Supervised Learning vs Unsupervised Learning

Supervised Learning
This is a subcategory of artificial intelligence and machine learning. It is distinctively identified by the
use of labelled data to train algorithms to classify data or predict outcomes accurately. Both input and
output data are provided here. The aim of a supervised learning algorithm is to find a mapping function to
map the input variable(x) with the output variable(y).
Types of Problems
1. Classification Problems: It is able to identify certain entities in the dataset and makes an attempt
to infer how those things need to be described or labeled. Examples of classification algorithms
include: Decision Trees, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines.
2. Regression Problems: they are used to understand the relationship between dependent and
independent variables. It is also used for prediction of continuous variables such as Weather
Forecast, Market Trends. Examples of regression algorithms include: Linear Regression, Logical
Regression.
Relevant Case Study
1. Using supervised learning, Trakka, a startup can extract and classify important pieces of
information from large volumes of data including context, emotion and intent all with very little
human intervention. This can be incredibly useful when gaining a better understanding of
customer interactions and can be used to improve brand engagement efforts. This is also known
as customer sentiment analysis.
2. At Zenith Bank Plc, Fraud can easily be detected thanks to supervised learning models. This
supervised learning models classify an account owners regular transaction behavior and in the
event suspicious activity is carried out against the account the model can classify such as
fraudulent activity as against the already learnt behaviors.
Advantages
1. The model can predict the output on the basis of prior experiences.
2. Supervised learning model helps us to solve various real-world problems such as fraud detection,
spam filtering, etc.
Disadvantages
1. Supervised learning models are not suitable for handling complex tasks.
2. Supervised learning cannot predict the correct output if the test data is different from the training
dataset.

Unsupervised Learning
It analyzes and groups unlabeled datasets using machine learning methods. This algorithm identifies
hidden patterns or data clusters without the assistance of a human. It is the best option for consumer
segmentation, and picture identification because of its capacity to find similarities and contrasts in
information. The goal of unsupervised learning is to find the underlying structure of dataset, and group
that data according to similarities.
Types of Problems
1. Clustering: this mainly deals with finding a structure or pattern in a collection of uncategorized
data. It processes data and finds natural clusters if they exist in the data. Examples of clustering
types include: Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Clustering.
2. Association: association rules allow you to establish associations amongst data objects inside
large databases. It checks for the dependency of one item on another item and maps them
together.
Relevant Case Study
1. In this instance we use a baby and her family dog. She knows and identifies this dog. Few weeks
later a family friend brings along a dog and tries to play with the baby. Baby has not seen this dog
earlier. But it recognizes many features (2 ears, eyes, walking on 4 legs) are like her pet dog. She
identifies the new animal as a dog. This is unsupervised learning, where you are not taught but
you learn from the data (in this case data about a dog).
Advantages
1. Unsupervised learning is much similar as a human learns to think by their own experiences.
2. Unsupervised Learning can be used for more complex tasks.
Disadvantages
1. Higher risk of inaccurate results seeing as they’re completely unsupervised
2. Human intervention to validate output variables

Deep Learning
Deep Learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that is essentially a three or more-layered neural network.
These neural networks try to mimic human brain function by allowing it to "learn" from vast volumes of
data. While a single-layer neural network may still produce approximate predictions, more hidden layers
can assist optimization and tune for accuracy.
Relevant Case Study
1. Customer Service: Many organizations incorporate deep learning technology into their customer
service processes. Chatbots: used in a variety of applications, services, and customer service
portals; are a straightforward form of AI. Traditional chatbots use natural language and even
visual recognition, commonly found in call center-like menus.
Advantages
1. Elimination of the need for data labeling
2. Better Self-Learning Capabilities
Disadvantages
1. Its inability to explain its reasoning for reaching a certain conclusion
2. Deep Learning is a technology that uses a lot of resources
 Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning is a feedback-based Machine learning technique in which an agent learns to
behave in an environment by performing the actions and seeing the results of actions. For each good
action, the agent gets positive feedback, and for each bad action, the agent gets negative feedback or
penalty. The primary goal of an agent in reinforcement learning is to improve the performance by getting
the maximum positive rewards. Examples of Reinforcement Learning include: Q-Learning, SARSA,
DQN.
Types of Problems
1. Positive Reinforcement is defined as when an event, occurs due to a particular behavior, increases
the strength and the frequency of the behavior. In other words, it has a positive effect on
behavior.
2. Negative Reinforcement is defined as strengthening of behavior because a negative condition is
stopped or avoided.
Elements of Reinforcement Learning
1. Policy
2. Reward Signal
3. Value Function
4. Model of the environment
Relevant Case Study
1. Game Optimization: some time ago, a friend of mine was playing a game which he cleared the
boss level once with a particular set of moves. Some other time, this friend played the game again
with the same set of moves and was unable to clear the boss level any longer. He tried and tried
and was unable to achieve it. We came to understand that the game had optimized itself having
learnt the steps he used the first time and took caution against said moves. Ergo, the game got a
penalty for permitting it once and the chances of occurring again became minimal.
Advantages
1. Once an error is corrected by the model, the chances of occurring the same error are very less.
2. In the absence of a training dataset, it is bound to learn from its experience.
Disadvantages
1. Reinforcement learning is not preferable to use for solving simple problems.
2. Too much reinforcement learning can lead to an overload of states, which can diminish the
results.

Ontology
Ontology
Ontology in AI refers to a shared vocabulary for researchers. It offers machine-interpretable definitions of
fundamental concepts as well as their connections. Ontology-based AI enables the system to form
conclusions that mimic human behavior by using contents and their connections. It is capable of
producing targeted outcomes and does not require training sets to become operational.
Relevant Case Study
1. The semantic web is a method for distributing machine-interpretable knowledge over the World
Wide Web. Instead of only offering HTML pages for humans to view, web sites will also supply
information that machines may use. At its most basic, XML (Extensible Markup Language)
provides a syntax meant to be machine readable but understandable by people.
Advantages
1. It can include any data type and supports unstructured, semi-structured or structured data format.
2. It enables smoother data integration.
Disadvantages
1. The definitions of AI are evolving by the hour. New conventions are introduced everyday so it
becomes difficult to maintain one knowledge base. The definition of AI 100 years ago is not the
same as now.

Decision Trees
A decision support tool known as a decision tree employs a tree-like model to represent options and their
potential outcomes. One technique to show an algorithm that solely uses conditional control statements is
to use this method.
A decision tree typically consists of three types of nodes namely:
1. Decision Nodes: typically depicts a decision to be made
2. Chance Nodes: typically shows the probabilities of certain results
3. End Nodes: typically shows the final outcome
Types of Decision Tree

 Categorical variable decision tree: A categorical variable decision tree includes categorical target
variables that are divided into categories.
 Continuous variable decision tree: A continuous variable decision tree is a decision tree with a
continuous target variable.
Relevant Case Study

 Serves as a support tool in several fields: Decision trees can also be used in operations research in
planning logistics and strategic management. It can also be used in Banks to ascertain if a client is
eligible for loans based on the customers past data.
 Assessing prospective growth opportunities: Historical sales data may be utilized in decision
trees, which can lead to significant changes in a company's strategy to boost expansion and
growth.
Advantages of Decision Tree
  Explanatory Ability: Decision trees produce readable output. It is understandable to those without
analytical or mathematical training.
 Any data type: Decision trees can make classifications based on both numerical and categorical
variables.
Disadvantages of Decision Tree

 Overfitting: Decision trees frequently suffer from overfitting.

 They are unstable, meaning that a small change in the data can lead to a large change in the
structure of the optimal decision tree.