Effect of Mineral Admixture GGBS On Conc

© 2021 JETIR June 2021, Volume 8, Issue 6 www.jetir.
org (ISSN-2349-5162)
EFFECT OF MINERAL ADMIXTURE (GGBS)

ON CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
BY
Khalid Shaifullah Akshay Gada

Symbiosis Skills and Professional Symbiosis Skills and Professional
University University
Shreyas Galagali Shriyash Bhondve Tejas Aher

Symbiosis Skills and Professional Symbiosis Skills and Professional Symbiosis Skills and Professional
University University University
Under the Supervision of
Prof. Aniruddh Dubal
Department of Construction Engineering & Management School of Construction

Engineering & Infrastructure Management
Symbiosis Skills and Professional University, Pune.
ABSTRACT
GGBS is an eco- friendly product and is developed from a by-product of iron manufacturing. It is a high
quality, low CO2 material. The fact that GGBS has low embodied CO2, it allows designing concrete mixes
for sustainable construction. The manufacture of GGBS requires less than 20% of the energy and produces
less than 10% of the CO2 emissions compared to Portland cement production. This project shows the effect
of mineral admixture such as GGBS in the mix design of M30 grade of concrete. All the mix design stipulations
and test data for material was carried out with respect to IS 10262 and IS 456-2000. Compressive test were
carried out using Compression testing machine (CTM) for that cubes of size 150mm X 150mm were casted
and curing was done for 7, 14 and 28 days. The test results were examined and effect of GGBS on strength
and durability of concrete was carried out.
KEY WORDS: Mineral Admixture, Mix Design, GGBS, CTM

JETIR2106390 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org c858
© 2021 JETIR June 2021, Volume 8, Issue 6 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-
product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product
that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Ground-granulated blast furnace slag is highly cementitious
and high in CSH (calcium silicate hydrates) which is a strength enhancing compound which improves the
strength, durability and appearance of the concrete.
GGBS is used to make durable concrete structures in combination with ordinary Portland cement and/or
other pozzolanic materials. GGBS has been widely used in Europe, and increasingly in the United States and
in Asia for its superiority in concrete durability, extending the lifespan of buildings from fifty years to a
hundred years.
Concrete made with GGBS cement sets more slowly than concrete made with ordinary Portland cement,
depending on the amount of GGBS in the cementitious material, but also continues to gain strength over a
longer period in production conditions. This results in lower heat of hydration and lower temperature rises,
and makes avoiding cold joints easier, but may also affect construction schedules where quick setting is
required.
Use of GGBS significantly reduces the risk of damages caused by alkali–silica reaction (ASR), provides
higher resistance to chloride ingress reducing the risk of reinforcement corrosion and provides higher
resistance to attacks by sulfate and other chemicals.
1.2 AIM
Analyzing the effect of GGBS on the strength and durability of concrete by using compression testing
machine.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1. To understand the effect of GGBS on strength and durability
2. To understand the behaviour casted concrete cubes under compression test
3. To understand the pros and cons of using GGBS in concrete
1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

1. The experimental work involved was to conduct tests on GGBS concrete.
2. The methods at present obtainable to the portland cement concrete were
Used here as well.
1.5 MOTIVATION OF WORK
1. To study structural integrity of GGBS casted structures.

