Chapter 1 3 On Research Final

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ALLED HEALTH SCIENCES
INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES OF MOTHERS:

PRECURSOR TO MALNUTRITION IN BAGGAO
_____________________________________________
A Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of College of Allied Health Sciences
Cagayan State University, Andrews Campus
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
_____________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Public Health
_____________________________________________
By:
Delos Santos, Richelle

Gabatino, Kristel Mae
Lumelay, Stephanie
Singkee, Sittie
Tumpalan, Jhunrick
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter I The Problem and Its Background . . . 3

Introduction . . . . . . . 3
Statement of the Problem . . . . . 7
Significance of the Study . . . . . 8
Conceptual Framework . . . . . 9
Research Paradigm . . . . . . 11
Scope and Delimitation . . . . . 12
Definition of Terms . . . . . . 13
Chapter II Review of Related Literature Studies . . . 15
Chapter III Methodology . . . . . . 24

Research Design . . . . . . 24
Locale of the Study . . . . . . 24
Respondents of the Study and Sampling Design . . 25
Data Collection Method . . . . . 25
Research Instrumentation . . . . . 26
Data Analysis . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . 27
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding practices rank among the
most effective interventions to improve child health. It is a key area to
improve child survival and promote healthy growth and development. The
first 2 years of a child’s life are particularly important, as optimal nutrition
during this period lowers morbidity and mortality, reduces the risk of chronic
disease, and fosters better development overall.
WHO and UNICEF recommend early initiation of breastfeeding within
1 hour of birth; exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life; and
introduction of nutritionally-adequate and safe complementary (solid) foods at
6 months together with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or
beyond. However, many infants and children do not receive optimal feeding.
This demands the health care sector to explore on the causes of not
fully immunized infants before their first year.
It is estimated about 44% of infants aged 0–6 months worldwide were
exclusively breastfed over the period of 2015-2020. Recommendations have
been refined to also address the needs for infants born to HIV-infected
4
mothers. Antiretroviral drugs now allow these children to exclusively
breastfeed until they are 6 months old and continue breastfeeding until at least
12 months of age with a significantly reduced risk of HIV transmission.
According to World Health Organization, in 2020, 149 million
children under 5 were estimated to be stunted (too short for age), 45 million
were estimated to be wasted (too thin for height), and 38.9 million were
overweight or obese. About 44% of infants 0–6 months old are exclusively
breastfed. Few children receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary
foods; in many countries less than a fourth of infants 6–23 months of age meet
the criteria of dietary diversity and feeding frequency that are appropriate for
their age. Over 820 000 children's lives could be saved every year among
children under 5 years, if all children 0–23 months were optimally breastfed.
Breastfeeding improves IQ, school attendance, and is associated with higher
income in adult life. Improving child development and reducing health costs
through breastfeeding results in economic gains for individual families as well
as at the national level. Undernutrition is estimated to be associated with 2.7
million child deaths annually or 45% of all child deaths.Optimal breastfeeding
is so critical that it could save the lives of over 820 000 children under the age
of 5 years each year.
According to the Department of Health - Cagayan Valley Center for
Health Development, the target source of DOH National Objectives for Health
5
for stunting having a National Baseline of 33.4%, in 2015. The national target
in 2022 is the reduction of stunting to 22.4% having a regional data of 6.75%
in 2021. While for wasting, the national target in 2022 is the reduction of
wasting to 2.5% having a regional data of 2%.
Based on the data from we gathered from the National Nutrition
Council of the Municipality of Baggao, Province of Cagayan - Operation
Timbang Plus 2021, Barangay Hacienda Intal have the highest number of
malnutrition.
Nutrition problems to be addressed high levels of stunting and wasting
among children under-five years of age, with levels that have remained
unchanged over the years. Also stunting is relatively low among infants 0-11
months old, but is significantly higher among one year old. The prevalence of
stunting remains high for the older children.
According to Undernutrition in the Philippines: Scale, Scope, and
Opportunities for Nutrition Policy and Programming Undernutrition are and
have always been a serious problem in the Philippines.
For nearly thirty years, there have been almost no improvements in the
prevalence of undernutrition in the Philippines. One in three children (29%)
younger than five years old suffered from stunting (2019), being small in size
for their age.

