anotad barometer ads 780.nen of morcuty. fa-(Zans}aZoee " * Caiculate the absolute pressure recorded ai Mand N mm In of morcury. es z | sehen 2a Jeloce 7 Aeon grgorecadste ge reseuoreie oe prose _J rove (Gou}ejee 1 [| . ‘of the medium surrounding the tube. Local almospheric pressure Is. . mmettted by he ane baronet he pen ese eal | (crear ans aeate-rsarsets) lJ el, atmospheric pressure ouside te gauge Nis 750mm. _Raborertaco Tre pessurbtanceisPressueo Colarn DG + > Nowe absoue peseweatN canase:tecondnnnal ~ 35 108) = 01234 mmol me (fae2)mo( oes) = j aSiagr 09) ste mimtnecey algers) nof§e-) =n | ‘The gauge Meads relavorits surrounding pressuro of 1012.3 mm ol mercun( as) stoa—p) = Zal2oa PsP) pe 1elestc30) ‘glass tb of unterm boss bantinto is known thal «> Oand also x< 2a the form ofa Square of eldes a end illd wih equa amounts of 5 {hve mse be quis of dass pp nd pe kre tat Hoe ocse? 8.2 py Ibo We arangoment'spiaced in a yr lire i j 2 {le wo elds vorcal and il one of to vertical sides i complotely . 0 BatP Me gy | ita ith he aid of dos, ft [Aso since p< < the denominator (9 ~) i paslive. Hence he eroor is | (0 (205+ y= Spat « 205+)? Soe o br Hers +P) a i (0) Snow hat 5 (205 +04)> #22 5(09 +205) {) ltino lative consis o th stand hid ules ae {U0 and 1.2 respective tind to range ofthe rtalie \danstios cf the second laud which makes he above arrangomen possi, _ — Sanaa enimatccosypabiations on AOE eRst “yy wld am theory with Solved Exaroplas38 | Chit Engineering ‘Auosice 223: -, =F 25+, < (05-75) ” > 62 * 2 p> Afra +2) Merce rambles (nd) Herse0) 0,2 Loven) © netoner2 seer > Hous 2> Hos2n) ie > Mravaniay > s0%87 Aso P< Hs +00) < Jecsaeso) <1 tce 107 py 1.188 Find the differentia! mercury menomoter ‘9tugo reading shown In the glven figure it the pressure ciference between A and 2160.18 kgm? Sotton Let, and be te pressure iensiies the pins Aang ee reacng of he gauge’e.x as shown in gure = Bhe(034y)x006(rx109) = 4(188~08) +1030) Ye Yo) 1000 18> tae +026 156 x0 HS -o.120mor 220m. (24a) = S808 Bu, Hence, Sao) MADE EASY RIT 0] Dials pias Fas aa ot soem Gamat an plunge ol Sem dere Fd ha it Has by tyra pass when he face epatad at S00 ‘Fluid Mechanics | 39 nay Satution 5 ressreininsiyorpunger « Ftezonhnget Pressurinensiyorungr « Seen gues ‘ ae Nie tg - 10s. For Pascats a weigh supponedbyrom __W “Theprosurvintensiy neon = Naphsponed yam w | , aie > oases = W » suet. x007088 PEZEAISN = 22.20500 ee a directions, ere of equal magnitude. (Q . » cammensocntorepie apo pmennesmpar woatetan ons, + Sheneesnestsnnenrenesanaxnt ete + Monee eesmennesuesmiinssoetae eet he sect fdtiancepe temeracvnpansreonaee «Fume tbeneraninege peared atwesigu ners ima «inet nro oan rbedtaa renee ‘ehlomts tecrcesnuras emai mlatecentpssceagh "adoro obkomrceusou fe Amportant Expressions: € aa + Pressure ‘+ Fisapeessueatany point: 9 “+ Vasiaonin tid pressure wih dah + Pressuabend : he 2 7 Ciena practi oncag)40 | Civil Engineering Q? vise Ect ita mot cles drawn fora hid omen! x6 The slancard almospheric praseure Ie P2979) MADE EASY feasers cassette ut see ts ic {@) aceela nat touching the origin a localion was 91.52 kPa, Hf a pressure is 8 ©) act manger ag Iecndaes220%Palgne tts ‘ = tco unt (2) aontan te oma! areas as {2 eseoxPaians) @) ebBsiPaloo) Ronn, 20one {@)aeinton the shear sess