2. Desire to give effective mineral admixture while preparing Mix Design.
3. Lack of awareness in people about the effectiveness GGBS under compression loading
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 S.P. Kanniyappan et al (2016), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is a waste
product from the iron manufacturing industry, which may be used as mineral admixture to increase the
strength and durability of cement in concrete due to its inherent cementing properties. This study
represents the design of self-compacting GGBS concretes based on the efficiency concept. The
methodology has been successfully executed and a proper experimental investigation on self-
compacting slag concretes were evaluated for their self-compatibility and
Strength characteristics in both plain and reinforced concrete. This research is administered for an
experimental study of strength properties of Self-Compacting Concrete
(SCC) prepared with OPC for a mixture of M40 grade concrete with replacement of 40%, 50% and
60% of GGBS with OPC, to determine the optimum percentage of replacement at which maximum
compressive strength is achieved. The results indicate that the proposed method is for proportioning
mixes with maximum possible replacement of cement by GGBS.
2.2 Atis et al (2008) This research study investigated the compressive strength of concrete by varying
concrete mixture parameters with three different water-cement ratios (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5), three different
cement quantities (350, 400 and 450 Kg/m3) and four partial slag replacement ratios such as Glass
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%). Cube specimens of 150mm x 150mm size
cast from fresh concrete samples were used for compressive strength testing at 3, 7, 28, 90 and 360
days. This research study concluded that the strength loss caused by increasing slag replacement level
is more evident at early ages of concrete.
2.3 Er. Arvind Singh Gaur et al (2017), the objective of this study is to analyze the performance of
partial replacement of cement (OPC- 43 grade) with mineral admixture such as Ground-granulated
blast furnace slag and fine aggregates such as marble slurry a mineral admixture in concrete. GGBS is
made by quenching molten iron slag in water or steam, to supply a glassy and granular product that's
then dried and processed into the fine powder. Marble slurry is a waste product from marble industries
which constitutes to environmental problems all over world. In this research study limited replacement
of OPC (43-grade) by GGBS up to 20% of total weight of OPC and Fine aggregates up to
40% of Marble slurry. The study investigates the performance of concrete mixture design in terms of
compressive strength of cubes, flexural strength of beam & splitting strength of cylinders using
compression testing machine for 7 days and 28 days
2.4 Rajith M et al (2015), the study suggest that by increasing the usage of industrial byproducts in
our construction industry can reduce the pollution effect on the environment. This research study
specialize in investigating behavior of M30 concrete by limited replacement of cement and fine
aggregate by Ground granulated furnace slag (GGBS) and Granulated furnace slag (GBS). Cubes,
cylinders and beams were tested for compressive, split tensile and flexural strength to find out strength
and durability after 28 days curing. Cubes were used to find the ultra-sonic pulse velocity. Replacement
percentage quantity of cement and fine aggregate by GGBS and GBS were 20, 25, 30 and 25, 50 and
75 respectively. Water cement ratio utilized in this work is 0.45. This study demonstrate that by partial
replacing the cement with GGBS and sand with GBS helped in improving the strength of concrete
when compared to normal mix concrete.
2.5 D. Suresh and K. Nagaraju the research study concluded that the moisture content of GGBS
concrete mixes probably is due to the dense and strong microstructure of the interfacial
aggregate/binder transition zone and is probably responsible for the high resistance of GGBS mix to
attack in aggressive environments such as silage pits. GGBS is a good partial replacement for cement
in some cases and serves effectively but it can’t replace cement completely. But even though it replaces
partially it gives very good strength and durability and a greener approach to construction and
sustainable development which we are engineers are keen about today as it reduces the pollution effect
on the environment.
CHAPTER 3
METHDOLOGY
A) Design Mix Stipulations

1. Grade Designation : M30
2. Type of cement : OPC 53
3. Type of mineral Admixture : GGBS
4. Maximum Size of Aggregate : 20mm
5. Degree workability : 120mm slump
6. Maximum Cement content (OPC) : 450kg/cum (as per IS 456)
7. Maximum water binder ratio : 0.44
8. Minimum cement content : 320kg/cum
9. Type of aggregate : Crushed stone aggregate
B) Test Data for Materials:

a) Cement used : Grade OPC
b) Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
c) Specific gravity of GGBS : 2.90
d) Specific gravity of Chemical Admixture : 1.09
e) Specific gravity (at SSD condition) of:
1. Coarse aggregate of 20 mm : 2.93
2. Coarse aggregate of 10 mm : 2.91
3. Fine aggregate of N. Sand : -
4. Fine aggregate of C. Sand : 2.77
f) Water absorption
1. Coarse aggregate t of 20mm : 0.89%
2. Coarse aggregate of 10mm : 1.44%
C) GRADIATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE CONFORMING TO TABLE-7 OF IS: 383