6
The country is ranked fifth among countries in the East Asia and
Pacific region with the highest prevalence of stunting and is among the 10
countries in the world with the highest number of stunted children.
There are regions with levels of stunting that exceed 40% of the
population. In Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 45% of
children below five are stunted, in Southwestern Tagalog Region
(MIMAROPA) 41%, Bicol Region it is 40%, Western Visayas 40%, and in
the south-central Mindanao Region (SOCCKSARGEN) 40%.
Hunger in the Philippines rose sharply following the start of the
pandemic. Social Weather Stations (SWS) surveys show that in September
2020, after seven months of community quarantine, 31% of families reported
experiencing hunger in the past 30 days, and 9% were suffering severe hunger
—in both cases, the highest levels recorded in more than 20 years.
Maternal nutrition could also affect the nutrition of the growing fetus.
Poor infant and young child feeding in the first two years of life coupled with
bouts of infection can explain the high levels of stunting.
Results of this study will guide the health administrators particularly
those in-charge of the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) as well as
politicians, as the health sector is devolved to the level of Local Chief
Executive, and also to some researchers, to plan, design and initiate programs
7
to address the problem to improve child survival and promote healthy growth
and development in particular in the City of Tuguegarao.
Statement of the Problem
This study generally aims to determine the Infant and Young Child
Feeding Practices of Mothers: Precursor to Malnutrition in Baggao. Specifically it
answers the questions:
1. What is the demographic profile respondents in Municipality of Baggao,
Cagayan in terms of:
A. Mother’s profile:
 Age
 Barangay
 Highest Educational Attainment
 Employment Status
 Average Annual Income
 Multimedia Access at Home
B. Infant and Young Children’s profile:
 Age
 Sex
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 Weight
 Height
 Body Mass Index
2. What is the prevalence of malnutrition?
3. What are the infant feeding practices of mothers in Baggao?
4. What are the young child feeding practices of mothers in Baggao?
5. What are the factors affecting infant feeding practices?
6. What are the factors affecting young child feeding practices?
7. Is there a significant difference on the malnutrition status when grouped
according to profile variables?
8. Is there a significant difference on the mother’s feeding practices when
grouped according to profile variables?
Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference on the mother’s feeding practices when
grouped according to profile variables.
Ho: There is no significant difference on the malnutrition status when grouped
according to profile variables.

9
Significance of the Study
The authors of the study will assist the following individuals:
Barangay Officers and Health Workers may use the necessary data to
monitor mothers' infant and young child feeding practices and how they
handle it in the community. To determine what steps must be taken to
assist mothers in the community; Cagayan State University has indicated
that they intend to use the findings of this study to hold seminars and other
activities in Tuguegarao City to address the problem; Future Researchers
who may use this as a resource in conducting research and identifying
other issues in communities; Mothers who may gain knowledge from this
study in order to better manage their situations and become responsible
mothers; Researchers will have a good understanding of the mothers'
current situation and will be able to help them solve the problem.
10
Conceptual Framework
The Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN) 2017-2022 is a
key component of the 2017-2022 Philippine Development Plan. It is in line
with the 10-point economic agenda of the Duterte administration, the
Philippine Health Agenda, the development pillars of malasakit (protective
concern), pagbabago (change or transformation), and kaunlaran
(development), as well as Ambisyon 2040's vision. It takes into account and
considers country commitments to the international community, as expressed
in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, the 2025 Global Targets for
Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition, and the 2014 International
Conference on Nutrition.
It is also the key to achieving the declarations of Alma-Ata by the
World Health Organization Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2030