ans f@) t1400%ea8) (a) eaonieotans) — | sn twatd lle ranometeris hoon ba Tapusntnnemndolowctepety 82 Twridemn tone enema ara, | ST Minnddoludmeroraeninn Ge cqawtoe0ma ware cond te a ware eo SerescMGjisacmweces0es Ga nvommonie shore gientoxs @ om 6) oem ‘et tog above damier the Kg teat ase Is carbon = 4c) 80m ) 100m ‘would rise in manometer lubes Mand No | noe twrachiidect specie gravy t6Dandligis ‘on the ight side is mercury. (0, ~ 4) 5254g()/m615025 Nin?) nd neste ray of re igul X fos. 075 6.3 The mass dansiy of a liquid wih varabie densi i given by p = 1000 + O08, whate pis ink; yismeasurediametes, “Ta cepn atch fe presture intensity ‘vo won a (@ 915m) 018m (125m 145m voy re xa Thopressurilleroncobetveen pit and Bwenraegocantorenes con wasm 1 (62en.06n) 0) ten sOen emma © tomanen) ( eremsdem ExB —_Nowmal sitesses are of the same magriiude » ANSWERS waaearenspaenet wp 2a ae ae fe 1a cnyona pea tenon oO te am oo we 0 onveennsnsbee io (2 emonanfaeisnotes et xa _ Rune tsiniogechon sua ( hstewerratoncee sued ‘teenie cementite 2 lay be CORRES dat ID isctenments snes pxonaia be pest fa) 926 fb) 105 (@) Locatalmospharic peessurois alnays ess a one (@) 1065 (8) 1166 tants stance sbwoechare peosouro Eat Acolain fu of epecic gravy 08 Hons agi Bes Ina mercury columntype baromolet, te () Localsimasphere presse dapands only ‘pmards tvough averical pipe. Aand Bare me carrectlocalamosphete pressuteiscblainod | cathe etevaionof ne piace ‘wo points on de pine. 6 being 0.3 mhighss by omatniycovocin So wmpar |, @) stpeeaneate Strata Srna Gage meyer nesnts dearer tncatococee mentors wtacupalatee dibestines Omen omen (9. seassanssamanroue ste comer tone Ataunia noes On owe es ‘Sioece'e'ne hogs e ne ony Ina cme tae mic cueconengrenigs tarry gg, enim mercury, M, « observed barometer reading in the specilic weight o! water as 10 kMin?, the ne rmacomoterensing ‘sranaleapsbaia)mave EASY id eas | 43 {42:1 Tota igdrostati Force ona Horlrontal Plane Surface r Sensier alone sfecabrnersedinastalemass ofiquidolpecifc weigh Y, sch Dat Risheldin hotzonal postenat a éopth below ne tree ole oft auc. (Fg 32) ‘Since every pink onthe saci al the same opin below He fee surface ofthe Lqud, the rossi scosiat over tneenveautece, Hist ota a ol he sua, then he ott emuameEs Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces erotic ta orzo srace, eee ee Fe pA (1H)A= 14h ” ‘hese ase «The decton ofthis loco wi be vera Sewnward ard nomst tothe sulace and wit act the cemaidf re sutace. 5:22. Total Hydrostatic Force on a Vertical Plane Surface + Consider a plane surface naving area A is sumergedinsiaiomass otiquidhaving sectic Mier "> Fiala or hyctosace heb anch oli mecharics in which svesses goersed in hic ‘woight Te sure cn vertical poston suet ‘ystems cetermined von kia lo safe conan Traine cenveidl surfaces ata cepa! Felon ‘+ Force exert by the this onthe suace wih which Ls contac is cated Total Hydrostatic, there sracoct he save (Faure?) Fores + Since the depth ol he iui vais om point to 1+ Since ora uid at ent, hear force es not ex. he otal hyctesatitorce acts onthe sure In pohrt on te srlaco the pressure ens sot the norma econ, Prosame alors he sstace ‘+ The penta sapeason ott soit oce onthe surtace is trown as Conve of Prssure. + Consider anoizenat stip oliiesinat ticaness + incase! plane surfaces, the la! hycrasac ore can be easy calculated becsuce rection oh fe, cettect pressure! pants ction oll yrosali orcas ays below tecemadothearea Tove “Gespar the cataceiealbmerged eral gap bebweon We cenvoal prosure ana rw TF cantcdol plane sxtace Tilsen ecauseas tie pressuebcomes greaierwihinceasing ‘epi, is velaton over a given aren bacemas eral in properion, ery making at ‘detbutlon pressure more nto, 18) taterat Location + Taking GY asthe rfornco ass gue 3.3) n he vericel cect, hing he sare wera pane lo viento alao atic yr, tonics, isihedstneccthecenrect presse olhopkne tice ‘end sihedstuoed be cereal preesuealthe cal rinente plan sstice.Theceiance ay be ctuming by ing ements abe 94. The meme about OW, (aie = Hedy Tekin itogaton on bath sides ese = oad iyo « (vil sg = thatbayy 7 pw Loon ar hifioe EASY uid Mechanies | 45 GGeometnc Properties of Different Plane Surfaces ee cai CPA te oo n Ey be oF 2 3 @ = 2. TRAPEZIUM 3 TNGLE tgs » » @ Hf = re h & be oe 3 2 S 12 2 2 a sot 8 a46 | Civ Engineering MADE EASY Postal Study Package FEREEETIN phere area into crn of ight angio Wiangfa of boight le immersed ‘erialy I water wih is verex a he wator surface. Calcul tho tla hydrostatic force on one seo of he vianguar plane and the locaton of he cei of erossue. Sohalon Tia ycstac owes Fe YAR = ‘peta 0 cael psn coi te as Oka OY omni sonny toate encnnducnroaageee no Taking moment ores cnthe element about OYand imograing Fangs FE Fe yay Fusge Loon h a Be ana dy= Boe Pe Mage E 5 PM tg, . HPO hen ity Bibbs d « ft tae» weet | Sinay or, I [ey Yeniy, = oecrr=fo7 (oy. 2fyaoy = 8® | = ov, = tec (Bor hare - wed \ wg TEEN 1550155 wie recengtr ute vnc andiohinged apart {115m Boh creo avy ol the gle The al ph of iter. What hte lrce most be pplad atte bolton gat tokeep ha gate closae? Soltis i “Toa neko ore acing on the plane sulac fhe gat is ive by i Fe th i A= Q6x 15) 5 _wonumadeeasypubilatins.ers ) uid Mechanics | 47 mabe EASY EET By subsitaton Fe 1000 (36% 15) 42 26000 [Duara TOU Te also a uo tio Jo convert vali Aci res mkt —— nal | | | | Teele pen oer = CT ha Ltt 4 <15x(36)° ie ‘Hea i 342 40257-44570 | LelFbe thalorceequred tebe sept a te batom ofthe gate to keep teased i ytukng ments ofthe res about ing and aquaing wo 2eolor equim we get | F° (348-0 15)-22680(0257-0.15)= 0 \ | 2680 «0.107 r= PaO sar th 323. Total Hydrostatic Force on Inclined Plane Surface ‘we 34 Tob hylat enon an nine plane srace + Letaplane sulace ol are Ais submerged whol info soci weigh The surface ishols ‘sled and mskng an ange wih haze. Th iassecton of he plane in wh sacs is pce ond in eo srt ol the qu ireprosertt by axis OO, ” Trey inaanedaneis EDAB | Civil Engineering NENT HOE BEE Let ond 5 arte astsneotcenrid othe area tam he ie sustace lhe quar ats 00 song a ncined plane reepectnay. Asmat sip! sea a ayn aa vera ep ol and y distance toms 00. Toalnytessts ace one tps = He n= yond : = yiysnyca ‘Avoijngeteeaion on bah ie Fe analytan) ‘ce = A st mmertertiaat een about mis OO} Fe Alps) B= pono Faw ©) These, te tl hyroteetcasen vera andincead ues nr equsland dependence roan tension 3234 Cente of Presse for nines Pine Surface {a)Vertattcaton + Lat Fy be he depth a ho conte a pressure bolo te rao surace oh guid andi nctned ‘stance rom ie axis OO ba , Since, dF= 1S (ye) for