4. Fine aggregate of C. Sand : 3.57%
g) Moisture Content of Aggregates
1. Coarse aggregate of 20 mm : nil
2. Coarse aggregate of 10 mm : nil
4. Fine aggregate of C. Sand : nil
D) GRADIATION OF FINE AG GREGA TE CONFORMING TO T ABLE-9 OF IS: 383
SEIVE SIZE % PASSING LIMIT SEIVE SIZE % PASSING LIMIT

40MM 100 100 12.SMM 100 100
20MM 97.04 85-100 lOMM 98.18 85-100
lOMM 1.48 0-20 4.75MM 6.20 0-20
4.75MM 0.04 0-5 2.36MM 1.00 0-5
20MM- SAMPLE WT-5000 GM IOMM- SAMPLE WT-5000 GM
FINE AGGREGATE IS CONFIRMING TO GRADING ZONE II OF TABLE-9 OF JS: 383
E) ALL IN AGGREGATE GRADING ONFIRMING TO TABLE-10 OF IS: 383
SEIVE SIZE % PASSING ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4

10.0 100 100 100 100 100
4.75 99.45 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36 84.07 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 56.25 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
0.600 37.30 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
0.300 28.01 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
0.150 11.50 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
G) T RGET MEAN STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING: M-30
f’ck = fck + 1.65S or f’ck = fck + X ……whichever is greater

Where,
f’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days,
S = standard deviations,
And
From Table 2 of IS: 10262-2019, Standard deviations S = 5N/mm^2
From Table 1 of IS: 10262-2019, X= 6.5
SIEVE lOMM C.SAND COMBINED IS LIMITS

SIZE PASS % PASS % PASS% 20MM PASSING
(MM) 20MM lOMM C.SAND 35.40% 23.60% 41.00% % 20MM,% 40MM,%
40.00 -- -- -- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 95 - 100
25.00 100.00 -- -- 35.40 0.00 0.00 35.40
20.00 97.04 100.00 100.00 34.35 23.60 41.00 98.95 95 - 100 45 - 75
12.50 -- 100.00 100.00 0.00 23.60 41.00 64.60
10.00 1.48 98.18 100.00 0.52 23.17 41.00 64.69
4.75 0.04 6.2 99.45 0.01 1.46 40.77 42.25 30 - so 25 - 45
2.36 -- 0
1.0 84.07 0.00 0.24 34.47 34.70
1.18 -- 0-- 56.25 0.00 0.00 23.06 23.06
0.600 -- -- 37.30 0.00 0.00 15.29 15.29 10 - 35 8 - 30
0.300 -- -- 28.01 0.00 0.00 11.48 11.48
0.150 -- -- 11.50 0.00 0.00 4.72 4.72 0-6 0-6
The higher value is to be adopted.

Therefore, target strength will be 38.25 N/mm2, as 38.25 N/mm2 > 36.50 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength using both equations, that is
a) f 'ck= fck +1.65 S
= 30 + 1.65 x 5 = 38.25 N/mm2

b) f 'ck= fck + 6.5
= 30 + 6.5 = 36.50 N/mm2
H) SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO:

From Table 5 of IS: 456,
Maximum W /C ratio for 'Mild' exposure for reinforced concrete= 0.45
From Fig. 1 of IS: 10262-2019,
The free W /C ratio required for the target strength of 38.25 N/mm2 for OPC 53 grade curve
= 0.48
Based on trials, adopt W /C ratio= 0.38
0.38 < 0.45 ..... Hence OK.
I) SELECTION OF WAT ·R ONTENT:
From Table 4 of IS: 10262-2019, maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate= 186 kg. (For 50 mm lump)
Estimated water content for 120 mm lump (increasing at the rate of 3 % for every 25 mm lump) =
186+9/100*186 = 202.74 kg.
As superplasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced up to 20% and above. Based on our trials with
superplasticizer, water content reduction of 20% has been achieved.
Hence the water content =202.74*0.80 = 175 kg.
Based on trials, adopt water content= 156 kg.
J) DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water-Cement ratio = 0.38
Cement Content
= 156/0.38 = 410.53 kg/m3 ~ 410 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS: 456, minimum cement content for mild exposure condition= 320 kg/m3
410 kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3, ..... Hence OK.
GGBS is used in Concrete@ 45% of total cementitious material content.
Hence,
Water = 156 kg/m3
Cement (OPC) = 225 kg/m3
GGBS = 185 kg/m3
K) PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE & FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT:

