CHAPTER 5: BDU 20203

IDEAL GAS TURBINE CYCLE Aircraft

Propulsion
PART 1
 WHAT WILL WE DISCUSS ?

1. Ideal gas turbine

2. Energy balance and P-T relation
3. Ideal turbojet
4. Ideal turbojet with afterburner
5. Turbofan with unmixed nozzle
6. Turbofan with mixed nozzle
 INTRODUCTION
 Aircraft gas turbine cycle output : Thrust.
 For turbojet and turbofan: generated in
propelling nozzle
 Turboprop: generated by a propeller
with small contribution form the exhaust
nozzle.
 As gas turbine performance engineer, we
need to know:
• What performance parameters that
need to be calculated
• How to perform cycle calculation
• How does the ambient and operating
condition can effect the engine
performance
 IDEAL GAS TURBINE CYCLE
o All gas turbine work on a constant
pressure cycle (heat is added and
rejected under constant pressure)
o The ideal cycle for gas turbine is
known as Brayton cycle.

Assumption The working medium Assumption All flow process

1 is perfect gas 2 (intake, comp, turb,
nozzle) are isentropic
Assumption Assumption No bleed air, cooling
3 No mechanical losses 4
or recirculation

Assumption The working medium

5 is perfect gas
 IDEAL GAS TURBINE CYCLE
P
Early Brayton Cycle consist of four
sub-process: 2 3

1-2 Isentropic compression: Function of

intake, fan and compressor
1 4
2-3 Head addition : Constant pressure in
Burner V
3
3-4 Isentropic expansion : Function of T
turbine and exhaust system
2
4-1 Heat rejection : Constant pressure
4
process that takes place in the
atmosphere (not in engine)
1

S
 ENERGY BALANCE AND P‐T RELATION
• For isentropic relation 1-2 and 3-4:
3
P2 P3 T
= = PR
P1 P4

• For compression 1-2 and expansion 2

power 3-4: 4
𝑄 𝑊 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇
𝑊 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 1

𝑄 𝑊 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 S
𝑊 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇

• Heat addition 2-3: • Thermal efficiency, ηth

𝑄 𝑊 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 𝑊 𝑊 𝑊
𝑄 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 𝜂
𝑄 𝑄
 EXAMPLE 1
A gas turbine operates with simple Brayton cycle consist of a
compressor, burner, and turbine. The inlet mass flow is 80 kg/s
and the compressor inlet temperature is 15C. The turbine entry
temperature is 1300C. The pressure ratio is 40. Taking the
working fluid as only ideal gas, calculate:
a) Compressor power
b) Turbine power Burner

c) Thermal efficiency

1 2 3 4

Compressor Turbine
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Serve as the engine core for all
aero gas turbine.
0 1 2 3 4 5

03
T

04, 05
02

5
01

0
S
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
There are two approaches that
we will use when we perform From energy equation
performance calculation for GT: 1
𝑄 𝑊 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇 𝑇 𝑚 𝑉 𝑉
2
• Component analysis 𝑄 𝑊 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇 𝑇
1
𝑉 𝑉
approach is used where each 2𝐶𝑝
component will be analyse 𝑉 𝑉
individually before the 𝑄 𝑊 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇 𝑇
2𝐶𝑝 2𝐶𝑝
overall performance is
calculated 𝑉
We know 𝑇 𝑇
2𝐶𝑝
• Total Property approach
which embed the kinetic
energy to form a simplistic 𝑄 𝑊 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇 𝑇
and practical calculation
approach will be used.
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Intake
• Purpose is to slow down the fluid and to
increase pressure (changing of area)
• When doing the intake analysis, we need to
convert the inlet static properties to total
properties
t amb = t 0 T00
pamb = p0 P00 0 1 2 3 4 5

03
T
𝑉 𝛾 1
𝑇 𝑇 OR 𝑇 𝑇 1 𝑀
2𝐶𝑝 2 04, 05
02

5
01

0
S
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Intake
• Once 𝑇 is known, we can find 𝑃 using
the isentropic equation
0 1 2 3 4 5