11
Agenda. Area three (3) and eight (8) of the SDG states that it is the
responsibility of every state to ensure healthy lives and promote well- being
for all ages, reducing child mortality and, achieve universal health coverage
respectively.
The Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to achieve Zero Hunger. It s
one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United
Nations in 2015, the official word is to “end hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”. The goal
acknowledges that efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition which have
advanced significantly in 2000.
The 2020 Framework builds on UNICEF’s 1990 conceptual work,
acknowledges the increasing triple burden of malnutrition, undernutrition,
micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight - and highlights the role of diets
and care as immediate determinants of maternal and child nutrition.
The research framework was created to guide both the variable
selection and data analysis. Independent variables in this format are
respondents' profiles in terms of age, barangay, educational attainment,
employment status, average annual income, multi-media access at home,
infant immunization, and maternal practices. The dependent variable was
mothers' feeding practices for infants and young children.

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Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Profile of respondents in
Municipality of Baggao in
terms of:
A. Mother’s profile:
 Age
 Barangay
 Highest Educational
Attainment
 Employment Status
 Average Annual Infant and Young Child

Income Feeding Practices of Mothers
 Multimedia Access at
Home
B.Infant and Young Children’s

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Research Paradigm
Scope and Delimitation
The focal purpose of our study is to provide new insights on
determining the level of Infant and Young Children Practices of Mothers:
Precursor to Malnutrition in Baggao. We mainly focused on child feeding
(Infant and Young Child) at firstborn child at the age of 0 to 5 years old with
their mothers residing in Municipality of Baggao for past 6 months and
beyond in the year 2021. We also considered that the mother is capable in
breastfeeding.
This study is delimited to Barangay Hacienda Intal, Baggao, Cagayan
for having the highest number of malnutrition among infant and young child.
14
Due to the current pandemic that we are still facing, the researchers will
follow the guidelines and policies recommended by the Inter Agency Task
Force upon gathering information for both the respondent’s and the
researcher’s safety.
We will be conducting this study with the limit of financial resources,
time framework, and external resources since we have limited access outside.
Researchers intended to make a data mainly focusing on infant and young
child feeding practices of mother precursor of malnutrition.
Definition of Terms
A child under the age of one year is referred to as an infant, more
specifically a newborn baby.
A young child is a child who is under the age of five.
Breastfeeding is the process of feeding child a mother's milk.
Infant Care - refers to a social welfare service that provides support
for nursery facilities and home fostering, caring for and nurturing
infants aged 0 to 5 years old in a healthy and safe environment while

15
providing them with an education that is appropriate for their mental
and physical development.
Malnutrition refers to energy and/or nutrient deficiencies, excesses, or
imbalances in a child's diet.
Practices - refers to the activities that respondents engage in to combat
malnutrition.
Precursor - is an indicator or an approach to something
Stunting is defined as a low height for one's age as a result of chronic
malnutrition, which slows linear growth.
The term "mother" refers to a woman who is breastfeeding her child.
Wasting is defined as a low weight for height because of insufficient
nutrition over a shorter period of time.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE STUDIES
This chapter summarizes some of the related literature and studies that were
read, as well as a preliminary review of the concepts, theories, ideas, and data that
they used in formulating their approach, format, and instruments for the research
study.
A. Nutrition
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Everything that happens to food from the time it is eaten until it is used
for various functions in the body is referred to as nutrition (Srilakshmi, 2002).
Nutrition is a fundamental pillar of human development, and large-scale
programming can not only alleviate the burden of malnutrition and
deprivation, but also help countries advance.
B. Malnutrition in Infant and Child
Malnutrition during childhood leads to significant losses in
adolescence and adulthood. Good health and nutrition are inherently valuable
in human development, contributing to a child's physical and cognitive
development. Childhood malnutrition increases a child's susceptibility to a
variety of infections and often prolongs recovery time, posing a significant
disease burden in developing countries. The cost of medical care for a child
who is overweight or obese rises dramatically in the future. Malnutrition
among children is a major problem in any developing country. Despite the fact
that the percentage of malnourished children has decreased globally over the
last 30 years, the absolute number of malnourished children continues to rise.
Malnutrition is a “syndrome of developmental impairment” that includes
growth failure, delayed cognitive and behavioral development, and increased
morbidity and mortality in poor economies (Scopus, 2020).
C. Traditional Infant Feeding Practices