From Table 5 of IS: 10262-2019, Volume of Coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate & fine
aggregate (Zone II) for water cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62.
However, the W /C ratio in our case is 0.38. Hence the volume of coarse aggregate is
Required to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content. As the W /C ratio is lower by 0.12, the
proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.03 (at the rate of+ 0.01
For every ± 0.05 change in W /C ratio).
Therefore, corrected volume of coarse aggregate for the W/C ratio of 0.38 = 0.62 + 0.03 =
0.65 m3
For pumpable concrete these values may be reduced by up to 10 %. Here, 10 % reduction is considered.
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate
= 0.65 0.
= 0.585 say 0.5 m3
Based on trial, adopt volume of coarse aggregate content= 0.59 m3
Hence volume of fine aggregate content= 1-0.59 = 0.41 m3
L) MIX CALCULATIONS:
a) Volume of Concrete= 1 m3
b) Volume of Cement = (Mass of cement/Specific gravity of cement)* 1/1000 = (225/3.15) * 1/1000
= 0.0714 m3
c) Volume of GGBS
= (Mass of GGBS/Specific gravity of GGBS) * 1/1000 = (185/2.90) * 1/1000
= 0.0638 m3
d) Volume of Water = (Mass of water /Specific gravity of water)* 1/1000 = (156/1.00) * 1/1000
= 0.156 m3
e) Volume of Chemical Admixture@ 1 °/o by mass of total cementitious material
= (Mass of chemical admixture/Specific gravity of Admixture) * 1/1000 = (4.10/l.09)*1/1000
= 0.0038 m3
f) Volume of Entrapped Air = 1 %, i.e. 0.01 m3
g) Volume of all in aggregate = (a-(b+c+d+e+f))
= (1-(0.0714+0.0638+0.156+0.0038+0.01)
= 0.695m3
h) Volume of coarse aggregate (20mm)

= (g* volume of coarse aggregate * specific gravity of coarse aggregate * 1000)
=0.695 * 0.3540 * 2.93 * 1000

= 721 kg/m3
i) Volume of coarse aggregate (10 MM)

= (g * volume of coarse aggregate* specific gravity of coarse aggregate 1000)
= 0.695 * 0.2360 * 2.91 * 1000
= 477 kg/m3
j) Volume of Fine aggregate

= (g * volume of fine aggregate * specific gravity of fine aggregate 1000)
= 0.695 * 0.41 * 2.77 * 1000
= 789 kg/m3
Mix Proportion for Concrete M30:
Sr. No Material 1m3

1. Cement 225
2. GGBS 185
3. Water 156
4. Fine aggregate -
a. River sand 0
b. Crush sand 789
5. Corse aggregate -
a. 20mm 721
b. 10mm 477
6. Chemical admixture 4.10
7. Water cement ratio 0.38
8. Density 2557
Laboratory Observation of Mix:
Sr. No Observation Result
1. Slump/Flow initially 225
2. After 2.5 hours 185
3. Segregation 156
4. Bleeding -
5. Homogeneity 0
6. After accelerated curing 721
7. 7 days strength 4.10
8. 28 days strength 0.38
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
Results:
Compressive Strength of Concrete (OPC+GGBS) using CTM:

Avg.
Age of Wt. of Compressive
Sr. Date of casting / Load Compressive Remark
Cube Cube Strength
No. Date ofTesting KN Strength
kg N/mm2
N/mm2
1
8.927 876.5 38.95
04-05-2021/ 7 39.26 Complies
2
11/05/2021 days 8.882 906.2 40.27
3
8.967 867.7 38.56 with
IS: 516 &
8.967 1094 48.62 IS: 456