ha sma tp, tue rement of oat npc force onthe ep abut xis 00 is (coy = 1500 208) ‘Apna igri on bat ices, Kory = hsnayeany Wea ef, (secondmamertlinriaot stip about es 00) Fi i= 2) Frompaaielassiheorn, be tar As? Pting te vas lin quaton(9).we get yainofla +A") o> alsin) « inn Pre ar (0) ayer scenes mE ENS wanaahpnplblaey ) Fuld Mechanis | 49 oven aw atc, 0 0 aan Fae Boi tention prada roca ost OF pepo tone OO( OD sowinFgse(3.4h. wea coe goesivaeineapine ron Lasts Gaur theca cfpesette aorta sin ond toe abe dinate! ptare esas 3 oh Iheplone surlace, The moment teoialhycrota force aFen he smal sip abou the i OF i (cha = yan The eudlggtle omens of he fil hytesints fee onal such sips consieres on he plone ste helo, 0 hon In goa fgut Seta: Shee, wea, ‘ Ae #20360" ad O86 roy Consider wo vangusrlamings ol baso® archeighth. a shown nig. Considering he aie 0 ne tele i | | |50 | hail Engineering CES] «0 mADE EASY | mace ens’ = EROEMIATS id weehoics | $1 33 = Poimalapptcatonotresutentiers=CG.cliteprism jected on to plata, Forthe presen cas, 7g Gente of pressure: By syrenaty os Pressure Diagram or Prism + Apresoure dagremarprismisagrsoticalepreseiaton lhe varoon of he pressure inns over a surface (Fqw035) > + Tetalryeroviati force as wel orl pressure fora plane wrtace may be dterinedty roving pressure dagam. + Nexlrceon plleizequaiovoumectine pres rap. oie A. | tela 99 Wasad Faiqspotsevaye ht o e @ Figure 38 Prose dara (Td ple Ver pll Hoora le 3.4 Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface Consideracurvedeitace why sumed ina siti mas of iqu ol pete weight. het in Figure (2.7). ABCis the Wace of the cure suriace which exlondsin ie direction arma votme ‘lane o paper At any pont on he cusved suace the pressure acs norma the surace “+ Wddin be arenas eoment othe curves race hing ta varies depth nbebw eee fuslce ef thei, thon the toa hyrosae force onthe elerentary areas F= pioA=(tida part Lubin is acing i the eection noma tothe sutoce. 5 for = F= [pan incase ol cued auslace, dieton of pressine ‘aries tom pon opin. T solve hs problem Protaitnydrosiat force Fis berescvedine (hahoriona\andveriealeanpenets Fond Fy teapecive, The! nytosati fee dF acing eereccrmartary aoa dA can bevesawed ano Figo. Totyosa eon ened sana shorzolal anaverieateomponenis 3s fotos y= OF sind = pda 300 f= oF cosb = pdb coed sere de incnaion a eemesary area wheeze ‘By ene itegation ge [oti = rcs Fyn Joy = afedtense vi, (otha = vera jc leery ea c (crear nremtpreion emery area ch «Thus humains lrcecnte prota aca cl hoceved sae vera pare Irowiacrat ne conre persed! ne pane sae 1 Fricbewaghtetne tei covared nie prion exencng vray ato be caved sae FS ewes uta te Fu onc wot vag cane ol rai ote vlan ot is seemed onatoreerdng wor tneconea suze upo hie tec one ai «eter anya ufoes, rand Flac oneplaneandtereutan bo 1+ The tecional thereon! Finis horizon Sb on tar 3 Fi Ansome cases, tie te underside oa cued surtace, whch ‘i gubjeted fo the hycrostate pressure and the upp! side ‘of e curved surtace is rot subjected lo the hycrosatic pressure, The vercal exnponeriof eltalhy tosis tree fonthacuvedsutacathen acs upnards andesite weight ‘lanimagiary volume ct auld extending vertical tom Pe ‘euvod suaco uptothe lve! ofthe ee autace Fiquie 3.8) Therefore, F, = Weight ofthe laud In the shaded sre0 (#8008) Foueae paideapaiialer ee) eS «|52 | Civil Engineering CERN Moncancun ctracupd mand erste wlg nged ao ts vppar edge A, a shown in gu bolow. Th gale controls the How of water ore th edge at 8, whera the gate Is ‘rassed bya sping. The wale love sas toAat bo upper ‘e¢ge ot he gate Assume! 