𝑇 𝑃 𝑃 𝑇
𝑇 𝑃 𝑃 𝑇
03
T
• In the intake, there is no 𝑄 or 𝑊 involve,
therefore 04, 05
02
𝑄 𝑊 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇 𝑇
and 𝑄 0 , 𝑊 0 5
01
• Therefore 𝑇 𝑇 , hence 𝑃 𝑃 0
S
IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Compressor
• Consist a set of stationary airfoil called the
stator and a set of rotating airfoil called
the rotor which is attached to the shaft.
• The stator is used to turn the flow locally,
while the rotor turn the flow and add
energy hence increases the total pressure
from P01 to P02
• Consequently T01 will rise to T02
• Higher pressure requires more stages.
• Higher pressure will provide higher burner
inlet temperature that will stabilized the
combustion.
IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Compressor
• In ideal case the compression occur
isentropically:
0 1 2 3 4 5

03
T
• P02/P01 is known as compressor PR
04, 05
T02 γ ‐1 02
= (PR )γ
T01 5
01

0
S
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Burner
• Fuel is injected in an atomized
form which will then evaporated
and mixed with air.
• Spark plugs initiated the
combustion process before the
burning becomes continuous.
• In ideal cycle, the burning occurs 03
at a constant total pressure (P02 = T
P03)
04, 05
• The burner outlet temperature T03 02
is determined from the 5
metallurgical limit set by the 01
turbine blade material and is
known as TET (turbine entry 0

temperature) S
IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Burner
• Since fuel is added into the core flow: 𝑚

∑ E in = ∑ E out
02 03
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑚 𝐿𝐻𝑉 𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇
𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑚 𝐿𝐻𝑉 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇
03
𝑚 𝐿𝐻𝑉 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 T
𝑚
𝐿𝐻𝑉 𝐶 𝑇 𝐶 𝑇 𝐶 𝑇 04, 05
𝑚 02

𝑚 𝐶 𝑇 𝐶 𝑇 5
𝐹𝐴𝑅
𝑚 𝐿𝐻𝑉 𝐶 𝑇 01

0
S
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Turbine
• Like compressor, the turbine
consist a set of stationary airfoil
called the NGV/stator and a set
of rotating airfoil called the rotor
which is attached to the shaft.
• Power is derived from high
energy fluid (due to combustion) 03
to rotor. T

• Consequently T03 will drop to T04 04, 05

02
• Apart from that, P03 will expand 5
(drop) to P04 01

0
S
IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Turbine
• For a single spool engine, since the turbine is link
to the compressor via a single shaft:
03
𝑊 𝑊
T

𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 04, 05
02
𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 5
𝑇 𝑇
𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 01

0
• Once T04 is known for a given T03 or TET S
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Nozzle
• To convert the moderate
temperature and pressure gas into
high-velocity gas that will produce
thrust.
• The flow is accelerated as the flow
area becomes smaller. T
03

• Since no energy is added: T04 = T05

and P04 = P05 02
04, 05

• Despite having the same total 5

properties (at exit and inlet) the 01
static properties are different 0
(velocity changes from inlet to exit). S
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Nozzle
• The chocked condition will determine
the static pressure at the exit nozzle. For
ideal cycle, nozzle is unchocked:
p5 = pamb
4 5
• The velocity at exit, Ve will determine the
static temperature at the nozzle exit , t5 03
T
• To find Ve :
04, 05
02

5
2
Ve
T05 = t 5 + 01
2C P Ve = 2C P (T05 ‐ t 5 )
0
S
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
Thrust:
𝐹 𝑚 𝑉 𝑚𝑉 OR 𝐹 𝑚 1 𝐹𝐴𝑅 𝑉 𝑚𝑉

Specific thrust: Thrust SFC, (TSFC):

𝐹 FAR 𝑚
𝐹 TSFC = OR 𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐶
𝑚 FS 𝐹

Propulsive Eff: Thermal Eff:

