LEGAL TERMS

1. Abettor - A person who is found guilty of aiding and abetting. In criminal

law an abettor is an instigator who promotes a crime to be
committed.
2. Abduction - The wrongful taking away of a person.

3. Abate - To end.
4. Abscond - Escape from legal
procedure.
5. Accident - An unexpected incident.
6. Accessory - One who helps in the commission of a crime or who is a partner
in a crime.
7. Accomplice - A conscious associate in a crime
8. Accused - One who is charged with a crime.
9. Adjourn sine die - Postpone without fixing a date.
10. Adopt - To take into one's own family by legal process.
11. Admission - The statement oral or written made by a party to a suit, which
suggests any inference as to any fact sought to be proved.
12. Adjudication - The judgment or decision of a court.
13. Act of God - An inevitable accident done by God eg- thunder, flood, etc.
14. Adjournment - The suspension or postponement of the hearing of the case to a
future date.
15. Ad hoc judge - Judge for a temporary purpose.
16. Ad litem - A law suit instituted by a guardian.
17. Admiralty court - A court having jurisdiction to try disputes relating to maritime
causes.
18. Adverse possession - Occupation of land inconsistent with the right of the true
owner.
19. Approver - An accomplice who turns prosecution witness.

20. Ad valorem - According to value.

21. Affidavit - A written statement made on oath or affirmation before an
authorised Magistrate or officers. The person making the
affidavit is called Deponent.
22. Alibi - Alibi is a plea where an accused alleges that at the time when
the offence was committed he was elsewhere.
23. Alias - Assumed name.
24. Aliens - A person to whom ownership of property is transferred.
25. Alimony - Maintenance. An allowance payable to wife and children and
also to aged parents (Section 125 Cr. P.C).
26. Amensty - A general pardon for offence against the State.
27. Arbitrator - An impartial person chosen to settle dispute.
28. Award - The decision of an arbitrator.
29. Argument - A course of reasoning demonstrating the truth or falsity.
30. Amicus curiae - Friend of the court. He is one who helps the court in deciding a
question of law.
31. Attest - To affirm to be correct or true or genuine.
32. Appeal - Any proceeding taken to rectify the wrong decision of a court by
bringing it before the higher court.
33. Assault and Battery- Battery is unlawful laying of hands on another person.Assault
is an attempt to do a corporal hurt (body hurt ) to another.
34. Assets - The property available for payment of debts.
35. Action - The formal demand of one's right from another person made or
instituted in a court of law.
36. Bail - An accused person is admitted to bail when he is released from
the custody of officers of law and is entrusted to the custody of
person known as sureties.
37. Bequeath - To give property by will.
38. Bar - The professional body of barristers and advocates.
39. Bankruptcy - The proceedings in a court of law for the distribution of the
property of an insolvent person (unable to pay debts).
40. Bias - Preference or inclination that causes partial judgment.
41. Bigamy - Marrying more than once during the lifetime of the first spouse.
42. Bicameral - Legislature having two houses.
43. Breach of trust - It is an act or neglect on the part of a trustee in regard to his
trust.
44. Brief - Concise statement.
45. Ballot - Secret voting.
46. Bonafide - In good faith.

47. Malafide - In bad faith.

48. Black list - List of person or things with whom dealings are prohibited.
49. Bona vacantia - Goods left without owners.
50. Capital punishment- Death penalty.
51. Case - Lawsuit.
52. Cause of action - The reason for legal action. It is a bundle of facts.
53. Caveat - A formal application filed by an interested party to a court or
office requesting the postponement of proceeding until he is
heard (Section 148 A of C.P.C.)
54. Civil law - The body of law dealing with private rights of a citizen.
55. Client - Person using the service of a lawyer.

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56. Colourable - Seemingly true or genuine but false.
57. Commute - To change a penalty to a less serious one.
58. Compromise - A settlement in which both the sides make concession.
59. Confession - The admission of guilt by one charged with a crime.
60. Coercion - Committing or threatening to commit any forbidden act for
inducing a person to enter into a contract.
61. Common law - A written law based on customs.
62. Consideration - Something in return. That which is given or done in return for
the promise or act of another party.
63. Confiscate - To seize private property for a public treasury especially by way
of penalty.
64. Contract - An agreement between two or more persons especially that is
written or enforceable by law.
65. Conveyance - The document by which transfer of property from one person to
another is effected.
66. Conversion - The unlawful appropriation of another's property.
67. Convict - To find or prove someone guilty of an offence.
68. Counter sign - Assign or confirmatory signature on a previously signed
document.
69. Crime - An act committed in violation of law.
70. Criminal law - Law involving crime and its punishment.
71. Culprit - A person charged with an offence.
72. Chief-examination- Questioning of a witness by a party who calls him. No leading
questions can be asked in chief examination. Leading question
is a question that suggests an answer.
73. Cross-examination- Examination by the opposite party.
74. Re- examination - After cross- examination re-examination is done by the party
who calls the witness.
75. Curfew - An order or regulation restricting people to be away from streets
or public premises during prescribed hours.
76. Casting vote - The deciding vote which a returning officer or chairman may
have power to give.
77. Cause-causens - The immediate cause.
78. Causae sine qua non- An inevitable cause.
79. Cause - An ordinary civil proceeding or action.
80. Charge (civil) - In property law a charge is a form of security for payment of a
debt or performance of an obligation.
81. Charge (criminal)- In criminal law charge contains the name of the offence, the law
and the section of law against which the offence is said to have
been committed (Section 211 Cr.P.C.)
82. Chattel - Moveable.

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83. Claim - It is an assertion of a right.
84. Coroner - An officer appointed by the crown.
85. Contempt of court- Any obstruction put in the part of justice is considered as
contempt of court. The punishment is 6 months and fine.
86. Corroborate - Supplementary or additional evidence.
87. Collusion - The arrangement of two persons, usually rivals, to do some act
in order to injure a third party or deceive the court
88. Circumstantial evidence- A series of circumstance pointing to a conclusion
89. Damages - Compensation or money paid for an injury or loss.
90. Decree - An authoritative order having the force of law.
91. De facto - In fact.
92. De jure - In law or by right
93. Dies non juridicus- It is a day on which no legal business can be transacted.
94. Deed - A document sealed as an instrument of bond, contract or
conveyance, especially pertaining to property.
95. Defamation - Attacking the good reputation of another. Three are two types
of defamation. (A) Libel & (B) Slander. Libel is the written or
permanent form of defamation and slander is the defamation
by words or temporary from of defamation.
96. Defeasance - A clause within a contract or deed providing for annulment.
97. Deponent - A person signing an affidavit or a person testifying under an
oath.
98. Desertion - Wilful abandonment of one's spouse family or service, esp.
military service.
99. Devise - The act of transmitting or giving property by will.
100. Distress - The act of taking away of movable property from the possession
of a wrong doer compelling him to perform an obligation.
102. De novo - New.
103. Divorce - The legal ending or dissolution of marriage.
104. Duress - Physical compulsion or cession.
105. Demurrage - A fee levied on ships.
106. Easement - A right offered to person to make limited use of another's land
such as Right to Way.
107. Eminent domain- The right of Government to appropriate private property to
public use.
108. Estoppel - It is a rule of evidence, which prevents a person from denying
the truth of a statement formerly made by him.
109. Ex parte - The court's decision in the absence of one of the parties.
110. Equity - Fairness or Natural justice.
111. Evidence - It is means of proving or disproving a matter legally presented
before the court.

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112. Execution - Enforcing the order of a court.
113. Executor - The person to whom the execution of a will is entrusted by the
testator (One who has written the will).
114. Executioner - One who executes capital punishment

115. Felony - Grave crime.

116. Forgery - The making of false instrument with a intention of deceiving
section 463,IPC
117. Fraud - The Act of deceiving, misleading or misrepresenting.
118. Homicide - Unlawful killing of a human being.
119. Uxoricide - Killing of one's wife.
120. Injunction - It is a judicial proceeding where by a person or group of persons
is ordered to do something or refrain from doing something.
Injunction is of two types, 1. Mandatory Injunction- to do
something 2. Prohibitory Injunction- Not to do something.
121. Regicide - Killing of King
122. Patricide - Killing of Father.
123. Matricide - Killing of Mother.
124. Insolvency - The inability to pay debts in full.
125. Issue - Offspring or children.
126. Intestacy - Dying without leaving a will.
127. In rem - Against the whole world.
128. In personem - Against a person.
129. In toto - As a whole.
130. In nomin - In the name of.
131. Infanticide - Killing of a newborn.
132. Innuendo - Hidden form of defamation.
133. Inquest - An enquiry held as to the death of a person.
134. Genocide - Deliberate destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic,
religious or national group.
135. Intravires - Within the powers.
136. Ultravires - Beyond the powers.
137. Incustodia legis - In the custody of law.
138. Informa pauperis- In character of a pauper.
139. Indictment - A written accusation of one or more persons of case.
140. Imprimatur - Let it be printed.
141. Inquisition - The religious practice among earlier Catholics.
142. Inter alia - Among other things.
143. Implead - Prosecute.
144. In camera - Secret hearing and trial of cases.
145. In curia - Inside the court.

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146. In extensio - At full length.
147. Jurisidiction - The power of a court or judge to entertain an action, petition or
other proceedings. There are three kinds of jurisdiction: 1.
Pecuniary- based on amount, 2. Territorial- based on place &
3. Personal- based on persons.
148. Jury - A body of persons summoned to decide questions of fact in a
judicial proceeding.
149. Juvenile court - Special court for the trial of children and young persons under
18 years.
150. Bostal - Where young offenders are kept in custody.
151.Ipse dixit - He himself said it
152. Juvenile delinquents- Young offenders.
153. Jurisprudence - Knowledge of law or philosophy of law.
154. Legatee - One who gets property by will.
155. Legacy - The gift of personal property by will.
156. Lease - A contract of leasing.
157. Legal aid - Payment from public fund towards the cost of legal proceedings
on behalf of poor persons.
158. Legislation - The Act of making laws.
159. Liable - Legally responsible.
160. Libel - Written form of defamation.
161. Lien - The right to take and hold or sell the property of a debtor for
payment of debt.
162. Limitation - A limited period during which an action may be brought.
163. Litigant - One who is engaged in a law suit.
164. Locus standi - Right to stand. The right of a party to be heard in court.
165. Lex fori - Law of the forum. The place where an action is to be instituted.
166. Lis-pendence - Pending Litigation (Pendente lite).
167. Minor - A person below 18 years.
168. Mortgage - A pledge of land.
169. Malice - The intent without just cause or reason to do an unlawful act.
170. Malum in se - Wong in itself.
171. Mandamus - Order.
172. Maintenance - Financial support given to divorced or separated spouse and
children by the other spouse.
173. Martial law - Military law.
174. Marital law - Law relating to marriage.
175. Maritime law - Sea laws.
176. Maxim - A general truth or rule of conduct.
177. Misfeasance - The improper and unlawful execution of some Act.
178. Muta Marriage - The temporary marriage permitted by Muslim law.

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179. Natural Justice - The rules and procedure followed by every one. There are two
principles of Natural Justice: 1. No one shall be a Judge in his
own cause (Nemo judex in causua-sua). 2. Everyone should be
given an opportunity to be heard (Audi alteram partem).
180. Novus actus intervenies- An intervening act.
181. Negotiable Instruments- Which are easily negotiable. Cheques, Bill of Exchange,
Promissory Note and Bill of Lading are negotiable instruments.
182. Notary public - A lawyer who is empowered to attest the execution of the deeds
in writing.
183. Next friend - One who is admitted to court to see the representative of minor
or other persons under legal disability. Minor, lunatic and
unsound person is regarded as legally disabled.
184. Nexus - Connecting line.
185. Non-feasance - Failure to perform some act that is either an official duty or a
legal requirement.
186. Nuisance - A use of property or course of conduct that interfere with a legal
right of others. Nuisance is of two types: 1. Public nuisance; 2.
Private nuisance.
187. Negligence - A default or omission, which a person is bound to do.
188. Oath - A formal statement declaring the truth of a claim.
189. Obligation - Duty.
190. Official receiver - A person appointed to look after the property in bankruptcy
proceedings and in winding up of companies.
191. Ombudsman (Lokayukta)- It is adopted from Scandinavia. He is a person appointed to
investigate complaints of an administrative action.
192. Perjury - The deliberate and willful giving of false evidence
193. Partition - Division of property belonging to co-owners and allotment
among them in parts so as to end joint ownership.
194. Parole - It is the release of a prisoner serving his sentence for a
temporary period.
195. Per se - By self.
196. Personate - Posing as somebody else.
197. Pre-emption - The legal right of buying a thing before all others.
198. Prescription - Acquiring certain right of buying a thing before all others.
199. Probate - It is a certificate granted by a court to the effect that the will of
a certain person has been proved and registered in a court.
200. Promissory-Note - It is an instrument by which the maker promises to pay a
specific sum of money unconditionally to another on demand.
201. Proof - That which leads to a conclusion about the truth of certain
alleged fact, which are the subject or enquiry.

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202. Proviso - It is a clause in a deed or section of a statute, which limits or
qualifies the principal clause.
203. Proxy - A lawfully appointed agent.
204. Plaintiff - One who commences a civil suit.
205. Pleadings - A formal statement propounding the cause of action. Pleading
includes both plaint and written statement.
206. Precedent - Previous decision used as a standard in subsequent similar
cases. A precedent includes two parts. 1. Obiter dicta: the
comment of the judge and facts of the case which are not
binding on subsequent case. 2. Ratio decidendi: reason for the
decision. It contains the legal principles involved in the case. It
is binding on subsequent cases.
207. Precept (Section 49 CPC)- An order or direction from one court to another requiring some
act to be done.
208. Prerogative - An exclusive right held by a person or group of persons
especially, a hereditary or official right.
209. Presumption - An inference as to the truth of an obligation.
210. Privacy - Freedom from unnecessary public attention or interference with
one's acts or decisions.
211. Prosecute - To initiate legal or criminal action in court against any person.
212. PIL - Public Interest Litigation. Litigation instituted by a person, not
to enforce his own personal right, but on the behalf of the
public.

213. Prosecutor - An advocate conducting cases for the State in criminal proceedings
is called the prosecutor.
214.Special prosecutor – Prosecutor for a single case
215. Pledge - It is the transfer of possession of anything for the payment of
debt.
216. Poena - Penalty or punishment.
217. Power of attorney- A formal instrument by which one person empowers another to
represent him or act on his behalf for certain purposes. The
relationship of the person is that of agent and principle.
218. Preamble - A clause at the beginning of a statute or constitution explaining
the object of the enactment.
219. Receiver - A person appointed by the court to receive and preserve a
property in litigation.
220. Recital - A preliminary part of a document setting out relevant facts.
221. Respondent - A defendant in a lawsuit.
222. Redemption - Getting back. To liberate the property by payment of mortgage
debt.