4. The hinge i Hctones, 2. The wolghtol he gatos negate. 3, Density of waler = 1000 kgf 4. g= 981 mst ‘The minim sping free (in kN) required te kos tno gate ctosed (a) 157 () 176.98 (757 (370 as.) Consider bed ciagramet ne uid block enctosed byhecievarsurtaceal he gale anes wetealwndherzonsh Doeetons, Te hyeretatc ores acing on tava and hotizomal plane sutacesaro deterinad es flow: Henzoraore onveriea swtace (Fn) Fig = Fe = DORA = patFi2iA = roo0x9.81%S (4x3) = 176S0KN \wiesoceonetoraaiartiotise raty= one «fat «ono )ea rar fut ‘meno! ARCS = meaot Ade 4 sea of ACB: of 10868 = ea ot aot» Meas ACB? od -( [Now taking moment about Innge an een «0 Fx Bea) on, x 2) (05794222) £1) [on9-29! 1 owe poet + cacao) mnoz EASY Fu techanics | 53 Peete 2073) ‘ejinaical gale (ache aroun in igure. Deine tha force” por mele wish of he gota to Keep it closed. an ign eae oie conga fy an vr Tate eA etmelherne senege roa Smeaton omos Nog = 8 o1081x58159625) a = 26B.7750N ofl) (4) shea = 88ers % = S79 mtomiqudsuiere Distance rom hinge = (5879-80) = 2879 i » Weight ol ieuid supported vericaly bythe coved sutacoot gle Fy = yalNolane ol ul supported) 1 rxlprenctreciang’ cobs Area of quate ele o20) sf 91-1069] 8869180 | Lazoevadiurcel©SelatedstonDehaoe.nganoss chen abeatogs woos | saan xine events) | ans | ] axa) 5 roabx2 4ox25-(1966% ~ 2 2868 fy Tala mement abouthe hinge, We get | Pate Fn(to dre 3 Five = 260775 x 2878+ 19983 x 2863 | = Fw 2607054 | civ Engineering ENT 2075] PBEEIEEI tours chowe« cyincer ot ao 4m glamor in egulibrlum. Cetouate #8 vertiea! component o force oxi by ho tid pa ate length ‘foyer end tll nerzatal prose foo scng on ‘ABCD. (ako, = 10] Soluton: Face cn (Sowa «eh AB gh KS - fon [2x8- fF} mtos09 - Amster Foreeon BCO(upward) = x20 1K OB 10) Fx xt0x1 eee oe 2 Netupwardorce = (128.03-687) = 11995KN “Tthoizenalorce on ABCDIs equaltoxca on cuve parton AB + free on BC foycean CODA | force ncurvedporion BCand CO wilt companeaed ence, total hznil force = Fores oncume AB, Fas Ye S.A = FyxtOx08x2K 11 = INC) EEENEEEAM |For tho system shown i which the rectangular hingad gate wil ust bogin to rotate courtar cick. + pore o ge Stee Soliton : cal AL Forceduetoct, A= (05% 15)=08mF mocensy | pace ens! EET) fastens | 55 few AS nears Fo Toe (i= 079)= 79521-52974 comeclreusatoce, | tee Bed ore Bish i" © 075) Sei SHO) = 1-075) 015. 75) Force dv 19 pressure, 1830 x(06% 15)=27 481 Conte of pressure ate force (bee heal sutace) hg B= (H-078) | “Teliniting concion forthe gale a begntoreae counterclockwise is | i Felt 18s xl 183) | aren sa ta eB 85-119} arapicor- ti) gy | i 0.675 = rossen-szara {075+ TE} «27 x075 ‘on song by Walang eon H= 4.3. “Asomiclreviar gate having a radius of .2 mand wolghing 12kN can swing | | ‘avout itgdiometer wich Is kopt hozcntal The arrangement ot gat is as shown In given fqure. The ‘water surace on one elds 6,0™m above its dlamate,Determlna tho rime force required to Keep the gato c'sed. The gate lis ina plana raking an angle of 90" withthe wator