CHAPTER 6:

NON IDEAL GAS TURBINE

CYCLE (PART 2)
 TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNING
• The component analysis of an afterburner is similar to
burner.
• Pressure loss and incomplete combustion will occur. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

• Because of the pressure loss, ∆𝑃 𝑊 𝜂 𝑊

P05 = P04 ‐ ΔPab T

• To account for the incomplete combustion, afterburner

efficiency 𝜂 is introduced hence the energy balance will 05

become:
Pab
∑ E In = ∑ E out
𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇 𝜂 𝑚 𝐿𝐻𝑉 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇 04

𝑚
S
04 05
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚

Divide with 𝑚

(1 + FAR )C PT04' +FAR AB ηAB LHV = (1 + FAR + FAR AB )C PT05

2
 TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNING

T
P03
(1 + FAR )(C PT05 ‐ C PT04' ) P05
FAR AB =
ηB LHV ‐ C PT05 03
05=06
Pab
Pb

04' 6

02' P04
P02
P6

01'
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P01'
𝑊 𝜂 𝑊 P0 t0

3
 EXAMPLE

The ideal jet as examined in previous example now has an

afterburner with an exit temperature of 1350K. Recalculate the
specific thrust and TSFC if the pressure drop in afterburner is 4% of
the turbine exit pressure.

Take for air ,  = 1.4 and CP = 1.005 kJ/kg.K

Take for combusted gas,  = 1.33 and CP = 1.148 kJ/kg.K

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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 TURBOFAN WITH UNMIXED NOZZLE
Fan
Int
• Analysis of a non-ideal cycle for turbofan is Sec Noz
9
not much different than a non ideal cycle for 0 1 Fan
8
turbojet,
• An additional component that is significant Comp
3 Burner 4 Tur 5
to the turbofan design is the FAN. 6

• Since the fan acts similar with the Prim Noz

compressor, the flow is not isentropic hence 𝑊 𝑊 𝜂 𝑊
reducing the performance of the fan. T
• To account the non-isentropic effect in a fan, P08
fan isentropic efficiency is defined T08'
T08
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑚𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 ′
𝜂
𝑚𝐶 𝑇 ′ 𝑇 ′ P01'
𝑇 𝑇 ′
𝜂 T01'
𝑇 ′ 𝑇 ′
S

5
 TURBOFAN WITH UNMIXED NOZZLE
Int Sec Noz
9
0 1 Fan
• From the fan isentropic efficiency 8

T08 ‐ T01' 3
ηf = Comp Burner 4 Tur 5
6
T08'‐T01'
Prim Noz
Where T08 can be calculated using
T
P08
T08'
T08

 When T08 is known, T08’ can be calculated using

the fan isentropic efficiency equation
P01'

T01'
S

6
 TURBOFAN WITH UNMIXED NOZZLE
Primary and Secondary Nozzle Int Sec Noz
9

• Both nozzles need to be checked 0 1 Fan

8
individually to determine whether the
nozzle is choked or not. Comp
3 Burner 4 Tur 5
6

• The same approach will be used: Prim Noz

1. Find the critical temperature and pressure.
T T
P08=P09 P05=P06
T08' T05'

P9 P6
t9' t6'
t9 t6
S S
2. Use the pressure ratio to determine
whether the nozzle is chocked or not

PC  Pa unchocked
PC  Pa chocked
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 TURBOFAN WITH UNMIXED NOZZLE
 A typical T-s diagram of a non-ideal cycle of a single spool unmixed nozzle

P04

P05=P06

P03

P6
Int Sec Noz
9
P08=P09 0 1 Fan
8

P01' P9 3 Burner 4 Tur 5

Comp
6
P0 0
S Prim Noz

8
 EXAMPLE
A single spool, unmixed nozzle turbofan flies at M = 0.5 with altitude 10,000. At that
altitude, the ambient pressure and temperature are 0.265 bar and 233.3K. The inlet mass
flow is 80 kg/s. The engine component characteristics are as follows:
By pass ratio = 1.5
Fan pressure ratio =3 Int Sec Noz
9