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Breastfeeding is widely recognized as a traditional feeding practice for
both infants and mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding is when a mother feeds her
baby only breast milk and no other liquids or solids, with the exception of
liquid medicine or vitamin/mineral supplements. Breast milk alone is the ideal
nourishment for infants during their first six months of life, providing all of
the necessary nutrients, including vitamins and minerals (Ketbi, 2018).
D. Modern Infant and Child Feeding
Around 23% of mothers used a bottle to feed their index child, which
is not recommended by the WHO. A previous study in Ethiopia and studies in
India both came up with similar results. This could be due to the fact that the
majority of mothers lacked formal education and had limited access to and
exposure to mass media due to their low socioeconomic status (they came
from slums) (Demilew, 2017).
E. Maternal Education
Increases in the number of girls and young women enrolled in formal
education are important for a variety of reasons and should be celebrated. At
the same time, because higher levels of education are linked to lower
breastfeeding rates, it's critical to assess the impact of education on
breastfeeding rates so that policies and programs can be adjusted and
breastfeeding can be protected, promoted, and supported. Trends in

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breastfeeding indicators and formula use for infants and young children in
LMICs over the last 20 years by World Bank income classification and
UNICEF regions (Neves, 2021).
Other Related Literature
Many inappropriate feeding practices are used during early childhood
to ensure the health and nutritional status of young children, and children are
thus at risk of childhood malnutrition as a result of these practices (Jain et al.,
2014). Lack of knowledge may be affecting critical aspects of child feeding,
such as early breastfeeding initiation, exclusive breastfeeding for six months,
and the prompt introduction of age-appropriate complementary feeding, all of
which are critical factors in preventing childhood malnutrition and mortality
(Nankumbi J. & Muliira J. 2015).
Chronic malnutrition is common in Tanzania at a young age, according
to a study (Vitta et al. 2016), with over a third (35.5%) of children under the
age of two being stunted. Childhood malnutrition is exacerbated by poor infant
and young child feeding (IYCF) practices. According to the findings,
messages about continued breastfeeding and complementary feeding should be
emphasized more, and messages about not feeding commercially produced
snack foods to children should be included as well.

20
Malnutrition is caused by modifiable factors such as child age, gender,
maternal education, socioeconomic status, recurrent infections, low birth
weight, and antenatal care uptake. High rates of stunting and wasting in
Mumbai's informal settlements indicate a nutrition crisis, and IYCF appears to
be challenging – in terms of dietary diversity and appropriate diet (Bentley et
al., 2015). Despite the progress made in recent decades in reducing under-5
mortality, chronic malnutrition among children remains a major public health
concern. The findings of this study revealed that proper IYCF is about
caregivers' responsiveness and care during feeding episodes as well as food
practices that pay attention to the quality, diversity, and amount of food
provided to children. Poverty, women's excessive workloads, partners'
insufficient financial support, and seasonal changes in food availability are all
seen as limiting appropriate IYCF (Ahishakiye, 2019).
A global strategy for optimal infant and young child feeding has been
established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations
Children's Fund (UNICEF) (IYCF). The strategy suggests starting
breastfeeding within one hour of birth and breastfeeding exclusively for the
first six months, after which nutritiously appropriate, adequate, and safe
complementary foods should be introduced and breastfeeding continued for
another two years. Improving IYCF practices based on this recommendation is
critical to reducing undernutrition and its consequences in both healthy and
sick children (Demilew, 2017).