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223. Remand - To send back the accused into custody.
224. Remuneration - Reward: pay
225. Rebut - To repel by counter proof.
226. Reprieve - The suspension of death sentence.
227. Res-Judicata - Decision once rendered by a competent court should not be
disturbed again. Once settled is settled forever.
228. Res-subjudice - Pending before the court. When some parties institute a right
with regard to the same subject matter the 2nd suit is barred by
res-sub judice (Section: 10 CPC)
229. Residue - That which remains of a deceased person's estate after paying
debts, funeral expenses etc.
230. Restitution - Restoration.
231. Solitary confinement- The confinement of a person in a cell in which he is isolated from
all others (Section: 73, 74 IPC). At a time 14 days and a
maximum of 3 months.
232. Sue - To institute legal proceeding by bringing a civil action.
233. Suo moto - By itself.
234. Sine-die - Without fixing a date.
235. Status quo - Same as in the beginning.
236. Tort - An act which causes harm to a person whether intentionally or
not. It is a civil wrong for which the remedy is action for
unliquidated damages. Trespass, Nuisance, Negligence etc.
237. Tender - Offer for acceptance.
238. Uter Utrius - Either of the two.
239.Verdict - Judicial decision.
240. Ultra vires - Beyond the powers.
241. Void - No legal effect.
242. Void ab initio - Void from the very beginning.
243. Warrant - An authority under hand and seal used in executing processes
in civil and criminal cases. The warrant signed by magistrate
ordering the production of some person before the court.
244. Cognizable offence- Serious offences for which police can take action suddenly.
(Immediately)
245. Non-cognizable offence- Small offence for which no direct action can be taken by the
police without a warrant.
246. Will - A disposition or declaration by which the person making it
(testator) provides for distribution properly after his death.
247. Verdict - Judgement of a court.
248. Warranty - A guarantee.
249. Writ - The command issued by the court to some person

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250. Waiver - Voluntary relinquishment of a legal right.
251. Transfer - The passage of right from one person to another.
252. Trespass - Entering in somebody else's property or right. It is both a crime
and a tort.
253. Trust - When a person holds property or right for and on behalf of
another he is said to hold the property in trust. The person who
dedicates property to the trust is called the author of the trust.
The person who accepts the trust is called trustee. The person
benefitted from the property is called beneficiary. Eg:- A
transfers Rs.1 Lakh to B in trust of the benefit of school
children. Here A is the author of the trust, B is the trustee and
school children are the beneficiaries.
254. Testamentary - Connected with will or disposal of property by will.
255. Polygraph - Lie detecting test.
256. Puisne judge - Junior judge.
257. Pro tempore - Temporary.
258. Ipso facto - By the very fact.
259. Volte- face - About turn.
260. Candidate - One who offers himself for an office.
261. Counter claim - A claim made in the written statement against the plaintiff.
262. Corporation - A body established by law for some specific purpose.
Corporation is a legal person.
263. Clog - Legal obstruction.
264. Collateral - A thing, which goes side by side.
265. Contingent - Depending on some uncertain event.
266. Corpus delecti - Dead body of a human being after the commission of a crime
267. Set Aside - To legally invalidate.
268. Auction - Public sale.
269. Assignment - Transfer.
270. Subrogation - Coming in the place of another.
271. Pendente- lite - Pending litigation.
272. Lis pendens - Litigation pending.
273. Consensus Ad Idem --Meeting of minds of parties to an agreement or identity of
minds.
274. Ancient document- A document of 30 years or more of age.
275. Amenity - Basic legal requirement.
276. Amend - To change.
277. Ambiguity - Doubtfulness.
278. Amalgamate - Tie together.
279. Animus - Intention.
280. Actus reus - Physical act constituting a crime.

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281. Mens rea - Mental element or intention in crime.
282. Vakalatnama - It is an instrument executed by a party authorizing an advocate
to appear before a court.
283. Voir dire test (Sec 118) (Evi. Act)- The test conducted for the purpose of deciding the
competence of a child witness. Usually the judge puts questions
to the child witness to test veracity.
284. Inter vivos - Between living persons.
285. Ex-post facto law- Law enacted after the occurrence of an offence.
286. Lex fori - Law of the forum or the place where an action is instituted.
287. De Minimus Non curat lex – The law does not consider itself with small wrongs.
288. Vicarious liability- A master is liable for the acts of his servant.
289. Quantum meruit - Reasonable amount.
290. Indigent person - Pauper, that is, a person who has no capacity to remit the court
fee.
291. Written statement- Reply filed by the defendant to the plaint.
292. FIR - First information report (Section 154 Cr. P.C)
293. FIS - First information statement.
294. Spes-successionis- The possibility to succeed as heirs of a person on his death.
295. Garnishee - Debtor of a judgment debtor
296. Attachment - Process for seizing any property in a civil case.
297. Novation - Substitution of a new contract for an old contract.
298. Partnership - Association of two or more persons in a business.
299. Domicile - The permanent residence.
300. Karta - The head of a Hindu joint family
301. Pious obligation - The obligation of the son to clear the debts of his father under
Hindu law.
302. Droit Administratiff- The French administrative law.
303. Delegated Legislation- It means the extension of law making power by the legislature
to the executive. Rules, notifications etc are delegated
legislation.
304. Pecuniary - According to money value.
305. Territorial - According to place.

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 LEGAL AWARENESS - 11. Who was the leading defence
1. In which case did the Supreme lawyer in the INA Trial held in
Court held the Narco analysis October 1945?- Bhulabhai
brain mapping etc, violate the Desai
'right against self- 12. The Chairman of the Bar
incrimination'?- Selvi Vs State Council of India is elected from
of Karnataka amongst its members,
2. We celebrate November 26 each ordinarily for a period of --------
year as National law Day -- year -2
because-It was on this day in 13. 'An advocate can stand as a
1949 that the Constituent surety for his client'. The
Assembly of India adopted our Statement is – False
Constitution 14. 'An advocate should not wear
3. Prior to the Advocates Act, 1961 bands or gowns in public places
which act dealt with the law other than in courts'. The
relating to the legal statement is –True
practitioners entitled to practice 15. Which is the authority to
in Courts in the Provinces of designate an advocate as a
India?- Indian Bar Councils 'Senior advocate'?- Supreme
Act, 1926 Court or High Court.
4. In which Country, the Supreme 16. "A person can be enrolled as an
Court Judges are appointed for advocate on the rolls of more
life tenure, terminating upon than one State Bar Council".
death, resignation or The statement is-False
conviction?-USA 17. Who shall have pre-audience
5. Which Committee was over all other advocates in all
constituted by the Chief Justice the Courts in India? –Attorney
of India on Legal Education in General of India
1994? - Justice Ahmadi 18. "Advocates are the only
Committee recognized class of person
6. In which case, the Supreme entitled to practice law". The
Court struck down the statement is – True
apprenticeship programme 19. Any person aggrieved by an
introduced by the Bar Council of order made by the disciplinary
India whereby law graduates committee of Bar Council of
would have to work with a India may appeal to the –
counsel before they could enroll Supreme Court.
as advocates on the grounds of 20. The 26/11 trial was held at a
lack of competence? – V. special court in – Arthur Road
Sudheer Vs. Bar council of Jail
India. 21. Who laid down the Hicklin Test
7. The British East India Company (1869), which is still followed by
was granted charter by King the Courts in various countries
George I in 1726 to establish - including India as the
Mayor's Courts authoritative test to determine
8. Which acted as the highest 'obscenity'?-Cockburn
court of appeal during the 22. What is the result of successful
British Raj? - Privy Council prosecution?-Conviction
23. Who was the first director of the
9. Which statute was drafted by National Judicial Academy at
the first Law Commission under Bhopal?- N.R. Madhav Menon
the Chairmanship of Thomas 24. The practice in which a woman
Babingtom Macaulay?- Indian bears a child for a couple unable
Penal Code,Cr.P.C.,Evidence to produce child in the usual
Act. way is called – Surrogacy
10. Which eminent lawyer appeared 25. Who is the only law minister of
for Aurobindo Ghosh in Alipore India, who received the Bharat
Bomb Case, who through his Ratna?-Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
brilliant handling of the case got 26. The main object of the
Aurobindo and many others Competition Act, 2002 is to
acquitted?- C.R. Das

12
 protect the interests of – written complaints from
Consumers whistle-blowers by the
27. "Yatho Dharmasthatho Jaya" is Government of India by
the motto of – Supreme Court Resolution No. 89, dated the
of India. 21st April, 2004?- CVC
28. Which is the first Indian state 42. The Child Marriage Restraint
to set up a women's court?- Act, 2006 is applicable to – All
Andhra Pradesh irrespective of religion
29. Which criminologist is known 43. Which Committee was
as the father of 'Polygraph constituted by the Central
test'?- Lombroso government for the purpose of
30. Who was the first Chairman of identifying the causes of Bhopal
Bar Council of India? –M.C. gas tragedy? –Varadarajan
Setalwad Committee.
31. The Narco-analysis technique 44. Moots, in law schools, are –
involves the intravenous Legal problems in the form of
administration of – Sodium imaginary cases, argued by
Pentothal two opposing students before
32. 'Brain Electrical Activation a bench pretending to be a
Profile (BEAP) test' is popularly real court.
known as- Brain mapping 45. The process of catching corrupt
33. Which is the primary law for public servants red handed
adjudication and disposal of while they demand and take
matters relating to children in bribe is popularly called the –
conflict with law?- The Trap
Juvenile Justice (Care and 46. The maximum number of
Protection of children) Act, amendments were carried out in
2000 ----- due to the introduction of
34. Registering, trafficking in, or Information Technology Act,
using a domain name with bad 2000.-Indian Penal Code
faith intent to profit from the 47. The manager of waqf is known
goodwill of a trademark as- Mutawalli
belonging to someone else, is 48. A witness who is unable to
called- Cyber squatting speak, gives his evidence by
35. What was the theme of World writing in the open court,
Intellectual Property Day, evidence so given shall be
2010?- Innovation-Linking the deemed to be – Oral evidence
World 49. "Ispo facto' means- By reason
36. Where is the headquarters of of that fact.
Intellectual Property Appellate 50. Which High Court building was
Board located?- Chennai designed by the French
37. World Intellectual Property Day architect Le Corbusier?-
is observed annually on-April Chandigarh
26 51. Justice Sarosh Homi Kapadia is
38. Name IIT alumnus and former the --------- chief justice of India
PhD candidate, who was – 38th
convicted by a USA Court, on 52. In a civil suit, the person who
charges of posting hate files the suit and the person
messages against former against whom the suit is filed
President George Bush on the are called?- Plaintiff,
internet? -Vikram Buddhi defendant
39. Which State, passed a landmark 53. Exercise of Criminal jurisdiction
Bill making voting in elections depends upon the-Place of the
for local bodies mandatory?- offence
Gujarat 54. In a criminal case, an accused
40. The action for criminal person, who in consideration of
contempt may be taken- By his non-prosecution offers to
Supreme Court or High Court give evidence against other
41. Which agency is declared as the accused, is called-Approver
designated agency to receive

13
55. "My life: Law and other things',
is the autobiography of – M.C.
Setalwad
56. The primary source of Muslim
Law is –Quran
57. Medical Science used for
investigating crimes is known as
- Forensic Science
58. Whether a person can send the
amount of fine through postal
department without appearing
in the Court in petty offences?-
Yes
59. What is the meaning of chattel?-
Movable property
60. The Central Administrative
Tribunal, with five Benches, was
established on-1.11.1985
61. Which is the usual punishment
(sentence) for usual "Murder"?-
Life imprisonment
62. The burden to satisfactorily
account the disproportionate
assets is on the -Accused
63. Who was the first woman
barrister in India –Cornelia
Sorabji
64. Who defended the accused in
the Meerut Conspiracy Case in
Allahabad High Court in 1933?-
Kailash Nath Katju
65. An advocate shall not promote
himself by
Circulars,Advertisements,Tou
ts,etc.
66. The judges, whose kith and kin
are practicing in the same High
Court, are popularly called as –
Uncle Judges
67. The National Legal Services
Authority (NALSA) was
constituted in -1995
68. The word collegium was first
used by-Justice Bhagawati
69. Name the Allahabad High Court
Judge who had delivered the
judgment in the election petition
filed against Indira Gandhi by
Raj Narain?- Jagmohan Lal
Sinha
70. When a person is bound to
prove the existence of any fact,
it is said that --------- lies on
that person.-Burden of proof
71. Which former Attorney General
of India had the privilege of
being a Law Officer of the
Country, during the times of five
different Prime Ministers?-
Milon Kumar Banerjee
72. In which case, 19 judges
presided over it after the charge
sheet was filed in December
1987?- Bhopal Tragedy
73. National Commission for
Backward Classes was set up
under the National Commission
for Backward Classes Act, 1993,
pursuant to the direction of the
Supreme Court in the ------
Mandal Case
74. To be enrolled as an advocate, a
person must have completed 21
years. But got a special
dispensation to practice law at
the age of 18 instead of 21?-
Ram Jethmalani
75. In which case the Delhi High
Court has held that "Section
377 IPC, in so far as it
criminalizes consensual sexual
acts of adults in private, is
violative of Articles 14,15 and 21
of the Constitution of India"?-
Naz Foundation Vs.
Government of Delhi
76. Who relinquished the office of
Chief Justice of India on his
appointment as a Judge in the
International Court of Justice? -
R.S. Pathak
77. "Creamy layer' rule excluding
– the well placed caste from
reservation was first laid down
in the case of Indira Sawhney
Vs. Union of India
78. The High court with the largest
number of judges is – Allahabad
High Court
79. Who was awarded the title of
'Living Legend of Law' by the
International Bar Association in
1995 in recognition of
outstanding service to the legal
profession internationally and
for commitment to the Rule of
Law?- Justice Krishna Iyer
80. The first chairman of National
Human Rights Commission was
– Justice Ranganathan Misra
81. Who is the Patron-in-Chief of
the National Legal Services
Authority?- S A BOBDE
82. According to the Grama
Nyayalaya Act, 2008, the
presiding officer of the Grama
Nyayalaya is called –
Nyayadhikari
83. "An eye for an eye and a tooth
for a tooth" relates to -- theory.-
Retributive
14
84. A doctor has -------- relationship law on the ground that it
with his patient. Fiduciary deprives him of his means of
85. Ossification test is done to livelihood?-No.
determine-Age 101. Release of a prisoner before
86. English Law is also known as – completion of his sentence is
Common law called-Parole
87. If a person goes away secretly, 102. Whoever has sexual intercourse
or evades the jurisdiction of the with a person who is and whom
Court, he is called---- he knows or has reason to
Absconder believe to be the wife of another
88. Joint heirs to a property are man, without the consent or
called – Coparceners connivance of that man, such
89. Who was the first President of sexual intercourse amounts to-
the International Court of Adultery
Justice?- Jose Gustavo 103. The Rule in HEYDON'S Case is
Guerrero called- Mischief Rule
90. A, an Indian citizen with a wife 104. The Supreme Court held that
and two children marries a evidence can be recorded by
British girl in UK-- He can be video-conferencing in----------
tried in India for bigamy on State of Maharashtra Vs.
his return to India. Prafull B. Dessi
91. Fiduciary relationship is a 105. --------- is the crime of arousing
relationship based on- Trust hatred or contempt against the
92. The right of a party to initiate an Government of India -Sedition
action and be heard before a 106. Which case is popularly known
Court of law is called -Locus - as the "Mandal Case"?-Indira
standi Sawhney Vs. Union of India
93. Penalty for a person illegally 107. First woman to head any Wakf
practicing in Courts and before Board in India was – Bader
other authorities amounts to – 6 Sayeed
months 108. 'No-fault liability' means –
94. Which Act gives the general Absolute liability even
guidelines on legislative without any negligence or
drafting?- General Clauses Act. fault
95. What is the minimum number 109. When the master is held liable
of persons required to further for the wrongful act of his
common object?- 5 or more servant, the liability is called –
than 5 persons Vicarious liability
96. The permanent International 110. Ex-parte decision means a
Criminal Court was set up in decision given – Without
2002. Its seat is at- Hague hearing the opponent
97. The maxim "Res Ipsa Loquitor" 111. An order of the court directing a
means -- The thing speaks for person to do something or
itself refrain from doing a particular
98. A's house falls in an thing is called – Injunction
earthquake. He sues the 112. The act of unlawfully entering
contractor and claims damages. into another's property is called
The contractor takes a well – Trespass
known defense and says it was 113. What does 'ab initio' refer to? –
an- Act of God. From the beginning
99. The maxim "ubi jus ibi 114. The ---- law relates to functions
remedium" means – For every and powers of government
wrong there is a remedy organisations. –
100. A lives in a dense forest in the Z Administrative Law
district of Maharashtra. He 115. "That state in which things
earns his livelihood by killing were" is called –Status quo
wild animals. The State of 116. Drunken Driving' is punishable
Maharashtra makes a law under- Motor Vehicles Act
prohibiting the killing of wild
animals. Can A challenge the

