Efficiency of Using Hybrid Wind - Solar Powered Street Lights in

Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental

Partial Requirements for

EE 341 - Research Methods in Engineering

By:

Richmond D. Sibilo, BS in Electrical Engineering

Leomar A. Medez, BS in Electrical Engineering

Christopher T. Dayagdag, BS in Electrical Engineering

Risbert Cyn C. Sierras, BS in Electrical Engineering

 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, all the Glory, Praises, Thanksgiving and Adoration belongs to our

God Almighty, for the favors He has showered on us all throughout our study project.

The researchers wish to extend their sincere appreciation to his tutor, Dr. Craig N.

Refugio, for the untiring effort and guidance to make this research a reality. His assistance

was invaluable throughout the duration of our study project. It was a wonderful pleasure and

joy to work and learn under his direction.

The researchers would also like to give their utmost gratitude to their ever-

supporting family who helped us through the late nights and lack of sleep we had to get this

research proposal done. Thank you and we hope that when we finish this research work, you

will be proud of us.

To all caring individuals who in one way served as inspirations to enable them to

pursue and achieve their goal and shaped them to what they are today and in the future; for

enabling them to share in the holistic growth of those who needed most of their knowledge

particularly for the people and the community to live a life full of learnings and knowledge.

Our special thanks goes to our friend namely Mark Sanny C. Baldado

for the keen interest shown to complete this research proposal successfully.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION………………….…………………..………………………………….. 5

Rationale of the Study…………………………. ..………………………………………... 8

Statement of the Problem……………….………………………..…………………………8

Significance of the Study………………………….…………..……………………..…….10

Scopes and Limitations…………………………………….……………………………...11

Definition of Terms …………………….………………….……………………………..12

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……………………….……………………………….15

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK………………………….……………………………...17

REVIW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………………………19

METHODOLOGY ...……...………………………….……………………………..…….14

REFERENCES .....……..………………………………….……............………………..16
INTRODUCTION

Electricity is an essential part of modern life and important to the Philippine

economy. People use electricity for lighting, heating, cooling, and refrigeration and for

operating appliances, computers, electronics, machinery, and public transportation systems.

Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy.

Humans get electricity from many sources such as thermal energy, kinetic energy, solar

energy and more by energy conversion. Energy conversion is the process of changing one

form of energy to another form of energy. The three major categories of energy for

electricity generation are fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum), nuclear energy, and

renewable energy sources. Most electricity is generated with steam turbines using fossil

fuels, nuclear, biomass, geothermal, and solar thermal energy. Other major electricity

generation technologies include gas turbines, hydro turbines, wind turbines, and solar

photovoltaic. Oil has been historically the world’s most used energy source accounting for

approximately 39% of the global energy consumption. Solar and Wind energy is the two

cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available, and the U.S. has some of the

richest solar resources in the world. And China boasts the world’s largest capacity for wind

energy, totaling just over 288 GW at the end of 2020. Solar and Wind technologies can

harness this energy for a variety of uses, including generating electricity, providing light or a

comfortable interior environment, and heating water for domestic, commercial, or industrial

use. Installing solar panels and wind turbine on your home helps combat greenhouse gas

emissions and reduces our collective dependence on fossil fuel. When the sun shines or the

wind blows, solar panels and wind turbines gather their energy to generate electricity,

powering homes and businesses. And these renewable sources of electricity support peoples'

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lives without emitting the planet-heating gases that come from burning fossil fuels like coal,

oil, and gas. The Climate and Air-Quality Benefits of Wind-Solar Power in the United

States. Wind-Solar energy provide air-quality, public health, and greenhouse gas emission

benefits as they reduce reliance on combustion-based electricity generation. Nowadays,

solar and wind energy is being utilized for street lights but most street lights still run on

electric energy. Barangay Kilaban is one of the Barangay in Ayungon, Negros Oriental that

is located far away from the highway where only few streetlights are being built but not all

of this can be able to provide a good light to every streets where it is mounted. The

Barayangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental is one of the barangay in Municipality of

Ayungon that still uses the conventional streetlights. For this, the researchers decided to

conduct a study about the efficiency of using Hybrid Solar-Wind powered street lights

instead of ordinary street lights.