21
World Health Organization response
The World Health Organization (WHO) is committed to assisting
countries in implementing and monitoring the "Comprehensive
Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition," which
was approved by Member States in May 2012. One of the plan's six goals is to
increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months to at least
50% by 2025. This goal will be achieved through the activities listed in the
"global strategy for infant and young child feeding," which aims to protect,
promote, and support proper newborn and young child feeding. UNICEF and
WHO established the Global Breastfeeding Collective to coordinate political,
legal, financial, and public support for breastfeeding. The Global
Breastfeeding Collective includes governments, philanthropies, international
organizations, and civil society organizations.
Government Initiatives
The African Union established the New Partnership for Africa's
Development (NEPAD), which has as one of its goals the reduction of hunger
and the improvement of nutritional development. Ethiopia, according to
(Reddy et al. 2019), is a low-income country that has long struggled with
22
childhood malnutrition. The country has set a goal of eliminating malnutrition
by 2030, and policies such as the National Nutrition Strategy 2005-06 and the
National Nutrition Policy 2008 have been implemented, but there is still a long
way to go to meet this goal. According to Bain et al. (2013), increasing the
growth of genetically developed and modified foods as well as improving
socio-cultural conditions is solutions to food insecurity, which is one of the
major contributors to childhood malnutrition. In research from Karol (2019),
improvements in WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) can protect
Bangladeshi children from malnutrition. The government is also working on
improving the infrastructure in that area. The Indonesian government has
implemented a number of development programs to combat malnutrition.
Health insurance, community capacity development, and microcredit are
among the programs available. India is also making strenuous efforts to
eradicate childhood malnutrition. The Integrated Child Development Scheme
(ICDS), a nutrition program for children under the age of five, as well as
pregnant and lactating mothers, and the wheat-based Supplementary Nutrition
Program through the Public Distribution System are two of the most important
programs they have implemented.
At the World Health Organization's (WHO) 69th Regional Committee
meeting for the African Region today, a strategic plan to reduce the double
burden of malnutrition was adopted. The strategic plan aims to improve
evidence-based policies and national capacity by 2025, with specific goals to

23
achieve. Reinforcing legislation and food safety standards, using fiscal
incentives to encourage healthy food choices, and integrating essential
nutrition actions into health service delivery platforms are all priority
interventions (Benson, 2008).
Tanzania approved the Code in 1994 when the National Regulations
for Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes and Designated Products were
established (Government of Tanzania 1994). The Tanzania Food, Drugs and
Cosmetics (Marketing of Foods and Designated Products for Infants and
Young Children) Act was updated in 2013 to prohibit the promotion of infant
formula, follow-up formula, growing-up milks, and 'any product marketed, or
otherwise represented or commonly used for feeding of infants...or beverages,
milks, and other foods intended for use by infants and young children'
(Government of Tanzania 2013).
Laws Pertaining to Malnutrition
i. Local government units are required to exercise their powers and
discharge their functions as necessary and appropriate for the effective
provision of basic services, such as child welfare and nutrition

24
services, under the Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act
7160).
ii. The Philippine Milk Code (Executive Order 51) governs the sale of
infant formula, other milk products, foods and beverages, and feeding
bottles and teats. Milk companies that own and operate the product, as
well as manufacturers, distributors, marketing firms, and their
representatives, are covered by the code.
iii. The Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act (Republic Act 10028)
mandates the establishment of lactation stations by private businesses
and government agencies, including government-owned and controlled
corporations. Expenses incurred as a result of this will now be
deductible expenses (for tax purposes) up to twice the amount
incurred. In addition to meal breaks, the law mandates "lactation
periods" for breastfeeding employees to allow them to express their
breast milk, with the period being no less than 40 minutes for every
eight-hour work period.
iv. The Kalusugan at Nutrisyon ng Mag-Nanay Act – First 1000 Days
Law (Republic Act 11148) directs national agencies, local
government units, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders to
develop and implement a comprehensive and long-term strategy for the
first 1,000 days of life to address health, nutrition, and developmental