15
117. What is legal name for the name confession made to--------- shall
and fame of a Trading Firm? – be proved as against a person
Goodwill accused of any offence- A police
118. Lawyers are officers of the court officer
and are constituted into an 135. The First Federal Court was
independent profession under established in Delhi in
the –Advocates Act, 1961 December 1937 and it sat upto
119. An act done under threat or fear – 26.1.1950
is done under- Duress 136. A women cannot be punished
120. Who was the first person, for – Adultery
detained uder the Prevention of 137. The father of International Law
Terrorism Act (POTA)?- Vaiko is –Hugo Grotious
121. The Supreme Court of India 138. According to Section 138 of the
building was constructed in the Negotiable Instruments Act,
year – 1958 1881 the dishonour of cheque
120. A mortgage is of ------ property.- results in awarding punishment
Immovable of – 2 years
121. Reduction of a severe sentence 139. ---- is the law of the place- Lex
to a lesser sentence is called- loci
Commutation 140. Hindu law applies to any person
122. In law, a man is presumed to be who is a Hindu, Jain, Buddhist
dead if he is not heard of as alive or Sikh by birth. The statement
for ------ years. - 7 is – True
123. According to the General 141. Meaning of 'ex-officio' is – By
Clauses Act, "Month" is to be virtue of his office
reckoned as per- British 142. Who was the law member in the
Calendar Council of Governor General of
124. Rules adopted by an association India?-Henry Maine
to govern its action is called- 143. National Human Rights
Byelaw Commission is a – Statutory
125. Pledge is of -------- property.- body
Movable 144. Which is the highest criminal
126. 'Corroborative evidence' means- court in a district?- Sessions
Evidence which supports Court
other evidence 145. What is the maximum term of
127. The chief instrument through imprisonment for contempt of
which judicial activism has court?- 6 month
flourished in India is – Public 146. The Right of Children of Free
Interest Litigation (PIL) and Compulsory Education
128. A husband is obliged to (RTE) Act, 2009 came into force
maintain his divorced wife- Till with effect from- 1.4.2010
she gets re-married 147. The investigation, inquiry and
129. The language of the Supreme trial of offences under the
Court is – English Indian Penal Code shall be
130. In the year 2002 the conducted in accordance with
Competition Act was enacted the procedure in – Code of
replacing-MRTP Act, 1969 Criminal Procedure, 1973.
131. The Protection of Human Right 148. For Hindus, ------ is an offence,
Act came into force in – 1993 punishable with seven years
132. The Indian Penal Code was first imprisonment, even though a
introduced in 1862 in – Bengal Muslim can have four wives-
133. International Covenant on Civil Bigamy
and Political Rights and the 149. Which High Court was renamed
International Covenant on as Karnataka High Court in
Economic, Social and Cultural 1973?- Mysore
Rights were adopted by the 150. A married man commits
general Assembly of the United adultery if he has sexual
Nations on – 16.12.1966 intercourse with-Wife of
134. Section 25 of the Indian another man
Evidence Act states that "No

16
151. Law excuses acts done under
influence of intoxication; the
intoxication must be
Involuntary
152. Sometimes a person himself
does not commit an offence. He
helps or aids another person. He
is then guilty of –Abetment
153. The principal bench of the newly
constituted Armed Forces
Tribunal is at- Delhi
154. Copyright subsists for – 60
years
155. A Hindu wife can marry
immediately after divorce. A
Muslim wife- Only after the
iddat period
156. The "Universal Declaration of
Human Right" was adopted by
the UN in- 1948
157. The first regular adjudicatory
mobile court in the country has
been inaugurated at Punbanna
village in- Haryana
158. State's right to acquire property
is a power of – Eminent domain
159. After Netherlands, which
country became second one to
legalise Euthanasia on May
17th, 2002?-Belgium
160. The expression "dying intestate"
refers to- Dying without
making a will
161. Risk of conviction and
punishment is called- Jeopardy
162. Defamation by means of writing,
print, etc. is legally called- Libel
163. Chairperson of National Human
Rights Commission must be a
person who has been a – Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court
164. Who outlined the concept of
"Rule of Law" in his "Law of
Constitution"? Dicey
165. In the medieval period, who
administered justice at the
courts established by
Mohammedan rulers?-Qazis
166. The famous McNaughten Rules
relates to –Insanity
167. A borrows money from B and
pledges some land as security
for repayment of debt. The
arrangement is called-
Mortgage
168. The first court was introduced
in India on 1st August, 1672 in –
Calcutta
169. In which country death
sentence is awarded in case of
– rape?- China
170. When a witness repeats in
court, of another person's
statement, the evidence is called
– Hearsay
171. The Indian concept of
Lokayuktas and Lokpal has
their Scandinavian equivalent
in-Ombudsman
172. The word sovereign was for the
first time used by – Bodin
173. The gifts or ornaments, clothes
etc given to a woman by her
husband are legally called. –
Paraphernalia
174. The mistaken decision of a court
is called- Per-incuriam
175. If a witness makes a statement
in the court, knowing it to be
false, he commits the offence of
– perjury
176. One who brings an action at law
is called- Plaintiff-complainant
177. A child born after father's death
is called---- child – Posthumous
178. A formal instrument by which
one person empowers another
to represent him is called-
power of attorney
179. A previous judgment cited by a
court to decide on a similar set
of facts is called- Precedent
180. Who was the Chairman of the
Committee constituted by the
Supreme Court to inquire into
the allegations against Justice
Ramaswamy, which ultimately
found him guilty of 11 out of 14
charges?- P.B. Savant
181. Law of contract is a- Private law
182. A person is assumed sane,
unless proved contrary. This
assumption is legally called.-
Presumption
the 183. The meaning of the term "quasi"
is – As if it were
184. The first model E-court of the
country was launched at-
Ahmedabad
185. A filed a suit for breach of
contract against B. The District
Court decided in A's favour. B,
however, appealed to the High
Court. The legal terminology for
B is appellant, while A would be
called – Respondent
186. Following the 26/11 Mumbai
attack, the government had
amended the Unlawful Activities
17
 Prevention Act and increased 204. A party to the suit is called-
the pre-charge detention period Litigant
of an accused to – 180 days 205. "Law is a jealous mistress"- this
187. An Act of Parliament is called- often quoted phrase is
Statute attributed to- Joseph Story
188. In which case the National 206. First woman judicial officer in
Human Rights Commission filed India, Anna Chandy was
a petition seeking the appointed in the state of –
intervention of the Supreme Travancore
Court of India?- Best Bakery 207. When was the first of the
case Geneva conventions on the
189. A document issued by a Court, treatment of war victims
calling upon the person to adopted?- 1864
whom it is directed to attend 208. Will a reasonable and bonafide
before the judge is called- criticism of judgments amount
Summons to contempt of court? No
190. What does this maxim express 209. 'Ancient law' is a classic work on
"salus populi est suprema lex"?- law written by – Sir Henry
Welfare of people is Maine
paramount law 210. The first woman lawyer who was
191. The act of having anal elevated as Judge of the Punjab
intercourses is the offence of – and Haryana High Court in
Sodomy December 2007- Daya
192. Information Technology Act Choudhary
came into force in- 2000 211. "Justice delayed, democracy
193. The oldest High Court in India is denied". This was written for the
– Calcutta first time by -Robert F.
194. The first Indian Barrister was – Kennedy
Jnanendra Mohan Tagore 212. The first Asian Woman
195. The largest PIL (Public Interest Magistrate in United Kingdom
Litigation) winner is – Common was- Kanta Talwar
Cause Society 213. The concept of sustainable
196. Common Cause Society was development was recognized in-
founded by – H.D Shourie Stockholm Declaration, 1972
197. The first cyber police station 214. Name the High Court Judge,
whose jurisdiction covers all who delivered a Judgment in
offences committed under the Sanskrit?- B. Yadav
Information Technology Act, 215. The retirement age of
2000 was set up in 1999 at – Chairperson of National Human
Bangalore Rights Commission is -70
198. Under the Contempt of Courts 216. Dower (Mahr) is dealt in-
act, 1971 the accused may be Mohammedan law
discharged or punishment may 217. When a person is prosecuted for
be remitted on – Apology committing a criminal offence,
199. Sexual intercourse with a girl the burden of proof is on –
under --- is rape even if she had Prosecution
given her consent. – 16 218. Indian sovereignty in sea
200. The first Solicitor General of extends up to---------- nautical
India was – C.K. Daphthary miles. – 12
201. The disobedience of any 219. Who was the Chief Justice of
judgment, order, etc., of a court India during the emergency
amounts to- Contempt of period?- Justice A.N. Ray
Court 220. Justice Beverly MacLachlin is
202. A person who conducts the the first women Chief Justice of-
proceeding in a criminal case Canada
against the accused on behalf of 221. The law aspirant who filed a writ
the State is called Public petition before the Supreme
Prosecutor: Court which ultimately resulted
203. ------ is defined as a security for in the Common Law Admission
repayment of a loan. – Pledge Text- Varun Bhagat

18
222. In which case the Supreme Punishment?- Bachan Singh's
Court issued specific guidelines case
regarding arrest?- D.K. Basu's 240. No one can be convicted twice
case for the same offence. This
223. In which case Supreme Court doctrine is called- Double
issued guidelines on sexual jeopardy
harassment of women at 241. A 'participis criminis' is
workplace?-Vishkha's case popularly known as-
224. Which is the longest heard Accomplice
Criminal Appeal in the history of 242. --------- is in inquiry into the
the Indian Supreme Court – apparent cause of death- -
Rajiv Gandhi murder case Inquest report
225. Which Commission enquired 243. Which case is popularly known
about the circumstances as "Habeas Corpus" case? –
leading to Gandhi Murder?- ADM Jabalpur case
J.N. Kapoor Commission 244. A, the servant of B, takes a
226. Who is known as the father of hundred rupee note from B's
Jurisprudence?- John Locke pocket and hides it under the
227. Which is the most translated carpet in the house of B.A tells
document in the world?- C another servant of B, about
Universal Declaration of the currency note and both
Human Rights agree to share the money when
228. Universal Declaration of Human the currency note is taken by A
Rights contain—articles--30 from the hiding place. Before A
229. Which is India's oldest Human could recover the note, it was
Rights organization?- PUCL found by B. Decide if an offence
230. Union Territory of Andaman & was committed and if so who
Nicobar Islands is within the committed the offence?- Only A
jurisdiction of – Calcutta High committed the offence
Court 245. 'X' and 'Y' agree to commit theft
231. Which High Court has the in 'Z's house but no theft is
jurisdiction over Tripura?- actually committed, they are
Guwahati High Court guilty of –Criminal conspiracy
232. Goa comes under the 246. Which High Court has the
jurisdiction of – Mumbai High highest number of Benches in
Court India?- Guwahati High Court
233. The first woman enrolled as an 247. Where is the National Judicial
Advocate in India was Cornelia Academy located?- Bhopal
Sorabji 248. An accused is presumed to be -
234. First woman Magistrate in India -------- until and unless he is
was-Omana Kunjamma proved otherwise- Innocent
235. The Indian Jurist who went to 249. Property over which a woman
East Timor as a member of UN has full and unrestricted
Team-Soli Sorabjee ownership under Hindu Law is
236. The only Chief Justice of India called – Stridhan
who has the distinction of 250. The legal education in India is
becoming the President of India- controlled by – Bar Council of
Justice Hidayatullah India
237. The State Re-organisation 251. Substitution of one person in
Commission set up in 1953 was the place of another with
headed by- Justice Fazal Ali reference to a lawful claim,
238. In an election, electioneering demand or right is called?-
has to be stopped---- hours Subrogation
before starting the polling- 48 252. How many High Courts are
hours there in India? – 25
239. Which Constitution Bench 253. One who employs a lawyer is
decision of the Supreme Court called – Client
issued the guidelines to decide a 254. Demand for something
case of 'rarest of rare' category supposed to be due is called –
to award the Capital Claim

19
255. The Supreme Court rules came 274. The first cyber police station
into force in the year – 1960 whose jurisdiction covers all
256. Which judge of the Supreme offences committed under
Court was unsuccessfully Information Technology Act,
sought to be impeached – 2000 was set up at- Bangalore
Justice Ramaswami 275. Whoever, fraudulently or
267. A cheque which contains the dishonestly make use of the
exact mirror image of a paper electronic signature, password
cheque, and is generated, or any other unique
written and signed in a secure identification feature of any
system ensuring the minimum other person, it is an offence
safety standards with the use of called- Identity theft
digital signature (with or 276. A police officer not below the
without biometrics signature) rank of ---- shall investigate any
and asymmetric crypto system cognizable offence under
is called- Cheque in the Information Technology Act,
electronic form 2000---- Deputy
268. A cheque which is truncated Superintendent of Police
during the course of a clearing 277. An application under the Right
cycle, either by the clearing to Information Act, 2005 shall
house or by the bank whether be disposed as expeditiously as
paying or receiving payment, possible, and in any case within
immediately on generation of an ------- days of the receipt of the
electronic image for request- 30
transmission, substituting the 278. Who was the architect of
further physical movement of Bombay Code?- Mount Stuart
the cheque in writing is called – Elphinstone
Truncated cheqeu 279. One who is receiving rent for the
269. The definition of 'Cheque in premises held by a tenant is
electronic form' and 'truncated called- Landlord
cheque' are introduced by the – 280. The examination of a witness by
Negotiable Instruments the party who called him is
(Amendments and called -- Chief Examination
Miscellaneous Provisions) 281. The examination of a witness by
Act, 2002 the adverse party is called.-
270. Electronic date interchange and Cross Examination
other means of electronic 282. The examination of a witness,
communication are commonly subsequent to the cross
referred to as- Electronic examination by the party who
Commerce called him is called- RE-
271. As defined in Information examination
Technology Act, 2000 "Gaining 283. Which is the order of
entry into, instructing or examination of a witness?-
communicating with the logical, Chief Examination, Cross
arithmetical, or memory Examination, Re-examination
function resources of a 284. The concept of Public Interest
computer, computer system or Litigation originated in – The
computer network; is called – United States
Access 285. The statement made by a person
272. Information Technology Act, as to the cause of his death or
2000 is based on – Model law as to any circumstances of the
on e-commerce adopted by transaction resulted in his
UNCITRAL death is called- Dying
273. As defined in Information declaration
Technology Act, 2000 'data, 286. The relation between persons
record or date generated, image who have agreed to share the
or sound stored, received or profits of a business carried on
sent in an electronic form or by all or any of them acting for
micro film or computer all.- Partnership
generated micro fiche;' is called- 287. The relation of Partnership
Electronic record arises from- Agreement