Energy storage systems are utilized to store extra clean electrical power generated by

various renewable energy sources for later usage during times when insufficient renewable

energy sources are available. As a reaction to the usage of solar and wind energy resources

during the last three decades, hybrid energy systems have been created and refined. Hybrid

energy systems, for instance, may be used in areas where the electricity tariff of the

electrical grid is very costly, in areas where the electrical grid is weak and inconsistent, or

during times when solar radiation and wind energy are insufficient to provide clean

electrical power ( Majeed & Ammari, 2022, p.178).

The use of hybrid energy systems that distinguished by their capacity to boost the

rate of dependability of many renewable energy sources. They seized the wind turbine, solar

PV modules, batteries, charge controller, and converter as part of their experimental

6
investigation into the economic viability of a hybrid wind-solar energy system to provide

clean electricity for street lighting on low-traffic roadways. They chose metal halide lights

because they are the most suitable light bulbs for highways with little traffic. Their findings

demonstrated that solar and wind energy resources may be exploited to power lamps with

minimal energy consumption. In addition, it was determined that the yearly energy

production was 371.7 kWh and the annual energy consumption was 222.8 kWh. As a result,

the hybrid wind-solar energy system might generate a profit by exporting the leftover energy

(148.9 kWh) to the electrical grid (Khare, V., et al. [1]).

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Rationale of the Study

In response to the growing challenges associated with the usage of

conventional streetlights, several solutions have been proposed. Solar energy and wind

energy may often be used for low-consumption street lighting applications, replacing

conventional streetlights with hybrid wind-solar powered ones would be preferable. Unlike

conventional energy sources such as coal and oil, wind and solar energy is a non-polluting,

low-maintenance, and renewable source of energy.

Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon Negros Oriental is one of the rural communities within

the Municipality of Ayungon that still employs conventional streetlights. Therefore,

replacing these conventional streetlights with hybrid wind-solar powered one might be a

preferable option for the neighborhood. Nevertheless, replacing conventional streetlights

with hybrid wind-solar streetlights would be extremely risky. From the initial investment

through the replacement and maintenance costs, as well as the total advantages, it would be

difficult to implement such a significant innovation due to the high cost involved.

Statement of the Problem

Electricity is one of the greatest gifts that science has given to humanity. Electricity

has become an integral aspect of contemporary living and has several applications in our

daily lives. It is used for illuminating rooms, controlling fans and home appliances like as

electric stoves, lighting, heating, cooling, and refrigeration, as well as for running

appliances, computers, electronics, equipment, and public transit systems, among many

other applications. All of these offer individuals with comfort. Electricity may be generated

from renewable energy sources such as wind energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, ocean

8
energy (wave, tidal, and current), and plant biomass. But one of the finest renewable energy

sources is solar and wind energy, which is the major source of renewable energy on Earth

and is seen as a superior option as an electricity source since it is a "green" energy source.

Solar and wind energy is the energy acquired by absorbing the Sun's heat and light. And the

wind propels the turbine's blades. Currently, solar and wind energy are exploited for street

lighting, although the majority of streetlights are still powered by electricity. As one of the

issues of Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental, the common lamps are neglected,

resulting in gloomy streets. This study project seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of hybrid

solar-wind lighting in Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental in order to address the

issue.

Particularly, this study aims to answer the following:

1. How will the benefits from the Hybrid solar-wind powered streetlights

compensate the amount of investment?

2. What would be the design and materials needed in this Hybrid solar-wind powered

streetlights?

3. What will be the benefits in using Hybrid solar-wind streetlights instead of

conventional streetlights in terms of natural environment?

4. How long would it take to install the proposed solar powered streetlights in

Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental?

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Significance of the Study

This research will benefit the Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental, the

community, the environment, and researchers.

Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental.

This research will aid the Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental in

the future development of hybrid wind-solar street lighting and the consumption of

wind and solar energy in that locality.

Community

This research may give protection to the residents in that locality, who must

travel a few kilometers just reach in their homes and also enhances the community's

visual quality.

Environment

After implementation, this research may be pollution-free and produce no

greenhouse gas emissions. It reduces the reliance on imported petroleum and fossil

fuels. This system is intended to create electricity using solar panels and small wind

turbine generators, so it can provide clean, renewable energy every day of the year,

even on cloudy or rainy days. Return on investment unlike paying for electricity

bills.

Researcher

This study may also be used as a reference and can give future researchers

with a greater understanding of the study of alternative energy sources, particularly

the combination of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar energy.