25
issues affecting infants, young children, adolescent females, and
pregnant and lactating women.
v. The Universal Health Care Act (Republic Act 11223) emphasized
an integrated and comprehensive approach to ensure that all Filipinos
are health-literate, have healthy living conditions, are protected from
hazards, have equitable access to quality and affordable health care
goods and services, and are protected from financial risk through a
framework that fosters a whole-of-system-government-society
approach in the development, implementation, monitoring, and
evaluation of health-related policies.
Other Related Studies
The Nutrition Foundation of India (NFI) conducted research in urban
slums of three major cities (Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai) and discovered a
significant decline in breastfeeding patterns. Other research from urban slums
found that only 30-40% of infants were exclusively breastfed, colostrum was
discarded in up to 90% of cases, prelacteal feeds were practically universal,
and feeding bottles, animal milk, and commercial milk formulae were widely
used. It was also discovered that the introduction of complementary foods is
significantly delayed, that the foods lack consistency and energy density, and
that they are served in insufficient amounts and in unsanitary methods. (S.
Roy, A. Dasgupta, and B. Pal.)

26
The World Health Organization describes complementary feeding as
"the process that begins when breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet
the nutritional needs of newborns, and other meals and liquids, in addition to
breast milk, are required." Complementary feeding focuses on bridging the
gradual transition from exclusive nursing to solid foods consumed by the
entire family alongside breastfeeding between 6 and 24 months. CFP
deficiency has been associated to an increased risk of respiratory and
gastrointestinal illnesses, as well as death. Only 71 percent of Bangladeshi
newborns ingest suitable supplemental foods by the age of six to eight months,
and once CF sets in, they frequently '[slip] off the growth curve.'As a result,
widespread adoption of WHO recommendations on CF is critical. Appropriate
CF necessitates appropriate home food availability and caregivers' use of
adequate nutritional understanding. While there are numerous studies on BF
practices, CF has received less attention.
Complementary foods are frequently provided too soon or too late and
are frequently nutritionally deficient and dangerous. In Bangladesh, 43% of
babies are nursed within an hour after their birth. Although colostrum feeding
rates have increased by 92% in the last decade [3,] prelacteal feeding rates
have not (62 percent). Only 43% of newborns under the age of six months are
exclusively breastfed, with the rest receiving water, other milk, and other
liquids in addition to breast milk. The rate at which74 percent of youngsters
aged 6 to 9 months receive supplemental nutrition (National Institute of

27
Population Research and Training, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009). In Myanmar,
stunting and anemia among children aged 6–23 months are important public
health issues that demand immediate attention (Mya et al, 2019). According to
WHO complementary feeding guidelines, children should be provided a
variety of food categories, including iron-rich foods. Breastfeeding should be
encouraged until the child reaches the age of two. National policies on food
and nutrition security, as well as maternal and child nutrition and health,
should be aligned with internationally agreed-upon principles to safeguard,
promote, and support age-appropriate complementary foods and feeding
methods for infants and young children (Aguayo 2017).

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Descriptive - Inferential research design will be utilized for this
research to determine data on the infant and young child feeding practices of
mother’s precursor to malnutrition. It attempts to gather relevant profile
variables to at least underscore the differences and similarities in the
characteristics of respondents.
Locale of the Study
This study will be conducted in Barangay Hacienda Intal, Baggao,
Cagayan as it has the highest number of malnutrition.
Finalization of the entire study will be carried at Cagayan State
University - Andrews Campus, College of Allied Health Sciences specifically
at the the Public Health Laboratory.
Respondents of the Study and Sampling Design