20
288. Persons who have entered into 303. 'Voice of Justice' is written by –
partnership with one another Justice A.R. Lakshmanan
are collectively called – Firm 304. 'The judgment' is written by –
289. National Consumer Disputes Kuldeep Nayer
Redressal Commission was set 305. The Chairman of Tehelka
up in – 1988 Inquiry Commission – Justice
290. 'Goods identified and agreed S.N. Phukan
upon at the time a contract of 306. The headquarters of the Central
sale is made', is termed as – Information Commission is at –
Specific goods New Delhi.
291. A District Consumer Forum 307. Chief Information
Shall have jurisdiction to Commissioner is appointed by –
entertain complaints where the President
value of the goods or services 308. The Chief Justice of the
and the Compensation if any, Supreme Court gets a salary of
claimed does not exceed rupees – Rs. 1,00,000
– Rs. Twenty lakhs 309. The other judges of the Supreme
292. The State Consumer Forum Court get a salary of rupee – Rs.
shall have jurisdiction to 90,000
entertain complaints where the 310. LPO means- Legal Process
value of the goods or services Outsourcing
and compensation, if any, 311. Can a person make an
claimed- Exceeds rupees application under the Right to
twenty lakhs but does not Information Act, 2005, without
exceed rupees one Crore disclosing his name?- No
293. The National Consumer Forum 312. The offence of 'Custodial Rape'
shall have jurisdiction to was introduced in the Indian
entertain complaints where the Penal code after protests on –
value of the goods or services Mathura rape case
and compensation, if any, 313. The offence of 'Custodial Rape,
claimed – Exceed rupees one was introduced in the Indian
crores Penal code in – 1983
294. The High Court which has the 314. In which case Supreme Court of
distinction of having the first India ruled that divorced
woman Chief Justice is – Muslim woman is eligible for
Himachal Pradesh High Court maintenance money?- Shah
295. The Supreme Court's collegium Bano's case
which recommends the 315. The National Commission for
nominees for the judges of the Women is a – Statutory body
Supreme Court, comprises of 316. Who was the first Chairperson
the Chief Justice of India (CJI) of National Commission for
and ---- senior judges – 4 Women?- Jayanti Patnaik
296. The Chairman of first National 317. Protection of Women from
Forest Commission of India – Domestic Violence, 2005 defines
Justice B. N. Kirpal the domestic violence as – Any
297. The first Attorney General of harm, injury to health, safety,
India was – M.C. Setalvad life, limb or well- being or any
298. The retirement age of Chief other act of threatening or
Information Commissioner of
coercion, etc, by any adult
India is – 65
member of the family
299. Practice of having more than
318. The property rights of Hindu
one husband at a time, is called- women and daughters are
Polyandry provided under- Hindu
300. 'Legal Services day is observed Succession Act, 1956 after
on – 26th November the Hindu Succession
301. 'We the nation' is written by –
Amendment Act, 2005.
N.A. Palkhivala 319. To arrest a women, after sunset
302. 'We the people' is written by – and before sunrise, the woman
N.A Palkhivala police officer shall, by making a
written report, obtain the prior

21
 permission of the – Judicial 338. Next friend is – A person filing
Magistrate of the first class a suit on behalf of a minor
320. Right to maintenance is a – 339. Guardian ad litem is – A person
Statutory right defending a suit on behalf of a
321. The first commission appointed minor
by the government to examine 340. Decree means – Formal
the case for the reorganization expression of an adjudication
of States on a linguistic basis but shall not include any
was headed by – Justice S.K. adjudication from which an
Dhar appeal lies as an appeal from
322. The Protection of Women from an order
Domestic Violence Act came 341. 'Decree holder' means- Any
into force on – 26th October, person in whose favour a
2006 decree has been passed or an
323. Interpretation of statute means order capable of execution has
– Legislative intent and true been made
meaning of words used by 342. X transfers Rs. 4000 to Y on
legislators condition that Y shall murder Z.
324. Principles laid down in a The transfer is – Void
judgment is – Ratio decidendi 343. A transfers Rs. 500 to his niece,
325. Expand PIL- Public interest if she will desert her husband.
litigation The transfer is – Void
326. Administration of justice means 344. A transfer made directly to an
– Justice according to law unborn is – Not valid
327. A person whose guardian is 345. A minor – Cannot be a
appointed during his minority, transferor, but may be a
becomes a major at the age of- transferee
year – 21 346. A gift deed not attested by
328. When a person is to be witnesses is –Void
prosecuted for committing a 347. If the donee dies before the
criminal offence, the burden of acceptance of the gift, the gift is
proof is on – Prosecution – Void
329. Pleading must state – Facts 348. The process of witnessing the
330. Pleading means – Plaint and execution of a deed is called-
written statement Attestation
331. Who was the first law minister 349. Every duty enforceable by law is
of India?- Dr. Ambedkar called- Obligation
332. Judges for International Court 350. A catalogue of the goods of a
of Justice is elected for ----- company is – Invitation to
years. – 9 offer
333. International Court of Justice 351. Object of criminal law is to –
was established in – 1946 Punish criminal and make
334. All questions in the deterrent to others
International Court of Justice 352. The Committee which
shall be decided by – Majority recommended major changes in
of the judges present the Code of Criminal Procedure
335. If a woman sentenced to death 1973 – Justice Malimath
is found to be pregnant, the Committee
High Court shall- Order the 353. Which is described as the
execution of the sentence to vanishing point of
be postponed, and may, if it jurisprudence?- International
thinks fit commute the law
sentence to imprisonment for 354. Criminal Procedure is a subject
life of– Concurrent list
336. Issues mean- Rival 355. In a bailable offence bail is –
contentions of the parties Right
based on their pleadings 356. In which case, a police officer
337. A garnishee is – Judgment can arrest an accused without a
debtor's debtor warrant?- Cognizable case

22
357. An offence for which a police
officer has no authority to arrest
the accused without warrant is
called – Non-cognizable
offence
358. In a non-bailable offence, bail is-
Discretion of the court
359. An offence punishable with
imprisonment for a term
exceeding two years is a –
Warrant case
360. Any proceedings in the course of
which evidence may be taken on
oath, is called- Judicial
proceedings
361. In a bailable offence – code of Criminal Procedure,
Conditions can be imposed
while granting bail by the
court
362. Object of investigation is – To
collect evidence
363. Every sentence of death passed
by the Court of Sessions shall be
submitted to the High Court –
For confirmation
364. A person who has been in
practices as an advocate for no
less than---- years is competent
to be appointed as a public
prosecutor- 7 years
365. When any person is sentenced
to death, the sentence shall
direct that he be – Hanged by
neck till death
366. Where two or more courts have
taken cognizance of the same
offence and a question arises as
to which of them ought to
inquire into and try the offence,
the question shall be decided by
– High Court to which such
courts are subordinate
367. Under Section 167 of Cr. P.C.,
the maximum period for which
an accused can be remanded to
custody when the offence is
punishable with death?- 90
days
368. Under Section 167 of Cr. P.C.,
the maximum period for which
an accused can be remanded to
police custody is – 15 days
369. "Roses in December" is written
by – M.C. Chagla
370. 'Inquiry' means every inquiry
conducted under the Criminal
Procedure Code by –Magistrate
or court
371. Any proceeding under the
Criminal Procedure Code for the
23
collection of evidence conducted
by a police officer is called –
Investigation
372. Provision for anticipatory bail
has been embodied in Section--
--- of the Cr. P.C. – 438
373. Who is the competent person to
file a complaint in the case of an
offence alleged to have been
committed against the
President, Vice President or
Governor?- Public Prosecutor
374. Before the enactment of Cr. P.C.
1973, the criminal procedure in
India was governed by – The
1898
375. The Code of Criminal Procedure
1973 came into force on – 1st
April ,1974
376. A report made by a police officer
in a case which discloses a
commission of an non
cognizable offence after
investigation shall deemed to be
– Complaint
377. The maximum sentence of
imprisonment a First Class
Judicial Magistrate can impose
is – 3 years
378. 'A' is tried for causing grievous
hurt and convicted. The person
injured afterwards died.- A may
be tried again for culpable
homicide
379. Right to speedy trial is
guaranteed under – Article 21
of the Constitution of India
380. When the prisoner is to be
confined in jail, the warrant
shall be lodged with ------The
jailor
381. A service of summons on a
Government servant shall
ordinarily be sent to – To the
head of the office in which he
is employed
382. Anticipatory Bail can be granted
only in – Non bailable offences
383. When two or more persons agree
to do an illegal act or do an act
by illegal means such an act
amounts to – Criminal
conspiracy
384. P committing a murder removed
some ornaments from the dead
body. Though the accused P was
guilty of an offence of murder,
the removal of ornaments
amounts to – Misappropriation
385. A woman ran to a well stating
she would jump in it but she
was caught before she could
reach it. She is guilty of –No
offence
386. Seven persons assembled on the
platform of a Railway Station
and started fighting with each
other. The passenger's present
at the Railway Station got
annoyed and felt disturbed.
These persons are guilty of –
Affray
387. Dacoity is committed- When
five or more persons
conjointly commit or attempt
to commit robbery
388. X signs his own name to a bill of
exchange, intending that it may
belived that the bill was drawn
by another person of the same
name. X has committed –
Forgery
389. A, for the purpose of inducing B
to desist from prosecuting a civil
suit, threatens to burn B's
house A is guilty of –Criminal
intimidation
390. X voluntarily burns a valuable
security belonging to Y 400.
intending to cause wrongful loss
to Y, X has committed- Mischief
391. A person who consents, suffers
no injury is known as- Volenti
non fit injuria
392. X introduces water into an ice-
house belonging to Y and thus
causes the ice to melt intending
to cause wrongful loss to Y. X
has committed the offence of –
Mischief
393. X by falsely pretending to be in
Civil Service, intentionally
deceives Y and thus dishonestly
induces Y to let him have on
credit goods for which he does
not mean to pay. X has
committed the offence of-
Cheating
394. Whoever intentionally puts any
person in fear of any injury to
that persons, or to any other,
and thereby dishonestly
induces the person so put in
fear to deliver to any person any
property, valuable security or
anything signed or sealed which
may be converted into a
valuable security commits-
Extortion
24
395. Offence of theft is related to –
Movable property only
396. Whoever makes any gesture, or
any preparation intending or
knowing it to be likely that such
gesture or preparation will
cause any person apprehend
that he who makes that gesture
or preparation is about to use
criminal force that person is
said to commit-Assault
397. A obstructs a path along which
B has a right to pass, A not
believing in good faith that he
has a right to stop path. B is
thereby presented from passing.
Here – A wrongfully restrains B
398. X knowing that Y is labouring
under such a disease that a
blow is likely to cause his death
strikes him with the intention of
causing bodily injury. Y dies in
consequence of the blow; X is
guilty of –Murder
399. A instigates B to murder D. B
refuses to do so. Murder did not
take place. What offence is A
guilty of– Abetting B to
commit murder
The essential ingredients of a
crime are – Actus reus and
mens rea
401. When a criminal act is done by
several persons in furtherance
of common intention of all –
Each of such person is liable
for that act in the same
manner as if it were done by
him alone
402. 'X' puts jewels into a box
belonging to 'Y' with the
intention that they may be
found in that box, and that this
circumstance may cause Y to be
convicted of theft. X has-
Fabricated false evidence
403. Whoever causes bodily pain,
disease or infirmity to any
person is said to cause – Hurt
404. X shoots Y with the intention of
killing him. Y dies in
consequence. X commits –
Murder
405. Homicide literally means-
Killing of a human being by a
human being
406. Murder is punishable with –
Death or imprisonment for
life
407. When two or more persons, by
fighting in public place, disturb
public peace, they are said to
commit- Affray
408. Attempt to commit suicide is an
offence under Section ------------
--- of IPC- 309
409. There are ---- sections in the
Indian Penal Code. – 511
410. A promise not supported by
consideration is called- Nudum
pactum
411. An agreement which is
enforceable by law at the option
of one or more of the parties, but
not at the option of the other or
others is – Voidable contract
412. When the consent of a party to
a contract has been obtained by
undue influence, fraud or
misrepresentation the contract
is – Voidable
413. A bid at an auction sale is – An
implied offer to buy
414. The phrase "Quantum Meruit"
literally means –As much as
earned
415. Person appointed to see that a
will is carried in to – Executor
416. In India, a person who is
stranger to the consideration-
Can sue the contract
417. A find B's purse and gives it
back to him. B promises A to
give Rs. 50. This is a/an-
Contract
418. A threat to commit suicide
amounts to – Coercion
419. Property that falls to the state
for want of an heir or forfeiture
is called- Escheat
420. Instrument delivered by the
grantor to a third party to be
kept till the happening of a
contingency or performance of a
condition and then to be
delivered to the grantee or a
promisee, is called- Escrow
421. If A sells, by auction to B a horse
which A knows to be unsound
and A says nothing to B about
he horse's unsoundness, this
amounts to – Fraud
422. In a case, though the husband
was a divorcee, he did not
disclose the fact of his previous
marriage to his wife and other
relatives. It was held that the
consent to marriage had been
obtained by- Fraud
25
423. If both the parties to a contract
believe in the existence of a
subject, which in fact does not
exist, the agreement would be-
Void
424. Consensus ad idem means-
Parties identified the same
thing in the same sense
425. When there are two obligations
on each parties to the contract
at the time of the formation of
the contract it is called-
Bilateral contract
426. The starting point of an
agreement is – Offer
427. When the owner of a plot gives
advertisement in the
newspaper, the said
advertisement is – Invitation to
offer
428. Goods displayed in BIG BAZAR
with a price tag is – Invitation
to offer
429. When an offer is addressed to
the public at large the offer is
called- General offer
430. A tender is – An invitation to
offer
431. In which case the Supreme
Court held that 'the police
officer shall not summon a
woman to the police station for
questioning, even if she is an
accused in a case"?- Nandini
Saptady case
432. Capital offences result in –
Sentence of death
433. "Law is an ass" who said this?-
Charles Dickens
434. Any child born before ---- of
divorce is considered to be
legitimate child of the former
husband- 280 days
435. The venue of the I.N.A. trial was-
Red fort
436. The killing of a new born child
by its parents is- Infanticide
437. The philosophy or science of law
is called- Jurisprudence
438. -------- is also called Sarda Act.
– Child Marriage Restraint Act
439. Mistake of fact is excused under
criminal law because – There is
no mens rea
440. Offence of breaking a divine
idol- Sacrilege
441. An accused arrested can be kept
in custody without producing
before the magistrate, after his
 arrest for a period of -------- -24 457. First Chief Information
hours Commissioner of India,
442. A person commits bigamy if he?- appointed under the Right to
Marries again when his first Information Act, 2005- Wajahat
wife is alive Habibullah
443. A intentionally pulls up a 458. The lawyer, who filed several
woman's veil without her public interest litigations
consent to frighten her is liable inviting the attention of the
for – Using Criminal force Supreme Court into
444. Quasi-judicial means-Judicial environmental problems- M.C.
in some sense but not in every Mehta
sense 459. The disobedience of any
445. Any property or valuable judgment, order etc of a court
security given or agreed to be amounts to – Contempt of
given either directly or court
indirectly- by one party to a 460. The first law Commission was
marriage to the other party to established in 1834 under-
the marriage; or by the parents Charter Act of 1833
of either party to a marriage or 461. According to law, the maximum
by any other person, to either number of people who can form
party to the marriage or to any a partnership firm is – 20
other person; at or before or any 462. The first law commission after
time after the marriage in independence was established
connection with the marriage of in – 1955
said parties is called – Dowry 463. A rule of inheritance which
446. To betray a nation is an offence favours the eldest son-
and punishable with death, that Primogeniture
is – Treason 464. Maximum number of members
447. Prosecution: Accused, in a Partnership firm engaged in
Defendant:- Plaintiff Banking business is -10
448. A person who constantly 465. Can a couple who had adopted
violates the law is called – a son, adopt another son
Habitual offender legally?- No Law prohibits
449. To test the quality of an article 466. An exclusive right conferred on
or the accuracy of weight and one who invents a machine, to
measures is called –Assay make, use sell or passing it for a
450. Which case was heard by the certain period, is called – Patent
largest bench of Supreme 467. The Indian Contract Act was
Court? - Keshavananda Bharti enacted in the year – 1872
Vs. Union of India 468. In Law of Torts, always
451. When a person speaks unliquidated damages are
slanderously about God or awarded. The meaning of
Religion, it is called- Blasphemy unliquidated is – Not exactly
452. The 'Nuremberg Trials' was the ascertained
popular name of – Trial of Nazi 469. The commission which
generals proposes law reforms in India is
453. To pledge goods as security for – Law Commission
debt is called- Pawn 470. What is a testament?- Will
454. In the context of "The Protection 471. A person who attests copies of
of Women from Domestic original documents, to render
Violence act, 2005', Child them authentic is called –
means any person below the age Notary Public
of ---- years – 18 472. The tort of defaming someone by
455. What is plea bargaining?- A words or gestures is called-
procedure by which a Slander
defendant pleads guilty 473. When an ongoing case is
456. The first Law Commission was adjourned to a future date, and
established under the defendant is ordered to be kept
Chairmanship of – Lord in custody in the meantime, the
Macaulay