Compressor pressure ratio =15 0 1 Fan

8
TET =1400 K
Intake isentropic efficiency =0.93 Comp 3 Burner 4 Tur 5
6
Fan isentropic efficiency =0.88
Prim Noz
Compressor isentropic efficiency =0.87
Burner efficiency = 0.98
Burner pressure loss = 4% of compressor delivery pressure
Mechanical efficiency = 0.98
Turbine isentropic efficiency = 0.89
Nozzle isentropic efficiency = 0.9
Fuel LHV = 42,000 kJ/kg

Determine the specific thrust and the TSFC . Take for air ,  = 1.4 and CP = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
Take for combusted gas,  = 1.33 and CP = 1.148 kJ/kg.K

9
 TURBOFAN WITH MIXED NOZZLE
• The component analysis of a non-ideal 0 1
cycle turbofan with unmixed nozzle 8

similar for : Int Fan

Mix
3 Burner 4 Tur 5
• Intake Comp
6
7

• Fan Nozzle

• Compressor T
• Burner P04
• Turbine
P05

• The focus should be on the mixer as both P03

the secondary and core flows will mix P06=P07
together .
P08 P7
• Since in non-ideal case, we use different
CP for air and combusted gas, the mixing P01'

will create new CP, R and 

P0
S

10
 TURBOFAN WITH MIXED NOZZLE
Mixer
• Using the mixing chamber thermodynamics relationship:
𝐻 𝐻 8
𝑚
6
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 5
𝑚 𝑚
𝑚 𝐶 𝑇 𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑇

 Equations that can be used to find CP, R and  :

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝐶 𝑚 𝐶 𝑚 𝑚 𝐶

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑅 𝑚 𝑅 𝑚 𝑚 𝑅
C Pmix
γ mix = 0 1
C Pmix ‐ Rmix 8

Int Fan
Mix
3 Burner 4 Tur 5
Comp
6
7

Nozzle

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 TURBOFAN WITH MIXED NOZZLE
Other Configurations
1
Sec Noz
0
1 Int
0 Int Fan 10
Fan 9
3 6
3 4 5 LPC 4 5 7 8
Burner
Comp HPT LPT 6 HPC Burner LPT
7 HPT
8 9

Mix Nozzle Mix Noz

𝑊 𝜂 𝑊 𝑊 𝜂 𝑊 𝑊 𝜂 𝑊 𝑊 𝑊 𝜂 𝑊
T
T P05

P04
P06
P05

P06
P07
P04
P03

P07=P08 P03 P08=P09

P09
P8 P010
P01' P9
P01'
P0
S P0
S

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 EXAMPLE
A two shaft turbofan with mixed nozzle is flying at M=0.76 and altitude 33,000ft
(Tamb=222K and Pamb = 26.2kPa). The inlet mass flow is 100kg/s . The fan is driven by the
LPT while the compressor is driven by HPT. The component characteristics:

Fan pressure ratio =2.5 1

0 Int
Compressor pressure ratio =7 Fan 9
5
3 4
TET =1450 K Comp
Burner
HPT LPT 6
7
Intake isentropic efficiency =0.93 8

Fan isentropic efficiency =0.88 Mix Nozzle

Compressor isentropic eff =0.87

Burner efficiency = 0.98
Burner pressure loss = 4% of compressor delivery pressure
Mechanical efficiency = 0.98
HPT and LPT isentropic eff = 0.89
Nozzle isentropic efficiency = 0.9
Fuel LHV = 43,400 kJ/kg

Calculate the by pass ratio, thrust and TSFC. Take for air ,  = 1.4 and CP = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
Take for combusted gas,  = 1.33 and CP = 1.148 kJ/kg.K

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 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ?

We learned how to do performance analysis of

1. Real turbo jet cycle with or without
afterburner
2. Real turbofan with un-mixed nozzle
3. Real turbofan with mixed nozzle

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