surface, (Taka 9, = 979 Win inte given gue 0,0, Bs the seicteulr ge Finer witSoyed Bariphe”WRDE eb — ‘wermavadeeasypublcatons | t | i | | |56 | civil Engineering maveenSs ENE) i 1 i hess 3 Shee, e jue 24 erm Bema 1 “The total hydrostatic lorce on the downstream face of the gate is: F = conch CGelw ater sutace 7 = $.0+ OG sin 20" = 5.0 + O51 sin 30" =5.25m im Forcean be gta (normale parect the ga) ; a eamerznet ier) tn } aa a Fyx (910x722 1) 70828 x 10°N = TORZBMN Location at cent of pressure on OB padice yom (OSF oye deeyt le! pe Fo Bony 8 = ro ste{2) gt 080% 05 10 arom Subataing b=24m jp 02m Bayes \ Let Fg minima ore requis iti gio i Bytaling moment abot i ; Wa OG coe" = Fx OP Fx 08 1 | 2x051x 0886 = 11628 x082-12F, sina teapot ne cere of press on be dwrsteamiacaisgven by 336604512, te y= #59508 ss Fede : “Tho ond gaioe of@ lock are 5 m high and when closed includo ar englo of pease? sa. tee oF oko 625m EAC ate aad 0 0 Nes lad ep and te | ° a ‘atom ofthe gate 1 the wae owls are 4m and 2 m on tho vasteam and downsioam ses : ‘hus tne estan waar pessue aches respectively, dturmine the magnitids ofthe forces on te hinges due tothe water pressure, | Liss ener = (00810-70828) < 212.084 ‘abe NA? {sis the height of the point el application ofthe sasuftant water pressure on the gale, than by taking inerrant aboutbeerhinge, we oe ‘Given gue shows pir lock es. rare Ra(t-me)-hle=te) awiab awe pack oS o (212.485 x = 253.313 x (42.67) 70.828 (2- 1.33) 2 re 155m patcleachgae « S25 = 361m ~— SS e098" | Let Rand A arte eactons 3s shownin gue Since he galesinequlibdumunder tho acon ot ‘Taelotattyarestate force onthe wrsiveam ace of he gis forces FF and i, alihe ie lorces mus intersect at same pit. ; fy teat By symmetry, MO anizosetes angle. 39 Ae ox360= Wad? “ZuO= 20=0 fam Ps Fy Bld 14s 2)=2nI26H = 28STSHA The cere ne conteot presi on Rupr aces avenby j oer * " * an > A Fano ie, Ay< ye Fa 2126518 TaRaiaiionsas. WADE ERED resent Sole nee ROD58 | Civil Engineering nase neue ‘Since, the resullant hinge reaction is assurred lo act at the same height as the resuliant pressure os me ‘gion amaariss 212.4853). ! , ye PRAMEALEE gga 1 2 ng t2s-0a o1tsnh ee Ratancmcnagounasnmeda (Q «enous eres cs opraniot rks iperte ‘seton, knows ae cane of pressure is evaysa higher depn hana al which he ‘cent! arealis. + Fore conved surface. he component fhyarostae orceln any horizontal ection is ‘ual to the heros ove on te prejected plane suctace on a varia plane perpendicular tonal recten snd acts trough the cenvect pressive forte prcncted plane area “+The vertical component othycsia ove ona cubmerged cured sstacels ena t0 ‘he weghtofthe quid volun varicalyebove ho submerged sstceftheleveotino ‘nes srlace of Raid and acs trough the cet o rely che gid nha volume. Important Expressions "Teal hycosit ferewona hoieonial pane silace: ea Few + Tlatnyetostao force en anvartcalpione sutace: Fe wi + Fosioncenveol ress rerial iow ni ee tc: : 5. peasite iy = BR aly, + ortho cecarpsrt fox afhisAsing Veranda octeangmes y= efooso kes rove onsommeticatssace ‘An equlatral angular plate is immersed in “war a shorn a von Tou. Th come ot presare belowhewalersufaceisatadept\ol eatrotoulente tad ino ots fp Tn loce om oot tao ‘ost oom {a me fstanay tae src ty tote omphnowowba ee ste tres ol pgahe oer 0 nt