26
 defendant is said to be ---- to 493. A cheque is valid for
custody- Remanded presentation for--- months from
474. Who is a Recidivist?- Habitual its date of issue--- 3 months
criminal 494. The maximum litigation in the
475. Income Tax is a – Direct Tax courts is caused by –
476. What is a 'cognizance'?- Government
Arousing judicial notice or 495. X, a jail warden failed to supply
knowledge food to the prisoners in the Jail.
477. The Berne Convention, 1886 Y, a prisoner died due to
was about – Protection of starvation. Here, - X is liable
copyrights 496. Ranbir Penal Code is applicable
478. Who declared "Sati" illegal?- in – Jammu and Kashmir
William Bentinck 497. Who was responsible for the
479. What is a caveat?- A warning introduction of Public Interest
480. A person who makes an affidavit Litigation in India?- Justice
or deposition is called- P.N. Bhagwati
Deponent 498. In which case, the entire trial
481. What is the meaning of was conducted through video
culpable?- Blameworthy conferencing for the first time in
482. 'Stay Order' has the effect of – India?- Abdul Kareem Telgi
Status quo case
483. Liability is a – Subjection to a 499. A lawyer appointed by a court to
legal obligation assist it, is called- Amicus
484. "Mens rea' means- Guilty mind Curiae
485. In dowry death, the death of the 500. Environment Protection Act
women must happen within ---- came into force in- 1986
years of marriage- 7 501. A right available against the
486. A women who institute a case world at large is called – Right
for the offence of rape is called- in rem
Prosecutrix 502. A, an India citizen, commits
487. The principle of criminal liability murder in Nepal, He can be tried
– 'Actus non facit reum nisi and convicted for murder by a
mens sit rea'- means- The act court – In any place in India in
alone does not amount to which he may be found
guilt; it must be accompanied 503. Which is the longest Act passed
by a guilty mind by Parliament- Companies Act
488. Document filed by Police giving 504. An order of the court directing a
details of the offence committed person to do something or
by the accused and the refrain from doing a particular
witnesses and documents in thing is called- Injunction
support of it is called- Charge 505. 'Ignorantia juris remineam
sheet exusat' stands for- Ignorance of
489. A suffering from law is no excuse
somnambulism, steps on B, 506. The expression 'dying intestate'
who was sleeping on the floor refers to – Dying without
and hurts him, here – A is not leaving Will
liable because his action were 507. Capital Punishment means-
not conscious or wilful. Death sentence
490. Ancient treatise on law are --- 508. The international law creates
Smritis imperfect obligations because-
491. Muslim religious foundations There is no agency to enforce
are known as--- Wakfs it
491. After independence, the 509. Child labour (Prohibition) Act
Supreme Court of India came was enacted in – 1986
into existence in the year – 1952 510. Right to way is covered under –
492. A, a rich man failed to help B, Easements Act
who is starved to death. Here, - 511. Dissolution of Muslim Marriage
A is not liable for murder of B Act, 1939 provides grounds of
dissolution of Muslim marriage
to – Only females

27
512. The time limit for filing different 529. X, a client says to Y, a lawyer "I
kinds of suits is contained in the have committed murder of Z
– Limitation Act,1963 and, I wish you to defend me". Is
513. What is the meaning of the lawyer protected from
insolvency?- Inability to pay disclosing this to police?- Yes
debts 530. 'Every saint has a past, every
514. A demand draft is valid for ----- sinner has a future'. This
months. – 3 famous statement regarding the
515. Muslim marriage is a – Civil sentencing is made by –
contract Krishna Iyer, J.
516. In which case Supreme Court 531. Adjudication means- Decision
dismissed the appeal for by a competent court
damages against the hospital 532. In criminal law, intention is an
authorities for disclosure about essential constituent of offence.
the HIV status of the appellant In law of torts – Intention is
to the women with whom he was relevant only in some torts
to be married holding that the 533. Defamation infringes a person's
right to privacy is not absolute right to – Reputation
and can be restricted?- X Vs 534. A post dated cheque bears ----
Hospital Z date – Future
517. The Golak Nath case regarding 535. Rights and duties are-
Fundamental Right was decided Correlated
in--- 1967 536. Special leave petition can be
518. What does "inter alia' refer to?- filed before the – Supreme
Among other things Court
519. The shortest Act passed by the 537. According to Section 138 of -----
Parliament is – Arya Marriage - the dishonor of cheque may
Validation Act result in awarding double
520. A person deputed to vote for amount and also criminal
another is called- Proxy consequences. –Negotiable
521. Lawyers are officers of the court Instrument act
and are constituted into an 538. A person who aids the
independent profession under commission of an offence is
the – Advocates act, 1961 called- Abettor
522. In India, Uniform Civil Code is 539. ------- are those offences which
applicable in the state of – Goa can be compromised between
523. The minimum age of marriage is the parties. – Compoundable
that the boy must be ------- and offences
the girl------ 21 years --- 18 540. ------- is an act which is twisted,
years. crooked, which is not straight
524. ------ are words which appear and lawful.- Tort
innocent but contain a latent 541. Which is the only Union
meaning which is defamatory.- Territory having a High Court of
Innuendo its own?- Delhi
525. The offence of criminal 540. There are two classes of
conspiracy requires at least ---- advocates in India- Advocates
-- persons.-2 and senior advocates
526. What is the minimum age 541. Any two persons, irrespective of
prescribed by law to drive at any religion, can solemnize a
public place – 16 years in case marriage, commonly known as
of motor cycle of under 50 cc civil marriage under – Special
capacity and 18 years for any Marriage act, 1954
other vehicle 542. Commission on Police Reforms
527. Public holidays are declared was headed by – Dharam Vir
under – Negotiable 543. Nothing is an offence which is
Instruments Act, 1881 done by a child under- Seven
528. According to Indian Majority years
Act, a major is a person who has 544. Husband and wife have a right
attained the age of- 18 years to each other's company. This
right is called- Conjugal right

28
545. Which case is known as 565. "Honeybees of Solomon" is the
"National Anthem' case?- Bijoe autobiography of – Justice K.T.
Immanuel Vs State of Kerala Thomas
546. The scientific study of law 566. Which state is the single largest
(jurisprudence) first started contributor of the backlog of
among ----- Romans cases?- UP
547. LL.B. means- Legum
Baccalaureus
548. A written statement in the name
of a person by whom it is
voluntarily signed and sworn to
is called – Affidavit
549. An insolvent person is called-
Bankrupt
550. 'Alibi' means- Somewhere else
551. 'Hydrosphygmograph' is the
first device used for the – Poly
graph test
552. Who was the chief architect of
the Indian Penal code?- Lord
Macaulay
553. Which is the oldest Code of Law
in India?- Manusmriti
554. "Nemo debt esse judex in
propria causa" means – No one
should be made a judge in his
own cause
555. According to Hindu legal theory
the origin of law is -----Divine
556. Who founded the Communist
legal theory?- Marx and Engels
557. Private international law is also
called --- Conflict of laws
558. The distinction between law and
morals was made by- Mimamsa
559. Who propounded the theory "
law and state are the same"?-
Kelsen
560. Bye- law making power granted
to the executive by the
legislature is called- Delegated
legislation
561. What gives the buyer a right to
reject goods, repudiate the
contract and claim damages?-
Guarantee
562. The word" due process of law"
indicates – In course through
courts
563. A nominal sum given as a token,
that the parties are eager abut
concluding the sale is called-
Earnest money
564. The rule of evidence which
forbids a person from denying
the truth of some statement
formerly made by him is called-
Estoppel