29
The researchers will use purposive sampling method for the selection
of the eligible respondents. They have been selected using this inclusion
criteria: (a) having first born child aged 0-5 years old, (b) should be residing in
the identified barangays for the past six months and beyond in the year 2021,
(c) must be 20-35 years of age, (d) must be present during the time of data
gathering, and (e) must be voluntarily participate as manifested by the
Informed Consent Form.
Data Collection Method
Communication letters were made by the researchers and soon as they
had been approved by the Dean of College of Allied Health Sciences for
distribution, they will be referred to the people of authorities concerned such
as that of the Barangay Captains and the Municipal Health Officer. As the
Barangay Captain and the other barangay officials were briefed as to the
purposes and objectives of the research, the researchers will approach the
respondents in their homes and administer the data collection through survey
questionnaire but first deriving the informed consent form. After collection,
the gathered data will be collated and analyzed using descriptive-inferential
statistics.
30
Considering that the data gathering process was done during the
pandemic, the researchers will follow the guidelines and policies
recommended by the Inter Agency Task Force for both the respondent’s and
researcher’s safety.
Research Instrument
Prior to the Informed Consent Form derived after an explanation was
made by the researchers as to the nature and purpose of the study. The study
investigators will use adopted questionnaire as a primary tool for data
gathering.
Data Analysis
Since the study only described the Infant and Young Child Feeding
Practices of Mothers: Precursor to Malnutrition, it will use descriptive
statistics data to present the profile variables of the respondents that enables
the researchers to generate new insights and concepts derived from the data
gathered. On the other hand, inferential statistic shall be used to test the
hypothesis stated.
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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ALLED HEALTH SCIENCES

INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES OF MOTHERS:

A Thesis Presented to the

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Delos Santos, Richelle

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background . . . 3

Chapter II Review of Related Literature Studies . . . 15

Chapter III Methodology . . . . . . 24

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

most effective interventions to improve child health. It is a key area to

first 2 years of a child’s life are particularly important, as optimal nutrition

disease, and fosters better development overall.

WHO and UNICEF recommend early initiation of breastfeeding within

introduction of nutritionally-adequate and safe complementary (solid) foods at

6 months together with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or

fully immunized infants before their first year.

It is estimated about 44% of infants aged 0–6 months worldwide were

exclusively breastfed over the period of 2015-2020. Recommendations have

mothers. Antiretroviral drugs now allow these children to exclusively

12 months of age with a significantly reduced risk of HIV transmission.

According to World Health Organization, in 2020, 149 million

breastfed. Few children receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary

Breastfeeding improves IQ, school attendance, and is associated with higher

through breastfeeding results in economic gains for individual families as well

as at the national level. Undernutrition is estimated to be associated with 2.7

million child deaths annually or 45% of all child deaths.Optimal breastfeeding

of 5 years each year.

According to the Department of Health - Cagayan Valley Center for

in 2022 is the reduction of stunting to 22.4% having a regional data of 6.75%

wasting to 2.5% having a regional data of 2%.

Based on the data from we gathered from the National Nutrition

Council of the Municipality of Baggao, Province of Cagayan - Operation

Nutrition problems to be addressed high levels of stunting and wasting

stunting remains high for the older children.

According to Undernutrition in the Philippines: Scale, Scope, and

Opportunities for Nutrition Policy and Programming Undernutrition are and

have always been a serious problem in the Philippines.

prevalence of undernutrition in the Philippines. One in three children (29%)

for their age.

countries in the world with the highest number of stunted children.

population. In Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 45% of

children below five are stunted, in Southwestern Tagalog Region

(MIMAROPA) 41%, Bicol Region it is 40%, Western Visayas 40%, and in

the south-central Mindanao Region (SOCCKSARGEN) 40%.

Hunger in the Philippines rose sharply following the start of the

pandemic. Social Weather Stations (SWS) surveys show that in September

2020, after seven months of community quarantine, 31% of families reported

bouts of infection can explain the high levels of stunting.

Results of this study will guide the health administrators particularly

politicians, as the health sector is devolved to the level of Local Chief

and development in particular in the City of Tuguegarao.

Statement of the Problem

Feeding Practices of Mothers: Precursor to Malnutrition in Baggao. Specifically it

answers the questions:

1. What is the demographic profile respondents in Municipality of Baggao,

Cagayan in terms of:

 Highest Educational Attainment

 Average Annual Income

 Multimedia Access at Home

B. Infant and Young Children’s profile:

 Body Mass Index

2. What is the prevalence of malnutrition?

3. What are the infant feeding practices of mothers in Baggao?