ome wg at ‘Acslndica gate ct 20:mdaetr i hong ‘wor on one eae shewnin he given igure Thereautarvericacorperentalicectwaier per mtar wi of ate by taking, = YORNI foc water in kNnis 1571 © sue @ a0 (@ 200 ‘Actua plate of damater O's submerged in ‘nae veal 8 thal he tops pai sis. ‘atthe water suface. Tha conte of presse oh 6 Teltyoonictace: ox ar {& i tho be Doom ewer aca 33 3) sepia Gl ties ansiicionsie “Gommalecspibicananssey’ ——_madacnpabizadonrs at remem erst nt aepreaee asd | (cro men reiss serecsananantafictcti eps finoe tases Fis Mechanics | $9 @ soe @ noe @ 208 ( 9048 A circular annular plate bounded by two ‘concent oxlas ol diameter 12m and 8 m is immerse in wats wie as plane making an angle o 45" tho hoizonial. ihe centre of Inecirelesis 1625mbelow ra ree surace, he ‘oil hyo ere enone side ol he slate indie a ror ® 10 fo 4 @ 180 ‘Aretangul plate 20em x 0m’ rmarsed vertical in wae iis lnge: sido vera Te foal lovee on one sido of the ple ts ‘etiatad as 17.6 HN. he pate is wun in the veri pane ale certo! gram by 90° andi a8 ee lactors remain besa, hoe! force on one sen plate woud nom be @ asin (0) 15810) @ 176i (@ 195i) ‘tanith four equa vera laces ol ith WY ‘2d degtn Mis ited up wha qui. he fore ‘on ay vera face sequal tothe ere at he hoot wilde ) tai as Apiveledwatlolawaterconine witha’ \seuppored wiha‘og.e showningivn igre. hem, B= 10m, a=90", = 1000%gir? gs 1omiet ‘Theory with Solved Examoles 3“Tha fece ndvcedinherod duo Yo waters @ 20KN (@) 9004 60K (8) ox ‘ext0 A vera! plane mal gata szo i 9 m x3 ‘olde water one eda up otsop, The mament ‘ltyerostaic ston ga abouts op ecg inbNns [ake g= 10 m%] (a 20 ©) 15 (e) 625 aso = ANSWERS 1 20 3@ 40 Se 6 @) 76) Bie) 90) 10.0) xt Aredia gale eins 5 mol water above te ‘esl ala dam as shown ingen gu F's ‘hereaviantwatertorcnihe gai per mee tang ea ns mADE EASY f= 1244 HN, a = ocnation of At the ho'orfal © 10235" Te result passes troughne gerze 0. Acohical aie of weight 25 KN daeps ater Ira owing out of tar as showin given Sigur. Miheldinpostonby aconie wot (of fOHN connected by ating passing ove teins pues asin ive gue. be rmaxinumpeigh Holwalernih tank, which trl make tne eave uncon watho any 7 + ja iu ge CRB + Risaconmonaxpatence tat nctjec eas ihe’ andweigsles na lauio Manitdoesinat. Tis ‘happering sugges Balthere muse a verizal upwarcice which educa he weight of abe, «+ Recording to Achimedes' princpl nan abodyie measedinalkidscmeier whohy or pari, ‘isbuoyedoflladup by face wich is equa tote weigh efi placed by he boo + Thetcre whichis he bed ishnown os Buoyant free anche tendency forte immersed body 10 belted up known as Buoyancy. + Booyatforce aways et veriealy upwacds tcanrothawe any hrizenalcarponent 1 Thepontotappeatonel eee tween one bag hnown as Cente Suny. 4.2. Buoyant Force 421 Ona Completely Submerged Body 7 (Rieaippdetasypibatonsars “Tne resuant horizontal free on te Body sequal io era because th hetzontal presse on the vical projection lor bah ides sre equal nrmagniude and ‘pposieindrecion. + Consicer an eerertany vera! prism Mo cross - secon dA ol oho whol be On the lop end of Uheprm Ma procera force (pc) sexsi whieh Isang nf vrical downward deci. Silay on is otter nd a pressure lore (7,04 exertes ‘nce acing ine verical upward rection. hare, =A, Be= Mee 1 avai mergesy ASCO