29
30
The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
(An Act to prohibit the giving or taking
of dowry)
Definition of dowry- In this act, dowry
means any property or valuable
security given or agreed to be given
either directly or indirectly-1
(a) By one party to a marriage to the
other party to the marriage, or
(b) By the parent of either party to
a marriage or by any other
person, to either party to the
marriage or to any other person.
At or before or anytime
after the marriage in connection with
the marriage of the said parties, but
does not include Dower or Mahr in the
case of persons to whom the Muslim
personal law (Shariat) applies.
Penalty for giving or taking dowry
1) If any person, after the
commencement of this act, gives
or takes or abets the giving or
taking of dowry, shall be
punishable with imprisonment
for a term which shall not be
less then 5 years, and with fine
which shall not be less then
15000 rupees or the amount of
the value of such dowry,
whichever is more provided that
the court may, for adequate and
special reasons to be recorded
in the judgment, impose a
sentence of imprisonment for a
term of less than 5 years.
2) Presents which are given at the
time of marriage to the bride
(without any demand having
been made in that behalf
provided that such presents are
entered in a list maintained in
accordance with the rules made
under this Act.
(b) Presents which are given at the
time of marriage to the bride
groom (without any demand
having been made in that
behalf) provided that such
presents are entered in a list
maintained in accordance with
the rules made under this act
provided further that where
such presents are made by or on
behalf of the bride or any person
related to the bride, such
presents are of a customary
nature and a value there of is
not excessive having regard to
the financial status of the
31
person by whom, or on whose
behalf, such presents are given.
Penalty for demanding dowry
If any person demands, directly or
indirectly from the parents or other
relatives or guardians of a bride or
bridegroom, as the case may be, any
dowry; be shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall
not be less than 6 months, but which
may extend to 2 years and with fine
which may extend to 1000 rupees
provided that the court may, for
adequate and special reasons to be
mentioned in the judgment, impose a
sentence of imprisonment for a term of
less than 6 months.
Agreement for giving or taking
dowry to be void:-
Any agreement for giving or taking of
dowry shall be void.
Dowry to be for the benefit of the
wife or her heirs
1) Where any dowry is received by
any person other than the
women in connection with
whose marriage it is given, that
person shall transfer it to the
women.
a) If dowry was received before
marriage, within 3 months after
the date of marriage, or
(b) If the dowry was received at the
time of or after the marriage,
within 3 months after the date
of its receipt, or
(c) If the dowry was received when
the women was a minor, within
3 months after she has attained
the age of 18 years, and pending
such transfer, shall hold it in
trust for the benefit of the
woman.
2. If any person fails to transfer
any property as required by sub
Sec- I within the time limit
specified therefore, or as
required by sub sec -3 he shall
be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which
shall not be less than 6 months,
but which may extend to 2 years
or with fine which shall not be
less than 5000 rupees but
which may extend to 10,000
Rupees. or both
3. Where the women entitled to
any property under sub sec- I
dies before receiving it the heirs
of the woman shall be entitled to
claim it from the person holding
 it from the time being, provided
that where such women dies
within 7 years of a marriage
otherwise than due to natural
causes, such property shall-
(a) If she has no children, be
transferred to her parents or
(b) If she has children, be
transferred to such children and
pending such transfer, be held
in trust for such children.
The Juvenile Justice Act, 1986
An act to provide for the care,
protection, treatment, development
and rehabilitation of neglected or
delinquent juveniles and for
adjudication of certain matters relating
to and disposition of delinquent
juveniles.
Definitions:-
(A) Begging – Means
1) Soliciting or receiving alms in a
public place or entering into any
private premises for the purpose
of soliciting or receiving alms,
whether under the pretence of
singing, dancing, fortune
telling, performing tricks or
selling articles or otherwise.
2) Exposing or exhibiting, with the
object of obtaining or extorting
alms, any sore, wound, injury,
deformity or disease, whether of
himself or of any other person or
of an animal.
3) Allowing oneself to be used as
an exibit for the purpose of
soliciting or receiving alms.
(B) Delinquent Juvinile- Means a
juvenile who has been found to
have commited an offence.
(C) Juvenile- Means a boy who has
not attained the age of 18 years.
Juvenile Welfare boards-
The state Govt. may, by notification in
the official gazette, constitutes
for any area specified in the
notification, one or more
juvenile welfare boards for
exercising the powers and
discharging the duties conferred
or imposed on such boards in
relation to neglected juvenile
under this act.
Juvenile Courts-
The state Govt. may, by notification in
the official gazette, constitutes for any
area specified in the notification, one
or more juvenile courts for exercising
the powers and discharging the duties
conferred or imposed on such courts in
32
relation to delinquent juveniles under
this act.
Juvenile Homes-
The state Govt. may establish and
maintain as many juvenile homes as
may be necessary for the reception of
neglected juveniles under this act.
The Probation of Offenders act,
1958
An act to provide for the release of
offenders on probation or after due
admonition and for matters connected
there with.
Power of court to release certain
offenders after admonition
When any person is found guilty of
having committed an offence
punishable under section 379 or Sec
380 or Sec 381 or Sec 404 or Sec 420
of the Indian Penal Code, or any
offence punishable with Imprisonment
for not more than 2 years or with fine,
or with both, under the Indian Penal
Code or any other law and no previous
conviction is proved against him and
the court by which the person is found
guilty is of the opinion that, having
regard to the circumstances of the case
including the nature of the offence and
the character of the offender, it is
expedient so to do, then
notwithstanding anything contained in
any other law for the time being in
force, the court may, instead of
sentencing him to any punishment or
releasing him on probation of good
conduct under Sec-4 release him after
due admonition.
Power of court to release, certain
offenders on probation of good
conduct:-
1. When any person is found guilty
of having committed an offence
not punishable with death or
imprisonment for life and the
court by which the person is
found guilty is of the opinion
that, having regard to the
circumstances of the case
including the nature of the
offence and the character of the
offender, it is expedient to
release him on probation of good
conduct then, not withstanding
anything contained in any other
law for the time being in force
the court may, instead of
sentencing him atonce to any
punishment direct that he be
released on his entering into a
bond, with or without sureties,
 to appear and receive sentence
when called upon during such
period, not exceeding 3 years as
the court may direct and in the
meantime to keep the peace and
good behavior.
Restrictions on imprisonment of
offenders under 21 years of age-
When any person under 21 years of age
is found guilty of having committed an
offence punishable with imprisonment
(but not with imprisonment for life) The
court by which the person is found
guilty shall not sentence him to
imprisonment under it if satisfied that,
having regard to the circumstances of
the case including the nature of the
offence and the character of the
offender, it would not be desirable to
deal with him under Sec 3 or 4, and if
the court passes any sentence of
imprisonment on the offender, it shall
record its reasons for doing so.
The Immoral Traffic (Prevention
Act, 1956)
An act to provide in pursuance of the
international convention signed at New
York on the 9th Day of May, 1950. for
the prevention of immoral traffic.
Punishment for keeping a brothel or
allowing premises to be used as a
brothel.
(a) Any person who keeps on,
manages, or acts or assists in
the keeping or management of,
a brothel, shall be punishable
on 1st conviction with rigorous
imprisonment for a term of not
less than one year and not more
than 3 years and also with fine
which may extend to 2000
rupees and in the event of a
second or subsequent
conviction, with rigorous
imprisonment for a term of not
less than 2 years and not more
than 5 years and also with fine
which may extend to 2000
rupees.
(b) Any person who :-
(i) Being the tenant, lessee,
occupies or person in
charge of any premises,
uses, or knowingly allows
any other person to use,
such premises or any
part thereof as a brothel
or
(ii) Being the owner, lessor
or landlord of any
premises or the agent of
33
such owner, lessor or
landlord, lets the same or
any part thereof with the
knowledge that the same
or any part thereof
intended to be used as a
brothel, or is wilfully a
party to the use of such
premises or any part
thereof as a brothel, shall
be punishable on 1 st
conviction with
imprisonment for a term
which may extend to 2
years and with fine which
may extend to 2000
rupees and in the event
of a second subsequent
conviction, with rigorous
imprisonment for a term
which may extend to 5
years and also with fine.
Punishment for living on the earning
of Prostitution
Any person over the age of 18 years
who knowingly lives, wholly or inpart,
on the earnings of the prostitution of
any other person shall be punishable
with imprisonment for a term which
may extend to 2 years, or with fine
which may extend to 1000 rupees. or
with both and where such earnings
relate to the prostitution of a child or a
minor shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term of not less
than 7 years and not more than 10
years.
Procuring, inducing or taking person
for the sake of prostitution
Any person who :-
(a) Procures or attempts to procure
a person whether with or
without his consent, for the
purpose of prostitution, or
(b) Induces a person to go from any
place, with the intent that he
may for the purpose of
prostitution became the inmate
of, or frequent brothel
(c) Takes or attempts to take a
person or causes a person to be
taken, from one place to another
with a view to his carrying on, or
being brought up to carry on
prostitution, or
(d) Causes or induces a person to
carry on prostitution shall be
punishable on conviction with
rigorous imprisonment for a
term of not less then 3 years and
not more than 7 years and also
 with fine which may extend to (i) Scandalizes or tends to
2000 rupees. scandalizes, or lowers or tends
to lower the authority of, any
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) court, or
Act, 1967 (ii) Prejudices, or interferes or
An act to provide for the more effective tends to interfere with the due
prevention of certain unlawful course of any judicial
activities of individuals and proceeding, or
association and for matters connected (iii) Interferes or tends to interfere
therewith. with, or obstruct or tends to
Unlawful Associations- means obstruct, the administration of
any association, which has for its justice in any other manner.
object any unlawful activity, or which  Innocent publication and
encourages or aids persons to distribution of matter not
undertake any unlawful activity, or of contempt
which the members undertakes such  Fair and accurate report of
activity. judicial proceeding not
Declaration of an association as contempt
unlawful:-  Complain against presiding
If the central govt. is of the opinion that officers of subordinate courts
any association is, has become, an when not contempt- A person
unlawful association, it may by shall not be guilty of contempt
notification in the official gazette of court in respect of any
declares such association to be statement made by him in good
unlawful. Every such notification shall faith concerning the presiding
specify the grounds on which it is officer of any subordinate court
issued and such other particulars as to –
the central Govt. may consider (a) Any other subordinate court or,
necessary. (b) The High court to which it is
The Conservation of Foreign subordinate
Exchange and prevention of Punishment for contempt of court:-
smuggling Activities Act- 1974 A contempt of court may be punished
(COFEPOSA) with simple imprisonment for a term
An act to provide for preventive which may extend to 6 months or with
detention in certain cases for the fine which may extend to 2000 rupees
purposes of conservation and or both.
augmentation of Foreign exchange and The Advocate Act, 1961
prevention of smuggling Activities and An act to amend and consolidate the
for matters connected therewith. law relating to legal practitioners and
The Contempt of courts Act, 1971 to provide for the constitution of Bar
An act to define and limit the powers of Councils and All India Bar.
certain courts in punishing contempt Definitions:-
of courts and to regulate their (a) Advocate means an advocate
procedure in relation thereto. entered in any roll under the
Definitions provision of this Act.
(a) Contempt of court means civil (b) Law graduate means a person
contempt or Criminal contempt. who has obtained a bachelors
(b) Civil Contempt – means willful degree from any university
disobedience to any judgment, established by law in India.
decree, direction, order, writ or State Bar Council
other process of a court or There shall be a State Bar Council in
willful breach of an undertaking every state
given to a court. Bar Council of India –
(c) Criminal contempt- means the There shall be a bar council for the
publication whether by words, territories to which this act extends to
spoken or written, or by signs, be known as the Bar Council of India
or by visual representations or which shall consist of the following
otherwise of any matter or the members, namely.
doing of any other act (a) The Attorney General of India
whatsoever which- (b) The Solicitor General of India

34
(c) One member elected by each Persons who may be admitted
State Bar Council from amongst as advocates on a state roll – A person
its members. can be admitted as an advocate if:-
(d) There shall be a chairman and a (a) He is a citizen of India
vice chairman of the Bar (b) He has completed the age of 21
Council of India elected by the years
council in such manner as may (c) He has obtained a degree in law
be prescribed. Disqualifications for enrollment
Functions of State Bar Council – No person shall be admitted as an
The functions of state bar council shall advocate on a state roll-
be (a) If he is convicted of an offence
(a) To admit persons as advocates involving moral turpitude
on its roll (b) If he is convicted of an offence
(b) To prepare and maintain such under the provisions of the
roll untouchablity Act 1955
(c) To entertain and determine (c) If he is dismissed or removed
cases of misconduct against from an employment or office
advocates on its roll. under the state on any charge
(d) To safeguard the rights, involving moral turpitude
privileges and interest of Advocates to be the only recognized
advocates on its roll. class of persons entitled to practice law
(e) To promote and support law Right of advocates to practice
reform etc. Every advocate whose name is entered
Functions of Bar Council of India in the state roll shall be entitled as of
shall be right to practice throughout the
(a) To lay down standards of territories to which this act extends –
professional conduct and (a) In all courts including the
etiquette for advocates Supreme Court.
(b) To lay down the procedure to be (b) Before any tribunal or person
followed by its disciplinary legally authorized to take
committees and the disciplinary evidence.
committees of each State Bar (c) Before any other authority or
Council person before whom such
(c) To safeguards the rights, advocate by or under any law for
privileges and interest of time being in force entitle to
advocates practice.
(d) To promote and support law Punishment of Advocates for
reforms. misconduct
(e) To promote legal education and Where on receipt of a complain or
to lay down standards of such otherwise a State Bar Council has
education in consultation with reason to believe that any advocate on
the universities in India. its roll has been guilty of professional
(f) To recognize universities whose or other misconduct, it shall refer the
degree in law shall be a case for disposal to its disciplinary
qualification for enrollment as committee.
an advocate and for that The Prevention of Corruption Act –
purpose to visit and inspect 1988
universities. An Act to consolidate and amend the
Senior and other Advocates law relating to the prevention of
1. There shall be 2 classes of corruption and for matters connected
Advocates, namely, senior therewith.
advocates and other advocates Definitions:-
2. An advocate may, with his (a) Public Servant – means
consent, be designated as senior (i) Any person in the service of pay
advocate if the Supreme Court of the govt. or remunerated by
or a high court is of the opinion the Govt. by fees or commission
that by virtue of its ability for the performance of any
(standing at the bar or special public duty
knowledge or experience in law) (ii) Any person in the service or pay
he is deserving such distinction of a local authority

35
(iii) Any person in the service or pay
of a corporation established by
or under a central, provincial or
state act, or an authority or a
body owned or controlled or
aided by the govt. or a govt.
company
(iv) Any judge including any
person empowered by law to
discharge, whether by
himself or as a member of
any body of persons, any
adjudicatory function.
(v) Any person authorized by a
court of justice to perform
any duty, in connection with
the administration of justice,
including a liquidator,
receiver or commissioner
appointed by such court.
(vi) Any arbitrator or other
person to whom any cause
or matter has been referred
for decision or report by a
court of justice or by a
competent public authority
(vii) Any person who holds an
office by virtue of which he is
empowered to prepare,
publish, maintain or revise
an electrol roll or to conduct
election or part of election
(b) Power to appoint special
judges:- The Central Govt. or
the state govt. may, by
notification in the official
gazette appoint as many
special judges as may be
necessary for such area or
areas of a such case or group
of cases as may be specified
in the notification.
(c) Public servant taking
gratification other than legal
remuneration in respect of
an official act:-
Whoever, being, or expecting to
be a public servant, accepts or obtains
or agrees to accept or attempts to
obtain from any person, for himself or
for any other person, any gratification
whatever, other than legal
remuneration, as a motive or reward
for doing or forbearing to do any official
act or for showing or for bearing to
show, in the exercise of his official
functions, favour or disfavor to any
person on for rending or attempting to
render any service or disservice to any
person with the central govt. or any
state govt. or parliament or the
legislature of any state or with any
36
local authority, corporation on govt.
company referred to in clause (C) of
Sec 2, or with any public servant,
whether named or otherwise, shall be
punishable with imprisonment which
shall not be less than 6 months but
which may extend to 5 years and shall
also be liable to fine
Previous sanction necessary for
prosecution
No court shall take cognizance of an
offence alleged to have been committed
by a public servant, except with the
previous sanction
(a) In the case of a person who is
employed in connection with the
affairs of the union and is not
removable from his office saved
by or with sanction of the
central govt.
(b) In the case of a person who is
employed in connection with the
affairs of a state and is not
removable from his office save
by or with the sanction of the
state govt.
(c) In the case of any other person,
of the authority competent to
remove him from his office.
Special Marriage Act- 1954
An Act to provide a special form
of marriage in certain cases, for
the registration of such and
certain other marriages and for
divorce
Conditions relating to
Solemnization of special marriages -
A marriage between any two persons
may be solemnized under this act, if at
the time of the marriage the following
conditions are fulfilled, namely
(a) Neither party has a spouse
living
(b) Neither party
(i) is incapable of giving a valid
consent to it in consequence of
unsoundness of mind, or
(ii) Though capable of giving a valid
consent, has been suffering
from mental disorder of such a
kind or to such an extent as to
be unfit for marriage and the
propogation of children or
(iii) has been subject to recurrent
attacks of insanity or epilepsy
(c) The male has completed the age
of 21 years and the female the
age of 18 years.
(d) The parties are not within the
degrees of prohibited
relationship, provided that
 where a custom governing one
of the parties permits a for the purpose of inquiring into the
marriage between them, such
marriage may be solemnized,
not with standing that they are
within the degrees of prohibited
relationship
Notice of Intended Marriage – When
a marriage is intended to be
solemnized under this act, the parties
of the marriage shall give notice thereof
in writing in the form specified in the
2nd schedule to the marriage officer of
the district in which atleast one of the
parties to the marriage has resided to
the period of not less then 30 days
immediately preceding the date on
which such notice is given.
Marriage notice book and
publication:-
(1) The marriage officer shall keep
all notice given with the records
of his office and shall also
forthwith enter a true copy of
very such notice in a book
prescribed for that purpose, to
be called the marriage notice
book, and such book shall be
opened for inspections at all
reasonable time, without fee, by
any person desirous of
inspecting the same.
(2) The marriage officer shall cause
every such notice to be
published by affixing a copy
thereof to some conspicuous
place in his office.
Objection to Marriage :-
(a) Any person may, before the
expiration of 30 days from the
date on which any such notice
has been published object to the
marriage
(b) After the expiration of 30 days
from the date on which notice of
an intended marriage has been
solemnized, unless it has been
previously objected.
(c) The nature of the objection shall
be recorded in writing by the
marriage officer in the marriage
Procedure on receipt of objection
If an objection is made to an intended
marriage the marriage officer shall not
solemnize the marriage until he has
enquired into the matter of the
objection and is satisfied that it ought
not to prevent the solemnization of the
marriage or the objection is withdrawn
by the person making it but the
marriage officer shall not take more
37
than 30 days from the date of objection
matter of the objection on arriving at a
decision.
If the marriage officer upholds
the objection and refuses to solemnize
the marriage, either party to the
intended marriage may, within a
period of 30 days from the date of such
refusal, prefer an appeal to the district
court within the local limits of whose
jurisdiction the marriage officer has
his office, and the decision of the
district court on such appeal shall be
final, and the marriage officer shall act
in conformity with the decision of the
curt.
Declaration by parties and witness
Before the marriage is solemnized the
parties and 3 witnesses shall, in the
presence of the marriage officer, sign a
declaration in the form and the
declaration shall be countersigned by
the marriage officer.
Place and form of solemnization
1. The marriage may be
solemnized at the office of the "
officer or at such other place
within a reasonable distance
there from as the parties may
desire and upon such
conditions and the payment of
such additional fees as may be
prescribed.
2. The marriage may be
solemnized in any form which
the parties may choose to adopt.
The Hire Purchase Act, 1972.
A hire purchase agreement is a
transaction which starting as a
contract of hire may culminate in
complete sale. It is an agreement for
hire with an option to purchase the
goods. It's socio economic importance
can hardly be overestimated as it is a
convenient and an useful legal device
for acquiring goods on long terms.
There is at present no separate and
specific law with respect to higher
purchase in India.
Hire purchase agreement – Means an
agreement under which goods are let
on hire and under which the hirer has
an potion to purchase them in
accordance with the terms of the
agreement and includes the agreement
under which-
(a) Possession of goods is delivered
by the owners thereof to a
person on condition that such
 person pays the agreed amount
in periodical instalments
(b) The property in the goods is to
pass to such person on the
payment of the last of such
installments.
(c) Such person has a right to
terminate the agreement to any
time before the property so
passes.
Hire purchase agreement to be in
writing and signed by parties thereto.
Every hire purchase agreements shall
be:-
(a) In writing,
(b) Signed by all the parties thereto
The Indian Easements Act, 1882
Easement Defined:- An easement is a
right which the owner or occupier of
certain land possesses or such, for the
beneficial enjoyment of that land, to do
and continue to do something, or to
prevent and continue to prevent
something being done, in or upon, or
in respect of, certain other land not his
own.
Dominant and Servient Heritages
and Owners – The land for the
beneficial enjoyment of which the right
exists is called the dominant heritage,
and the owner or occupier thereof the
owner, the land on which the liability
is imposed is called the servient
heritage, and the owner or occupier
there of the servient owner.
Profits prendre – A right by which one
person is entitled to remove an
appropriate for his own use any part of
the soil belonging to another man or
anything growing in or attached to a
subsisting upon his land for the sake
of the profit to be gained from the
property thereby acquired in the thing
removed, is in English law commonly
called profit a prendre. Thus a right to
dig stones from the land of another for
the purpose of mending one own road
or a right to cut trees from the land of
the servient owner are eg. of profit a
prendre.
The Sale of Goods Act- 1930
An act to define and amend the law
relating to the sale of goods.
Goods- means every kind of movable
property other then actionable claims
and money, and includes stock and
shares, growing crops, grass, and thing
attached to or forming part of the land
which are agreed to be severed before
sale on under the contract of sale.
Cavet Emptor – Means buyer beware
38
Indian Trust Act – 1882
An act to define and amend the law
relating to private trust and trustees.
Author of the trust – The person who
reposes or declares the confidence is
called the author of the trust.
Trustee The person who accepts the
confidence is called the trustee.
Beneficiary- The person for whose
benefit the confidence is accepted is
called the beneficiary
Trust Property- The subject matter of
the trust is called trust property or
trust money.
Instrument of Trust – The
instrument, if any, by which the trust
is declared, is called the instrument of
trust.
Breach of Trust – A breach of any duty
imposed on a trustee, as such, by any
law for the time being in forced, is
called a breach of trust.
Negotiable Instrument Act- 1881
A negotiable instrument is a piece of
paper which entitles a person to a sum
of money and which is transferable
from person to person by mere delivery
or by endorsement and delivery the
person to whom it is so transferred
becomes entitled to the money and also
to the right to further transfer it.
A negotiable instrument means a
promissory note, bill of exchange or
cheque
Promissory note- is an instrument in
writing (not being a bank note or a
currency note) containing an
unconditional undertaking, signed by
the maker, to pay a certain sum of
money only to or to the order of, a
person, or to the bearer of the
instrument.
Illustrations Mr A signs instruments
in the following terms.
(a) I promise to pay B or order Rs.
500
(b) I acknowledge myself to be
indebted to be in Rs. 1000, to be paid
on demand, for value received.
Bill of Exchange- is an instrument in
writing containing an unconditional
order, signed by the maker, directing a
certain person to pay a certain sum of
money only to, or to the order of a
"person or to the bearer of the
instrument
Cheque – is a bill of exchange drawn
on a specified banker and not express
to be payable otherwise than on
demand.
 Public holidays in India are divorced woman has not remarried and
declared under Negotiable is not able to maintain herself after the
Instrument Act, 1881 iddat period, he may make an order
 Dishonor of cheque is criminal directing to pay such reasonable and
offence punishable under fair maintenance to her as he may
Negotiable Instrument Act, determine fit and proper.
1881. Option to be governed by the
The Indian Divorce Act, 1869 provisions of sec 125 to 128 of Act 2
The law relating to the divorce of of 1974- If an the date of the 1 st
person professing the Christian hearing of the application, a divorced
religion, and to confer upon certain women and her formar husband
courts jurisdiction in matters declare, by affidavit or any other
matrimonial declaration in writing in such form as
Mohammedan law may be prescribed either jointly or
What is Islam- In the religious sense seprately, that they would prefer to be
Islam means "Submission to the will of governed by the provisions of Sections-
God" and in secular sense Islam means 125 to 128 of the code of Criminal
the establishment of peace. Procedure, 1973, (to of 1974), and file
Marriage (Nikah)- The Arabic word such affidavit or declaration in the
Nikah (Marriage) literally means the court bearing the application, the
union of the sexes and in law this term magistrate shall dispose of such
means marriage. application accordingly.
Nature of Muslim Marriage – There
are division of opinions with regard to
the nature of muslim marriage. Some
jurists are of the opinion that muslim
marriage is purely a civil contract while
other say that it is a religious
sacrament in nature. Muslim
marriage, by some text writers and and
jurists, is treated as a mere civil
contract and not a sacrament. This
observation seems to be based on the
fact that marriage, under Muslim law,
has similar characteristics as a
contract
Dower (Mahar)- is a sum that becomes
payable by the husband to the wife on
marriage, either by agreement between
the parties or by operation of law.
Pre-emption (Shufa) The law of pre-
emption is based upon the text of
Muslim law and it is a well founded
doctrine in India. The object of the pre-
emption is to prevent the introduction
of a stranger among co-sharers. The
right of pre-emption or shufa is a right
to acquire by compulsory purchase, in
certain cases, immovable property in
preference to all other person.
Muslim Law in India is uncodified
The Muslim women (protection of
rights on divorce Act, 1986
 To protect the rights of Muslim
women who have been divorced
by or have obtained divorce
from, their husbands and to
provide for matters connected
therewith
Order for payment of maintenance-
where a magistrate is satisfied that a