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 In addition, this research may demonstrate that there is a cheaper and more

efficient method of supplying light to the residents of Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon,

Negros Oriental. This may also enable the other Barangays in Ayungon recognize

the usage of hybrid wind-solar-powered street lights as a substitute for the

conventional ones so that they can gain the same advantages. In addition, these

hybrid wind-solar-powered streetlights can guarantee that light is supplied at night,

therefore enhancing the safety and trust of all those living in and travelling through

the area especially at night.

Scope and Limitations

This research will exclusively concentrate on the Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon

Negros Oriental, and will evaluate the efficiency of Hybrid Solar-Wind Street Lights as

compared to traditional street lights, as well as determine whether the cost of the investment

will be offset by the advantages. Surveys and interviews with the Municipal Electrical

Engineer of Ayungon and the Barangay Captain of Kilaban, Ayungon Negros Oriental,

served as the major data collection techniques.

The study data was derived through the interview and survey administered to the

respondents. It centered on their divergent views over the planned Hybrid Solar-Wind street

lights in Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon Negros Oriental and how everyone, including the

natural environment, may profit from them.

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Definition of Terms

 Electricity - is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow

of electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as

lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current.

 Photovoltaics - are best known as a method for generating electric power by using

solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. The photovoltaic

effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher state of energy,

allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current.

 Electric energy - is the energy created by electrons moving through an

electrical conductor. The world is made of matter. All matter contains atoms

that contain electrons that are always moving. When electrons are forced down

a conductive path, such as a wire, the movement produces electricity, or electric

energy.

 Solar Energy - is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range

of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal

energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.

 Wind Energy - The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the

process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This

mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping

water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.

 Wind Turbines - A wind turbine is a machine that converts kinetic energy from the

wind into electricity. The blades of a wind turbine turn between 13 and 20

revolutions per minute, depending on their technology, at a constant or variable

12
 velocity, where the velocity of the rotor varies in relation to the velocity of the wind

in order to reach a greater efficiency.

 Renewable Energy Sources - is energy generated from natural resources—

such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable

(naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar

power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for

transportation.

 Outdoor Lighting - Outdoor lighting is defined as the fixed artificial lighting to

illuminate the areas, where there are no roofs, i.e., outdoor areas. The aim of the

outdoor lighting is, by illuminating the area, to maintain or to improve visual

performance of the persons conducting human activities.

 Energy Conservation - Energy conservation is the practice of using less energy in

order to lower costs and reduce environmental impact.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is embedded on the theory that some materials generate an electric current

when exposed to sunlight and strong wind current. According to many renewable energy

experts, a small "hybrid" electric system that combines home wind electric and home solar

electric (photovoltaic or PV) technologies offers several advantages over either single

system. In much of the United States, wind speeds are low in the summer when the sun

shines brightest and longest. The wind is strong in the winter when less sunlight is available.

Because the peak operating times for wind and solar systems occur at different times of the

day and year, hybrid systems are more likely to produce power when you need it. The solar

and wind energy complement each other. They hit their peaks at different times of day and

night, allowing them to provide a steadier output together than if each was alone. And they

save money because they can share equipment, power lines and workers. Wind energy offers

the cheapest option for new energy construction currently available in the U.S., while solar

energy can be more expensive to develop and install,” Wilson explains. “By combining the

costs into one product, the blended cost is competitive with other new sources of energy.

The integrated electric field which is a specific electrical characteristic of the PV cells

provides the difference in voltage potential which drives the current through an external

load. The picture shows how solar panels and wind turbine convert the sunlight’s and wind

to photon energy into electricity.

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Figure 1

15
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Interview Interpret the answers that Some of the research
will be gathered from the questions might be
interview. answered. It can help us in
formulating the conclusion
and recommendation part.
2. Gather information Analyze the data that will be This can help the researches
about the using gathered, make a to have some evaluation on
Hybrid Wind-Solar comparison between the the difference of the two
Powered Street Light conventional and the Hybrid street lights; the conventional
and the estimated cost Wind- Solar Powered Street and the hybrid wind-solar
in Brgy. Kilaban, Light as well as the time powered street light.
Ayungon, Negros needed to implement the
Oriental on itsproject on all of the street
management or the light in Brgy. Kilaban,
Brgy. Hall itself Ayungon, Negros Oriental.
3. Gather information Compute for the possible This can help to answer one
about the cost of the investment that is needed for of the research problems, at
possible materials to the Hybrid Wind-Solar the same time to calculate
use in the internet powered street light. the possible cost and
with almost the same investment.
concept.
4. Gather information Interpret the data gathered This can help the researcher
about the effects of to answer another research
the hybrid wind-solar problem or question and can
street lights in the help the researchers to
environment. formulate conclusion as well
as recommendation.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Global warming, pollution and sky racketing prices of the conventional energy