2
ηP = 𝐹𝑉
1
𝑚 𝑉 𝑉
Ve 2
1+ 𝜂
Vi 𝑚 𝐿𝐻𝑉

Overall Eff:
ηo = ηP × ηth
IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
 EXAMPLE 2
An ideal single spool turbojet flies at ISA sea level at M = 0.75. It
ingests 75 kg/s of air. The compressor PR is 15. The LHV of the
fuel used is 41,400 kJ/kg and the TET is 1400K. Calculate:
a) Exit Mach number
b) Thrust developed
c) TSFC
d) Propulsive eff.
e) Thermal eff. 0 1 2 3 4 5

f) Overall eff.
Draw the T-s diagram. Take  = 1.4 and CP = 1.005 kJ/kg
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
60

• At the same TET, if the 55

0.1150

compressor pressure ratio is Fn 0.1050

Thrust, Fn (kN)

TSFC (kg/N.hr)
50 TSFC
varied, thrust and TSFC will 0.0950

vary:
45 0.0850

0.0750
40

• PR : The thrust  until 35

0.0650

certain PR before . Hence

0.0550

30 0.0450
there must be an optimum 0 20 40
Compressor PR
60 80 100

ratio. 80

• PR : TSFC  hence 70 0.1150

becoming more fuel efficient. 60 0.1050

Thrust, Fn (kN)

TSFC (kg/N.hr)
50 0.0950

• At the same PR, when TET is 40

Fn
0.0850

varied, both thrust and TSFC

30 0.0750
TSFC
20 0.0650
vary similarly: 10 0.0550

• TET : Thrust  and TSFC 

0 0.0450
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
TET
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE
• This shows that both PR and TET
have strong influence on both
TSFC
thrust and TSFC.

PR
1600K PR=10

inc
• When both PR and TET are varied

rea
g 1400K
easin

sin
r
inc
TET
at the same time, plot of TSFC vs

g
1200K
PR=20
1000K
FN can be generated.
• If we want to have an engine that PR=30

can produce higher thrust but at PR=40

the same time very fuel efficient:
TET and PR  Fn

• What is the implication?

 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE w AFTERBURNING

• Afterburner or re-heater is an
additional component installed
to provide an increase in thrust
for supersonic flight, take off or
combat situation. T
03 05, 06

• This is achieved by injecting

secondary fuel : 02
04
6

a) to increase the energy which

can be converted into kinetic 01

energy; 0
S
b) while to the same time
increase the mass flow by the
presence of additional fuel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
 IDEAL TURBOJET CYCLE w AFTERBURNING
o Similar analysis for intake, compressor,
burner and turbine.
o Energy of burning fuel = Heat transfer 04 to
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
05
03 05, 06
𝑚 𝐿𝐻𝑉 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇 T

𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇
04
𝑚 02 6
o Taking 𝐹𝐴𝑅
𝑚
FAR AB LHV = (1 + FAR + FAR AB )C PT05 ‐ (1 + FAR )C PT04
01

0
(1 + FAR )(C PT05 ‐ C PT04 ) S
FAR AB =
LHV ‐ C PT05
𝑚 𝐹𝐴𝑅 𝑚

Therefore the total fuel flow: 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚

 EXAMPLE 3
The ideal turbojet as examined in Example 2 now has an
afterburner with an exit temperature of 1800K. Recalculate:
a) Exit Mach number
b) Thrust developed
c) TSFC
d) Propulsive eff.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
e) Thermal eff.
f) Overall eff.
Draw the T-s diagram. Take  = 1.4 and CP = 1.005 kJ/kg
Compare your result with previous analysis.
 SOLUTION
Comparison between with and without after burning

With AB Without AB % Diff.

Ve 1258.33 953.23 32%
Me 1.97 1.97 0%
FN 78,779 53,620 46.92%
TSFC 0.12686 0.089 42.54%
P 0.337 0.4224 -8.54%
th 0.5085 0.5872 -7%
o 0.1713 0.248 7.67%