39
Anti- Defection Law
This is contained in the Tenth
Schedule of the Constitution which
was introduced by the 52nd
Amendment in 1985. It provides for the
disqualification of a member if he
defects from his party to some other
party. The decision is that of the
Speaker, but it is subject to judicial
review. There are two exceptions, in
which case no disqualification occurs:
(i) no member can be disqualified if
a group of 1/3 rd of the total
members of a party decides to
split;
(ii) or if a group of 2/3rd of the total
members of a party decides to
merge with some other party.
The Constitution 91 st
Amendment of 2003, which received
the assent of President on 1st January,
2004 provides that a member of either
Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha belonging to
any political party who is disqualified
for being a member of that House shall
be disqualified to become a Minister
from date of disqualification till date of
expiry of his membership or till the
date of being elected if he contests and
wins in any election before the expiry
of such period.
The Constitution 91 st
Amendment Act was passed by the
Parliament in December 2003 and
received assent on 1 st January, 2004.
This amendment of the Constitution is
otherwise called the Anti-Defection
Law. This law contains the two major
points viz the size of Council of
Ministers including the Prime Minister
to be 15% of the total number of
members of the Lok Sabha and 15%
including Chief Minister of the
members of the Legislative Assemblies
of States and secondly it debars a
defector from holding any
remunerative political post for the
remaining tenure unless re-elected.
This law is based on the
recommendations made by the Dinesh
Goswami Committee (1990), the Law
Commission of India (170 th report) and
the National Commission to Review the
Working of the Constitution. It may be
noted that in 1968 the proposal to limit
the size of cabinets at the Centre and
the states was first mooted by Y.B.
Chawan the then Home Minister in the
Indira Gandhi Government.
Capital Punishment
40
In criminal law the death
sentence forms the system of capital
punishment. The Indian Penal Code
provides for capital punishment. The
Government of India made the
provision of death sentence for the
manufacture of suprious drugs as well
as selling and otherwise dealing with
these drugs.
Cause of Action
It is a principle of civil law, that
a litigant can file a case before an
appropriate court, only, if he feels
aggrieved by an order, judgment or a
wrong done by the opposite party An
illustration would be useful. M/s
Sunita Enterprises, a Delhi based
company, dealing in petroleum
products, enters into an agreement
with M/s XYZ Enterprises, Chennai,
for supply of one thousand gallon of
diesel, before 1 st March, 2004 and
makes advance payment. M/s XYZ
Enterprise fails to supply the diesel.
M/s Sunita Enterprises, now, has a
cause of action, to file a civil case
before the civil court, claiming
damages from M/s XYZ enterprises.
Daughter's Right to Property
The Hindu Succession
(Amendment) Act, 2005. which came
into effect on September 9, 2005
removes the gender discriminatory
provision in the Hindu Succession Act,
1956 and gives property rights to
daughters at par with sons.
The daughter of a coparcener by
birth becomes a coparcener in the
same manner as if a son;
The daughter has the same
right in the coparcenary property as if
a son;
The daughter shall be subject to
the same liability as if a son;
The daughter is allotted the
same share as is allotted to a son;
The share of the pre-deceased
son or a pre-deceased daughter shall
be allotted to the surviving child of
such pre-deceased son or of such pre-
deceased daughter;
The share of the pre-deceased
child of a pre-deceased son or of a pre-
deceased daughter shall be allotted to
the child of such pre-deceased child of
the pre-deceased son or a pre deceased
daughter.
After the commencement of the
Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act,
2005, no court shall recognize any
right to proceed against a son,
grandson or great-grandson for the
recovery of any debt due from his
father, grandfather or great- grandson
for the recovery of any debt due from
his father, grandfather or great-
grandfather solely on the ground of the
pious obligation under the Hindu Law,
of such son, grandson or great-
grandson to discharge any such debt.
Dying Declaration
It is a principle of criminal law,
that a person will speak truth at the
time of his death. In a criminal case, if
a deceased makes a statement, just
before his death, it is called a dying
declaration and is an important piece
of evidence.
First Information Report
In criminal law, a case starts,
when a party lodges a First Information
Report, in the police station. It is done
under Section 154,Cr.P.C.
Judicial Activism
It is a tradition of law, that a
judge either allows a case or dismisses
it, depending upon the merits of the
case. But, he never travels beyond the
domain of the case. He exercises a
limited jurisdiction. But, in the recent
years, the Supreme Court as well as all
the High Courts have adopted a
creative approach. Judges have
traveled beyond the domain of the
case. They have exercised an
unconventional jurisdiction. Such a
creative and unconventional exercise
of jurisdiction is nowadays popularly
called as judicial activism. For
example, the Supreme Court has
treated even a letter as a writ petition
and has passed appropriate orders.
Law Commission
Law is dynamic. It must adapt
to changing social and economic
conditions. There is a law Commission
for periodic revision of the form and
content of law.
Legal Aid
A good society is one which is
based upon law and justice. But, at
times, citizens face injustice. Well-to-
do citizens can approach courts
because they can afford court
expenses, but poor citizens cannot
approach courts because of economic
disability. Article 39-A makes provision
of free legal aid for poor citizens. It is
thus, the constitutional obligation of
the State to ensure that the poor
citizens are provided free legal aid so
that they are not deprived of justice.
41
Lok Adalat
Article 39A of the Constitution
provides that the State shall provide
free legal aid to the poor. Keeping this
object in mind, the Parliament enacted
the Legal Services Authorities Act,
1987. Lok Adalats are constituted
under this Act. Lok Adalats are
disposing a large number of case
expeditiously and without much cost.
They have become popular in providing
a speedier system of administration of
justice. Lok Adalats dispose of the
cases in a summary way, through a
process of arbitration, conciliation and
settlement between the parties.
Planning Commission
Planning Commission also plays
a major role in allocation of funds to
the states through the medium of
National plans formulated by it. It is
neither a Constitutional nor a
statutory body. It is set up by the order
of Union Cabinet. The Prime Minister
remains the Chairman of this
Commission. It is also known as extra-
constitutional body.
Plea of Alibi
In courts, sometimes it so
happens, that the accused, against
whom certain allegations are made,
says, that he was not present at the
place of occurrence, when the offence
was committed. He means to say that
he was absent from the place of
occurrence. Such a plea is called as a
plea of alibi.
Plea Bargaining
Plea bargaining is another step
of Central Government for speedy trial
and satisfactory disposal of case. The
Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2005
assented by President of India on 11 th
January, 2006 inserted a new Chapter
21A in the Criminal procedure Code of
1973 for the effective procedure of plea
bargaining. By this provision the
accused can apply for plea bargaining
in the Court where his case is pending
for trial. The modus operandi relates to
three actors of such provision i.e.
public prosecutor, accused himself
and the complainant.
Presumption of innocence
In criminal law, an accused is
presumed to be innocent. The burden
is upon the prosecution to prove him
guilty, on the basis of evidence
collected against him. The prosecution
therefore discharges its burden, by
producing eye witnesses and
documentary evidence against the
accused.
Protection of Women from Domestic
Violence
The Protection of Women from
Domestic Violence Act of 2005, which
came into force on 26 th October, 2006,
is meant to protect the women from
this type of offence against them. Any
harm, injury to health, safety, life limb
or well being or any other act or
threatening or coercion, etc. by any
adult member of the family constitutes
domestic violence. Any woman who is
or has been in a domestic or family
relationship if she is subjected to any
act of domestic violence can complain
under the Act to the protection officer
and the appeal can be made to Session
Court within 30 days from the order of
concerned Magistrate.
Public Hanging
The Supreme Court has held
that Public hanging' of an accused is
violative of Article 21 of the
Constitution and is not a just, fair and
a reasonable procedure.
Public Interest Litigation
It is s principle of law, that an
individual can file a case either before
the Supreme Court or the High Court,
only if he or she feels aggrieved by an
order or a judgment. This is the
principle of locus standi. But, in the
last decade, the Supreme Court as well
as all the High Courts, have
entertained cases of public interest,
filed by citizens or busy bodies,
probono publico, seeking
appropriate relief for the public at
large. For example, the Supreme Court
has entertained severla public interest
litigation petitions (in short PIL) filed by
Mr. M.C. Mehta, and has directed
various Governments to solve the
problem of pollution.
Ratio Decidendi
The law laid down by the
Supreme Court is binding upon all
courts under Article 141
Constitution of India. A judgment has
two types of observations. Some
observations formulate certain
principles of law which are binding in
nature. Such observations are called
as the ratio decidendi of a case.
Similarly, there are some observations
in judgment which do not lay down any
law. Such observations are not binding
in nature. Such observations are called
as obiter dicta.
Res Judicata
The short and simple principle
of res judicata is based upon a sound
public policy which says that a litigant
cannot file more than one case, before
the same court, seeking the same
relief. If this principle is not followed, a
litigant is likely to file, cases after
cases, before the same court, seeking
the same relief, giving rise to multiple
litigation. For example, if a workman is
terminated from service, he is likely to
file a case before the appropriate court,
seeking reinstatement in service and
grant of back wages. If the court
dismisses his case, he cannot file a
second case, before the same court,
seeking the same relief. This is in
short, the principle of res judicata.
Uniform Civil Code
Article 44 of our Constitution
says that the State shall Endeavour to
secure for the citizens a uniform civil
code throughout the territory of India.
This provision has become a subject
matter of a nation wide debate. In
recent years, a large number of Indian
Citizens have been thinking that our
country must have a uniform law for
all citizens and different communities
should not have a separate personal
law, for e.g., the Muslims follow their
own personal law under which they
can have four wives. Citizens have
challenged the validity of the Muslim
personal law on this ground before the
Supreme Court but have been
unsuccessful. In John Vallomattom
an case, 2003 the Supreme Court held
that the State should enact the
uniform law for whole India
irrespective of caste and creed.
of
42
 LEGAL FACTS ABOUT INDIA
First Law giver of India
Number of States
Number of Union Territories
Number of Supreme Court Judge
Number of High Courts in India
Sanctioned Strength of High Court
Judges in India
Earliest codified Laws in India
First Federal Court of India
Firs Chef Justice of Federal Court
First Preventive Detention Act of India
First Court by East India Company
First Lok Adalat
First Permanent Lok Adalat
First Permanent Lok Adalat Tribals
First Lok Adalat for Women
First Women Judge of Supreme Court
Oldest High Court
First Litigation Free Village
Highest Compensation Awarded
First President of National Consumer
Disputer Redressal Commission
First woman High Court Chief Justice
Largest No of States covered by one High Guwahati High Court serves Assam,
Court
IMPORTANT DAYS
Day Events
9 January NRI Day
10 January World Laughter Day
Manu
28
7
Chief Justice of India and 30 other judges
21
varies from State to State
Under Gupta Dyansty Reign (335-445)
Started functioning in December 1937 in
Delhi to decide any dispute between Centre
and States under Government of India Act,
1935. The court functioned for 12 years till
the Supreme Court was set up on January
28, 1950
Maurice Gwyer
Bengal State Prisoners Regulation III
(introduced in 1784.) Provided for detention
and deportation of political prisoners and
revolutionaries without trial
Court of judicature set up on August 1, 1672
in Kolkata
Held in Kalyan, near Mumbai on
experimental basis in 1978
Set up in Chandigarh in January 1948 with
Justice S.K. Sardana as the judge
Opened in Paderu in Andhra Pradesh on
July 3, 2002
Exclusively for women issues, matrimonial
and other family problems, organised in
Delhi jointly by the Delhi Commission for
Women and Delhi Legal Services Autority on
March 3,2002
Meera Fatima Beevi appointed Judge of
Supreme Court in 1989. She is the Second
Women in the world after Sandra Day
O'Conner of the USA to be appointed to this
high office
Calcutta High Court established in 1862
Varavoor Panchayat in Thrissur District,
Kerla on May 7, 2000 declared Litigation
Free Village
$ 470 million (Rs. 715 crores) by Union
Carbide (USA) to the Bhopal Tragedy Victims
Justice Leila Seth
Justice Leila Seth
Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura,
Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh
Day Events
9 August Quit India Day
12 August International Youth Day
43
12 January National Youth Day 15 August Indian Independence Day
15 January Army Day 29 August National Sports Day
26 January Republic Day 8 September World Literacy Day
26 January International Custom Day 15 September International Day of Democracy
30 January Martyr's Day 16 September International Day for the
Preservation of the Ozone
Layer
30 January World Leprosy Extradition Day 21 September International Day of peace
14 February Valentines Day 26 September Deaf Day
24 February Central Excise Day 27 September World Tourism Day
28 February National Science Day 28 September International Right of
Information Day
8 March National Women's Day 1 October International Day for older
persons
8 March International Mother Day 2 October Gandhi Jayanti
15 March World Disabled Day 2 October Lal Bahadur Shastri Jayanti
21 March World Forest Day 3 October World Habitat Day
21 March International Day for 4 October World Animal Welfare Day
Elimination of Racial
Discrimination
22 March World Day for water 9 October World Post Day
23 March World Meteorological Day 13 October Natural Disaster Reduction Day
23 March World Health Day 16 October World Food Day
5 April National Maritime Day 17 October Eradication of Poverty Day
7 April World Health Day 24 October United Nations Day
18 April World Heritage Day 9 November Legal Services Day
21 April Secretaries Day 25 November International Day for
Elimination of Violation Against
Women
22 April Earth Day 26 November Law Day
23 April World Book and Copyright Day 1 December World AIDS Day
(UNESCO)
1 May International Labour Day 2 December International Day for Abolition
of Slavery
1 May World Telecommunications 3 December International Day for Disabled
Day persons
3 May International Day for Biological 3 December World Day of Handicapped
Diversity
8 May World Red Cross Day 7 December Armed Forces Flag Day
15 May International Family Day 7 December Civil Aviation Day
17 May World Telecommunications 10 December Human Rights Day
Day
22 May International Day for Biological 11 December UNICEF Rights Day
Diversity
24 May Commonwealth Day 18 December Minorities Rights Day
31 May Anti-tobacco Day 23 December Kisan Divas
5 June World Environment Day
20 June World Refugee Day
27 June World Diabetes Day
11 July World Population Day
6 August Hiroshima Day