sources have put the governments and the power industries under and increasing pressure to

invest in the renewable energy sources. In Lebanon, the demand for electric power is

growing year after year, taking into consideration that the imported fossil fuel is used in the

generation of about 90% of the needed power and the tremendous power crisis that the

country has been living through for the past several years, the idea of working on the

implementation of renewable energy sources is becoming more appealing. This research

consists of a complete study on replacing the highways lights powered by conventional

polluting energy sources by lights powered by hybrid Wind- Solar renewable energy

systems. The results of this research show that the application of the hybrid power system

will ease greatly the power crisis in Lebanon, cut the electricity bill for the street and

highways lights and reduce the pollution level caused by the use of conventional sources of

energy (Georges, Semaan & Hasnaoui, F.,(2011).

The use of hybrid energy systems that are featured with their high capability to

increase the rate of reliability of several renewable energy systems. They investigated

experimentally the economic feasibility of a hybrid wind-solar energy system to offer clean

electrical power for street lighting in low-traffic roads, in which, they sized the wind turbine,

solar PV modules, batteries, charge controller, and converter. They selected metal halide

lamps as they are the most appropriate light bulbs for low-traffic roads. Their results

revealed that solar and wind energy resources can be utilized to operate low-consuming

streetlights. In addition, findings confirmed that the annual energy generation equaled 371.7

kWh, whereas the annual energy consumption amounted to 222.8 kWh. Consequently, the

17
remaining amount (148.9 kWh) could be exported to the electrical network making a profit

from the hybrid wind-solar energy system (Vika & Baredar, 2016).

Examination of the dynamic and energy reliability analysis of renewable hybrid

system consisting of a photovoltaic solar generator, a wind micro generator and an electric

generator with a storage battery to supply power for a heat pump. The heat pump is

employed for heating and cooling air-conditioning of an office building environment. The

dynamic simulation results identified the most contemporary load compared with the

availability of the renewable source and determined the system energy reliability (Mazzeo,

H. 2016).

The proposed study of a joint and conceptual approach for techno-economic and

dynamic rule-based power control of an off-grid solar—wind renewable energy system.

Their design results indicated that the hybrid renewable energy system, which integrated

solead-acid batteries, and converter with optimal capacities of 55 kW, 18 kW, 325 kW and

42 kW, respectively, is the most cost-effective alternative with the minimum net present and

energy costs of $232,423.3 and $0.3458/kWh, respectively (Elmorshedy, 2017).

The review and made statistical analysis starting from data extracted from recent

articles concerning hybrid systems. The goal of the review was to create an upgradable

matrix literature database that categorizes the content of all articles into categories like

geographical distribution, component configurations, operating mode and auxiliary

components used to support it, intended uses, study methodologies (simulation,

experimental, economic, energy, environmental, and social analysis, and so on) and software

used. Furthermore, all optimization algorithms, energy, economic, environmental, and social

18
indicators available in the literature were extracted and elaborated in order to identify the

most commonly used (Mazzeo, D. 2018).

The investigation on the case study of a hybrid wind-solar energy system to offer

electrical power for street lighting in Turkey. He utilized a hybrid energy system and fuzzy

control to control the operation and production of streetlights. The aim was to control the

LED light intensity according to the battery voltage and wind speed (Wadi, M. 2019).

The use of a hybrid renewable energy system, which integrated solar, wind, lead-acid

batteries and inverter and created optimal capacities of 55 kW, 18 kW, 325 kW and 42 kW,

respectively. The most cost-effective alternative with the minimum net current energy costs

were $232, $423.3 and $0.3458/kWh, respectively (Ricci, R. 2019).