4
04-05-2021/ 28 47.42
5 11-06-2021 days 9.008 1052 46.75 N/mm^2
6
8.935 1055 46.88
Conclusion:
The compressive test results clearly shows that GGBS has increased the strength and durability of concrete
and gives much more strength than the required characteristic strength of normal concrete.
REFERENCES
1. B.Kaviya.R, Arjun, Rajkumar. P, Ramakrishnan. S, Subash. S, “STUDY ON PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
(GGBS)”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 116 No. 13 2017, 411-416
2. A.J.Jeya arthi, M.Hemavathy, M.Gouthampriya, “Partial Replacement Of Cement By Ground

Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag In Concrete”, PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt /
Egyptology, Volume 17(7). ISSN 1567-214x
3. Rathod Ravinder, K. Sagarika, K. Deepthi, P. Alekya Reddy, R. Spandana, S. Sruthi6, “STUDY ON

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
CEMENT WITH GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBS)”,
ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326668162
4. D. Suresh, K. Nagaraju (2015) “utilization of GGBS as a partial replacement of cement” Journal of

civil engineering, Volume 12, Issue (July- August 2015), Paper (76- 82).

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© 2021 JETIR June 2021, Volume 8, Issue 6 www.jetir.

EFFECT OF MINERAL ADMIXTURE (GGBS)

Khalid Shaifullah Akshay Gada

Shreyas Galagali Shriyash Bhondve Tejas Aher

Under the Supervision of

Prof. Aniruddh Dubal

Department of Construction Engineering & Management School of Construction

Symbiosis Skills and Professional University, Pune.

KEY WORDS: Mineral Admixture, Mix Design, GGBS, CTM

1. To understand the effect of GGBS on strength and durability

2. To understand the behaviour casted concrete cubes under compression test

3. To understand the pros and cons of using GGBS in concrete

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

2. The methods at present obtainable to the portland cement concrete were

Used here as well.

1.5 MOTIVATION OF WORK

1. To study structural integrity of GGBS casted structures.

A) Design Mix Stipulations

2. Type of cement : OPC 53

3. Type of mineral Admixture : GGBS

4. Maximum Size of Aggregate : 20mm

5. Degree workability : 120mm slump

6. Maximum Cement content (OPC) : 450kg/cum (as per IS 456)

7. Maximum water binder ratio : 0.44

8. Minimum cement content : 320kg/cum

9. Type of aggregate : Crushed stone aggregate

B) Test Data for Materials:

1. Coarse aggregate t of 20mm : 0.89%

2. Coarse aggregate of 10mm : 1.44%

C) GRADIATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE CONFORMING TO TABLE-7 OF IS: 383

4. Fine aggregate of C. Sand : 3.57%

g) Moisture Content of Aggregates

1. Coarse aggregate of 20 mm : nil

2. Coarse aggregate of 10 mm : nil

3. Fine aggregate of N. Sand : -

4. Fine aggregate of C. Sand : nil

D) GRADIATION OF FINE AG GREGA TE CONFORMING TO T ABLE-9 OF IS: 383

SEIVE SIZE % PASSING LIMIT SEIVE SIZE % PASSING LIMIT

20MM- SAMPLE WT-5000 GM IOMM- SAMPLE WT-5000 GM

FINE AGGREGATE IS CONFIRMING TO GRADING ZONE II OF TABLE-9 OF JS: 383

E) ALL IN AGGREGATE GRADING ONFIRMING TO TABLE-10 OF IS: 383

SEIVE SIZE % PASSING ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4

f’ck = fck + 1.65S or f’ck = fck + X ……whichever is greater

SIEVE lOMM C.SAND COMBINED IS LIMITS

The higher value is to be adopted.

Therefore, target strength using both equations, that is

a) f 'ck= fck +1.65 S

= 30 + 1.65 x 5 = 38.25 N/mm2

H) SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO:

J) DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

K) PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE & FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT:

h) Volume of coarse aggregate (20mm)

=0.695 * 0.3540 * 2.93 * 1000

i) Volume of coarse aggregate (10 MM)

j) Volume of Fine aggregate

Mix Proportion for Concrete M30:

Sr. No Material 1m3

Laboratory Observation of Mix:

Sr. No Observation Result

1. Slump/Flow initially 225

2. After 2.5 hours 185

6. After accelerated curing 721

7. 7 days strength 4.10