SELECT LIST OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

Name Years of Head Quarter Object

Establishment

44
United Nations 1945 New York (USA) To maintain peace and
organization security, to remove poverty .
(UNO)
International 2003 Hague, To try cases of individuals, UN
Criminal Court Netherlands Peace-keepers accused of
(ICC) criminal conduct, genocide,
war crimes etc.
International 1919 included Geneva, Improves the labour
labour in UNO in 1946 Switzerland conditions, Better standard of
organization living, encourages productive
(ILO) employment and setting up
the international labour
institutions
World Trade 1995 Geneva, Assist develop and transition
organization Switzerland economics, specialized help for
(WTO) cooperation in global economic
policy making and routine
notification when members
introduce new trade members
or alter old names
International 1944 started Washington D.C, Promoting International
Monetary Fund operation on 1, U.S.A monetary co-operation,
(IMF) March 1947 expansion of international
trade and exchange rate,
stability and alleviating
disequilibrium in member
countries, balance of payment
United Nations 1945 Paris, France Promoting world peace and
Educational, security through education,
Scientific and communication, and culture
cultural etc.
Organization
(UNESCO)
World Bank 1944 (IBRD) Washington D.C Offering loan, increasing the
1956 and (IFC USA productive capacity of member
and IDA) 1960 countries and reducing the
poverties of member countries
World 1967 Geneva, Protecting the intellectual
Intellectual Switzerland properties relating to literacy,
Property musical, audio-visual etc.
Organization
(WIPO)
United Nations - New York, USA Administers special purpose
Development funds, donating for developing
Programme new solutions for poverty
(UNDP) reduction in least developed
countries, empowers women
and ensuring gender equation.

45
Name Years of Head Quarter Object
Establishment
United Nations - Promotes awareness of
Population 1969 population problems in
Fund (UNPF) countries and it accounts for
largest international
population assistance to third
world nations
United Nations 1972 - Promoting the sustainable
Environment development through
Programme environment friendly
(UNEP) practices, establishment of
early warning mechanism and
emergency response capacity
to cope with environmental
disasters and emergencies.
Commission on 1946 - Co-ordinates with all human
Human Rights rights activities of the United
(CHR) Nations (UN).
United Nations - - Profanation of International
Conference on Trade by developing countries
Trade and and helping them increase
Development their participation in global
(UNCTAD) economy
United Nations 1963 Genvea, Functions as dimensions of
Research Switzerland developmental policies and
Institute for process of economic, social
Social and environmental changes
Development
(UNRISD)
United Nations 1973 Tokyo, Japan Promoting the research work
University of different institutions and
(UNU) individuals on problems of
human survival, welfare and
development
Organization 1961 Paris, France Formulating strategy to
for Economic achieve the highest
Cooperation sustainable economic growth
and and increasing standard of
Development living in the member countries
(OECD)
North Atlantic 1949 Brussels, Political and military alliance
Treaty Belgium of independent countries in
Organization accordance with the terms of
(NATO) United Nations Organization
Common 1926 London, UK Acceptance of political,
Wealth economic, good governance.

46
 FAMOUS BOOKS AND AUTHORS
Books Author
The Framing of India's Constitution B. Shiva Rao
We the Nation N.A. Palkhiwala
We the People N.A. Palkhiwala
Law & Literature M.K. Gandhi
Roses in December M.C. Chagla
My Life- Law and Other Things Motilal C. Setalvad
My Own Boswell M. Hidayatullah
Landmarks in the Law Lpord Denning
What Next in the Law Lord Denning
Constitutional Law of India H.M. Seervai
Law in Changing Society W. Friedmann
Law in Making C.K. Allen
The Province and Function of Law Julius Stone
International Law Oppenheim
The Law of Nations Brierly
The Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Bentham
Legislation
The Province of Jurisprudence Determined Austin
Das Kapital Karl Marx
Arthashatra Kautilya
All the President's Men Carl Bernstein and Bob
Woodward
All the Prime Minister's Men Janardhan Thakur
Hindu Civilization J.M. Barrie
India Divided Rajendra Prasad
Constitution of India- Defaced and defied N.A. Palkhivala

47
Books Author
Candid Corner Abhishek Singhvi
India from Curzon to Nehru and After Durgadas
India China War Neville Maxwell
Indian Home Rule M.K. Gandhi
Indo- Pakistan Conflict Russel Brines
Freedom at Midnight Larry Collins/ Dominique
Lafiene
The Judgment Kuldip Nayar
Men who killed Gandhi Manohar Malgonkar
Mother India Katherine Mayo
Muslim Dilema in India M.R.A. Baig
My Truth Indira Gandhi
My Experiments with Truth Mahatma Gandhi
Non- violence in Peace and War Mahatma Gandhi
Prison Diary Jayprakash Narain
The Republic Plato
Revenue Stamp Amrita Pritam
Song of India Sarojini Naidu
Wealth of Nations Adam Smith
Unhappy India Lala Lajpat Rai
View from the UN U. Thant
War of India Independence Vir Savarkar
War of the Worlds H.G. Wells
We Indians Khushwant Singh
Wonder That Was India A.L. Bashaon
India Wins Freedom Maulana Azad
A foreign Policy for India I.K. Gujral
Communist Manifesto Karl Marx
Conquest of Self Mahatma Gandhi
Crime and Punishment Kyodor Dostoevsky
Discovery of India Jawaharlal Nehru
Grammar of Politics H.J. Laski
Voice of Justice Justice AR. Lakshmanan
A call to Honour Jaswant Singh

48
 IMPORTANT COMMISSIONS
Name The Relevant Object
Act/ Authority
Central Information Right to To receive and inquire into complaints
Commission Information from aggrieved persons.
Act, 2005
Central Vigilance Central To prove offences by Central Government
Commission Vigilance officers, Officers of societies, corporation
Commission and local authority under the Central
Act, 2003 Government.
National Judicial Constitution of Appointment of judges in high judiciary
Commission India and transfer of High Court judges.
National Human Protection of Receiving of complaint from victim,
Rights Commission Human Rights directions to Government, etc. and
Act, 1993 rehabilitation to victims.
National Commission National To evaluate the progress of the
on Minorities Commission for development of minorities under the Union
Minorities Act, and States, look into complaints regarding
1992 the deprivation of minorities rights.
National Forest Union Cabinet Review and assessment of existing forest
Commission policy, legal frame work on scientific and
economic point of examination of current
statutes of forest administration and
institutions and policy on development
and wild life management
Commission on Union Cabinet Reformation of criminal justice system,
Criminal Justice compensation to victims, and effective
investment etc.
Law Commission Union Cabinet To suggest for implementation and
development in constitutional and legal
matters including the human way of death
penalty
Committee on Union Cabinet Best practices of Bureaucracy
Reforming
Bureaucracy
Tehelka Commission Union Cabinet Examination of Video tapes by forensic
Lab.
Liberhan Commission Union Cabinet To enquire into demolition of Babri Masjid
in Ayodhya.
Sahariya Commission Union Cabinet To review the POTA implementation in
to Review POTA Centre and various States.
Planning Commission Union Cabinet To oversee the 5 years planning
programme for the economic development
etc.. in India.
National Commission National Investigation and examination of all
for Women Commission for matters relating to safeguards provided for
Women Act women, take up cases relating to women
1990 to other authorities and to look into
complaints relating to deprivation of
women's rights.
National Commission National Inclusion of castes as backward class in
for Backward Classes Commission for OBC lists and to deal with the related
Backward matters.
Classes Act,
1993
Election Commission Constitution of Preparation of the electoral rolls, direction,
India superintendence, and control of elections
of parliament and State Legislatures,
recognition of political parties and
allotment of symbols and also conducting

49
 elections to offices of Presidents and Vice-
Presidents of India
Finance Commission Constitution of Distribution of financial resources
India between Union and States, proceeds from
taxes, principles governing grants-in-aid
to revenue of States out of consolidated
fund of India, etc.

Justice Nanavati Union Cabinet To inquire into 1984 Riot case (Indira
Commission Gandhi Assassination Riot)
National Commission Constitution of To investigate and monitor all matters
for Scheduled Castes India relating to the safeguards provided for the
SCs, to inquire into specific complaints on
deprivation of rights of SCs to participate
and advice on the planning process of
socio- economic development of SCs.
National Commission Constitution of To investigate and monitor the matters
for Scheduled Tribes India relating to safeguards provided for STs, to
inquire into specific complaints on
deprivation of rights of STs.
Competition Competition To curb monopolies, to ensure fair
Commission of India Act, 2002 competition in India by prohibiting
adverse trade practices and to pass order
for granting interim relief and to impose
penalties in case of defaults.
National Commission Union Cabinet To review and suggest improvement of
on Labour labour standard.
Commission of Commission of To enquire into the definite matter of
Enquiry (Tehelka Enquiry Act, public importance with the power of civil
Commission) 1952 court.
Delimitation Delimitation Readjustment of the allocation of seats in
Commission Commission Lok Sabha to several States and total
Act, 2002 number of seats in the Legislative
Assembly of each State.
Commission for Union Minister Review of working of existing
Centre-State of Home Affairs arrangements between Union and state
Relations i.e. power, functions and responsibilities
in all spheres.
National Commission Union Cabinet Study of working of constitution in key
to Review the area.
Working of
Constitution of India
Commission of Union Cabinet To inquire into the oil-for-Food scam.
Enquiry into Oil for
Food scam

IMPORTANT CASES

1.Golaknath v.State of Punjab(1967)---It was held in this case that Fundamenatl Rights
cannot be abridged or taken away by the amending procedure under Article 368 of the
Constitution.It was also held that an amendment of the constitution is “law” within the

50
meaning of Article 13(2) and therefore subject to Part 3 of the constitution.This judgment was
reversed in Keshavanand Bharti case.
2.Keshavanand Bharti v.State of Kerala(1973)—It was held in this case that Parliament
has wide powers to amend the constitution and it extends to all articles, but, article 368
doesn’t enable Parliament to alter basic structure of the constitution.
3.Hussainara Khatoon v.Home Secretary,State of Bihar (1979)—It was held in this case
that speedy trial is an integral and essential part of the fundamental right to life and liberty
guaranteed under article 21 of the Constitution of India.
4.Mohd. Ahmed Khan v.Shah Bano Begum (1985)—It was held that Section 125 of the code
of Cr.P.C. applies to a divorced Muslim wife who has not re-married.
5.S.R.Bommai v.Union of India (1994)—It was held in this case that President’s power
under Article 356 is not absolute or arbitrary.The President cannot impose President’s rule
on a State at his whim,without reasonable cause.This case is also known as Floor Test Theory
case.
6.Gian Kaur v.State of Punjab(1996)—It was held in this case that right to life does not
include a right to die.Section 309,IPC was held to be constitutionally valid.

51