The comparative study between LED and high-pressure sodium light bulbs. They

made an analysis to size and design each component of a hybrid wind-solar energy system,

which included wind turbines, solar PV panels, Gel batteries and charge controllers. The

results indicated that using 40 kW solar PV system and 40 kW wind system for 80 Watt—

1,000 LED street costs $80,000. Moreover, replacing high-pressure sodium bulbs with 80

Watt LED can achieve $2.66 savings in the initial installed cost of streetlights (Georges, S.

& Slaoui, F. 2019).

A study is conducted in aiming to assess the economic viability related to the use of

a hybrid solar and wind energy system to provide clean electrical power for a facility in Iraq.

They used HOMER software to estimate the hybrid system’s economic feasibility. Their

analysis results revealed that power produced from the solar PV system is 61.6 kW/annum,

while the power from wind is 2.7 kW/annum (Al-Sarraj,2018).

19
 The experimental study will highlight the beneficial effects and primary

responsibilities of hybrid energy systems in achieving energy security, sustainability and

reliability of wind PV solar systems for street lighting. The work will attempt to provide

enough electric power to eliminate the need for electric power from the national electric

grid, which can help save money and manpower for operation and maintenance and reduce

carbon emissions with reliable LED lighting (NadwanMajeed Ali &Handri Anmri.2022).

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METHODOLOGY

Method of Research or Research Design

The Effectiveness of Wind-Solar Hybrid Street Lighting Instead of

Conventional Street Lights in Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental used both

quantitative and qualitative research methods in order to arrive at concrete findings, as stated

in the problem statement, and the researcher chose quantitative in order to obtain statistically

reliable results. In addition, the qualitative technique would provide further insight and

depth to the study's conclusions. By using these two techniques, researchers will be able to

determine the effectiveness of hybrid wind-solar-powered street lighting in Barangay

Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental.

Selection and description of the respondents

The researchers will conduct an interview to the people who are residing at Barangay

Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental and also the Municipal Electrical Engineer of Ayungon

since it’s the place where the researchers conduct a study. The researchers used both

purposive sampling and random selection of the respondents within the said barangay.

Description of the Instruments Used

The researchers utilized interview questions to determine whether the deployment of

hybrid wind-solar powered street lights in Barangay Kilaban, Ayungon, Negros Oriental

would be useful and a worthwhile investment. Adding open-ended questions and

suggestions to the interview allows for the collection of more detailed and comprehensive

data.

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Return On Investment (ROI)

22
REFERENCES

Bouroussis, Constantinos & Georgaris, I. & Topalis, Frangiskos. (2006). Hybrid

wind-solar system for street lighting. Word Scientific and Engineering Academy and

Society Transactions on Power Systems. 1. 1417-1422.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215638011_Hybrid_wind-

solar_system_for_street_lighting

Acciona. (n.d.). Wind Turbines. Retrieved from

https://www.acciona.com/renewable-energy/wind-energy/wind-turbines/?

_adin=02021864894

Wind Energy Technologies Office. (n.d.).How Do Wind Turbines Work? Retrieved

from https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work#:~:text=The

%20terms%20%22wind%20energy%22%20and,this%20mechanical%20power

%20into%20electricity.

Narisada, K., Schreuder, D. (2004). Aim and purpose of outdoor lighting. In: Light

Pollution Handbook. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 322. Springer,

Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_2

Georges, Semaan & Hasnaoui, F.. (2011). Case Study of Hybrid Wind-Solar Power

Systems for Street Lighting. Proceedings - ICSEng 2011: International Conference

on Systems Engineering. 82-85. 10.1109/ICSEng.2011.22.

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221311725_Case_Study_of_Hybrid_Wind

-Solar_Power_Systems_for_Street_Lighting

Wadi, Mohammed & Shobole, Abdulfetah & Tur, Mehmet Rıda & Baysal, Mustafa.

(2018). Smart hybrid wind-solar street lighting system fuzzy based approach: Case

study Istanbul-Turkey. 71-75. 10.1109/SGCF.2018.8408945.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326363273_Smart_hybrid_wind-

solar_street_lighting_system_fuzzy_based_approach_Case_study_Istanbul-Turkey

Hossain, Jahangir & Algeelani, Nasir & Al-Masoodi, Ahmed & Kadir, Aida. (2022).

Solar-wind power generation system for street lighting using internet of things.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. 26. 639.

10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i2.pp639-647.

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wind_power_generation_system_for_street_lighting_using_internet_of_things

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