Deriving Upper Bound on Channel Capacity of LEO Satellite

Communication Link at sub-THz Frequencies

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CITATION

Kumar, Rajnish; Arnon, Shlomi (2022): Deriving Upper Bound on Channel Capacity of LEO Satellite
Communication Link at sub-THz Frequencies. TechRxiv. Preprint.
https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21090100.v1

DOI

10.36227/techrxiv.21090100.v1

Deriving Upper Bound on Channel Capacity of
LEO Satellite Communication Link at sub-THz
Frequencies
Rajnish Kumar, and Shlomi Arnon
Abstract—The increasing demand in data rates and new
emerging applications require that the future generation of
satellite networks will be designed at sub-THz frequencies with
ultra-broad bandwidth. At such frequencies, the satellite channel
is impaired by the highly frequency dependent absorption of the
signal by the gaseous atmospheric media besides the thermal
noise from the sky, the ground, receiver circuit and molecular
absorption noise thus, making it a highly frequency-selective
channel. In this work, we derive a theoretical upper bound on
the channel capacity of a LEO satellite communication link by
optimizing the power spectral density (PSD) of the transmitted
signal considering the physicla aspects of THz channel. We obtain
a closed form expression of optimum transmitted signal PSD
that maximizes the channel capacity of LEO satellite link as the
elevation angle changes with the transmitted power held constant.
Index Terms—Channel capacity, LEO Satellite, Satellite Com-
munication, THz frequency bands.
I. I NTRODUCTION
T HE recent progress in 5G have made significant im-
provements in number of applications including the vir-
tual reality, autonomous vehicles, smart grids, public health,
banking, commerce, and enhanced broadband services [1].
However, the increasing demand in data rates and for the
futuristic services like holographic teleportation, quantum
communications, human-computer interactions, autonomous
vehicles, blockchain, smart cities, etc. will require that the next
generation of wireless communication system namely 6G be
designed at THz frequencies (0.1 to 10 THz) [2]. The mega
constellations of LEO satellites would play significant part
in the next generation communication infrastructure with its
seamless integration in the upcoming 6G network [3]. These
satellite networks will be deployed at sub-THz bands due to
larger available bandwidth that will lead to higher data rates of
multi-giga bits per sec (MGbps) [4] with lower latency [5]. At
such frequencies, the satellite link will be ultra-broadband with
very high throughput to meet the increasingly higher demand
in data rates and satellite services.
At such extremely high frequency, the communication link
is severely affected by losses caused by the atmospheric
channel besides the spreading loss. The major gases present in
the atmosphere responsible for such high absorption of signal
energy are water vapor and oxygen resulting in significant
frequency selective molecular absorption loss. The absorption
The authors are with Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. (e-mail: rajnish@post.bgu.ac.il,
shlomi@bgu.ac.il).
1
loss shows higher frequency dependence compared to the
absorption in V-band and lower frequency bands [6], [7].
Such high absorption and path loss can be compensated at
such frequencies as the antennas are highly directional due
to low beam divergence. In addition to the signal absorption,
the atmosphere also adds noise to the receiver antenna at the
ground station. The noise at the receiver due to the atmosphere
includes the downwelling temperature due to the gaseous
atmosphere of the earth, upwelling brightness temperature due
to the earth and electronic circuits e.g. low-noise amplifier
and filters connected to the receiver antenna terminal. Another
source of noise to the antenna at THz frequencies is due to the
molecular absorption by the gases as the absorbed power is
re-radiated by the gases back into the communication channel.
The power spectral density of molecular absorption noise has
been found to be highly correlated with the transmitted signal
power spectra [8], [9]. Considering all these aspects of the
THz satellite communication system, we show that the PSD of
transmitted signal can be shaped to adapt the link parameters
such that we get an upper bound on the channel capacity of
the link.
In this work, we mathematically derive a closed form
expression for PSD of the transmitted satellite signal in order
to maximize the channel capacity of the LEO satellite com-
munication link at sub-THz frequencies. The expression for
PSD has been derived with the consideration of the impact of
the thermal noises from the sky and the ground, the molecular
absorption noise and thermal noises due to the receiver circuit,
receiver antenna physical temperature and highly frequency
selective gaseous attenuation. The transmitter power is held
constant for the channel capacity optimization problem. The
expression for the optimum PSD has been obtained as the
elevation angle of the LEO satellites changes due to its
movement in the orbit.
II. C HANNEL M ODELLING
In this section, we discuss the channel model and the noise
affecting the link performance specific to THz bands. The
signal propagation losses over a THz satellite channel would
include: the spreading loss and the molecular absorption loss
in the gaseous media. The losses due to molecular absorp-
tion depends on the gaseous constituents of the atmospheric
channel and shows stronger dependence on frequency at THz
bands. This makes the THz satellite channel highly frequency
selective. For a signal being received at the ground station
 2