sown) | i % f< Figure 4 Compile Submerged Boy ‘Sco. p, > p- seo ret upnara free acls which s equa lo he buoyant force onthe erica! psn Ths, OF = (od D,0) « hy = By OA a ommADE EASY 62 | Civil Engineering 1 aVeqresents ne vlume oa vical ism Mc Int = ie) ora ‘eplingiagyaionon bth ios fg Jeo = {rove o tere Vip fe voumeal he su2ncrged be «Thus neon Easton incest tat te buen lore exerted submerged oy om tothe weight of re hid placed bya submerged bod «+ Trebuovart ire ete vericly por voughibecenreobjancy wich vin conces vite conoiine wun ol he id place ania "Wore: Fora whol aubmarged body ot hemagoncis eompaston the ene o! buoyany canes wih ‘contd ote boy. a 422. OnaFartially Submerged Body + When a bodys letng tthe tee su lace ofa Equi emai parilysubmergedin ha igi az shown Figure {42 wiv. Petop portion othe body remaining in contact ‘wha andisbeltomporion being subrargedintelqu. + nti case, ence the epeciieweghtoarisregiie as compared win hn specie weight lh iui, he weight colt i aeptced by the tp porn cl te body may be negieces. + Forhebodyoberemaininequlbriamconaton hebuorartxcemasbeecualionaveigotthebey, Figure 42 Feats tos le w secs. Wie = 0a ona We Tag as ™ Pee 9 Yas Thatta, er equim conaton Pra = Pa 9% v, > a a + Taakoe,nesionorgedvelmetacionstatoatng Fare d bodyisequliotieraiocline verge cersivehna Semen oot consiy of + vnenthecensy ets austoe gat ancne, Raat body becaes cone eee Fopee(s. 1+ Thereof actions igh ol ody ae buoyant ere muse ang tesa vance $0 {hater orant about any seis 200 OTE: Fara fay submergod ld wi Coolant Garay, ha bunjarifarcesaependanicl ie dines coftha body rom here sulace. Wis als ndepondent otha dens ho eo os. isiminniama ic) mADE EASY Postal Study Packag Fluid Mechanics | 63 Sy spp e ei clam gis proportional wah vohiccamn mraon oe less dens than a, the seme trperature and pressure, Hyrogen i ess dense than hum, but exemely ant, wheres heli is nar. Tis is he reason wy haba ged tensive fting balloons ‘90 % ci Ieeberg lime i Below eurlace and only 10% Is visible above | 111020, Fnd xs) Ihe deny leader dns of 63H anys) 11025 Kt? | Solan : Frome chines’ pnp B}a00). Be UpwordBunyntFarce = Wolf he Fit isplaced = Pasa Y= Panes #09 x 09-09% 1025, "i mataic cube of 20 em aide and weighing S00 Nis lowered Inte a tank | containing to Tul ayes of wer and mercury. Top edgo ofthe cubs al wster surlaco, Detorine ; ‘he posi of block, el Water Mereury injeriace when i has reached aquirium Solution: Vue the cute = (037 «27 102m? j 500 Then vntweigh ofthe cube = ss 125% 10683 = 18 $ KN “arto, unit weight ol he cube is grater than tho wt weight of rae) KNIT) ales an at rercuy (188.2). Hence, ten boy immersed ne te, he ody wile in conc wih both waar and arcu Letthe boom edge ol he cube be a a disrance x rom te wa ‘sper Nehimedes' princi, ‘Buoyant loree(F) = Weight of valerand mercury deplaced by cube [tO 198 9951 1000} + (030-1) «(030% 9.1 1000) [12007 Aa + 882:40.50-) 0 As perth principio oat, “The weigh oa bod = Bgayanifoceatequti 2 y= S00N From t)ena(i}wehave,” 12007 4ér+ 882 9030-1) = $00 1128s = 500-2648 moreuty wiertace 43 Metacentre and Metacent + Conte a boa foatng in aad i satay eauioien nd aete! upon by 10 f¥eas vz the ‘cit ofthe bay W ang at tha conta o the Srey Gof he bey anc he buoyant ree Fe sein ane centre al buoyancy &