on. The absorption loss shows higher frequency selectivity and

can be severe depending on the signal transmission frequency
and path length through the channel. The computation of the
absorption loss will require the absorption coefficient and the
path length traversed through the atmospheric channel. For
this purpose, the atmospheric channel can be divided into
several homogeneous layers with each layer having a constant
absorption coefficient. The channel transfer function due to
the molecular absorption loss can be expressed as
M
Y 1
HM (f, θ0 ) = exp(− ki (f )di (θ0 )) (3)
i=i0
2

where, M is number of homogeneous layers into which the

atmospheric channel is divided, di (θ0 ) is the slant path length
Fig. 1. System geometry for a LEO satellite to ground station receiver antenna
based at height ha above the ground at an elevation angle θ0 traversed by the signal in each layer of the gaseous atmo-
spheric channel, and ki (f ) is the absorption coefficient of the
each layer of the atmospheric media, and i0 is the layer of the
receiver (as shown in Figure 1) at an elevation angle θ0 , the atmospheric channel in which the receiver antenna is located
channel transfer function due to the spreading loss will be and it will be determined by the antenna height ha above the
written as [8] ground. The slant path length di (θ0 ) depends on the elevation
p angle and the refractive index of the layer in consideration that
c ηT ηR GT (f )GR (f ) −j2πf ds (θ0 )/c can be computed using ITU recommendation [10].
HS (f, θ0 ) = e (1)
4πf ds (θ0 ) Combining the channel transfer function due to the spread-
where, c is speed of light, and f is the frequency, GT (f ) ing loss and the molecular absorption loss, the total channel
and GR (f ) are the gain of transmitting and receiving antenna frequency response of the LEO satellite link at THz frequency
as a function of frequency respectively, ηT and ηR are the band can now be written using (1) and (3) as
efficiencies of both the antennas respectively, and ds (θ0 ) p
is the slant path length between the LEO satellite and the c ηT ηR GT (f )GR (f ) −j2πf ds (θ0 )/c
H(f, θ0 ) = e
receiver antenna. The exponential term exp(−j2πf ds (θ0 )/c) 4πf ds (θ0 )
M
represents the phase due to the time delay in traversing a path Y 1
length ds (θ0 ) by the signal through the atmospheric channel. e− 2 ki (f )di (θ0 ) (4)
i=i0
We have used a spherical model of earth for channel
modelling of the satellite link to the ground station which In order to model the antenna gains for the link design,
gives more accurate results compared to flat earth modelling we use the models of parabolic reflector for the satellite
[10], [11]. Considering the spherical model of earth as shown antenna and array antenna at the ground station receiver. For
in Figure 1 for the LEO satellite link at an altitude of hs the satellite antenna as parabolic reflector, the gain will be
with the ground station receiver located at a height above the expressed as
ground, the slant path length ds (θ0 ) at an elevation angle θ0  πD
2 
through the channel will be given by GT (dB) = 10 log10 ηT (5)
λ
ds (θ0 ) = −(R0 + ha ) sin θ0 + where, ηT is the antenna efficiency and D is the diameter of
p the antenna.
(R0 + hs )2 − (R0 + ha )2 cos2 θ0 (2)
The antenna at the ground station is modelled as a uniform
where, ha is the height of receiver antenna above the ground linear array antenna with its elements kept along Z-axis (local
and R0 is the radius of the earth taken to be 6371 km. zenith) for which the array factor is given as [12]
The losses due to absorption by the gaseous molecules N
X  2π
present in the atmospheric media causes molecular absorption

AF (f, θ) = exp j (n − 1)d(sin θ − sin θ0 ) (6)
loss to the signal. As the photons collide with the gaseous n=1
λ
molecules, it imparts energy to the molecules by its energy
where, N denotes the number of elements in the array antenna,
band transition from low energy state to high energy state and
d is the distance between the antenna elements, λ is the
thus causing attenuation of the propagating electromagnetic
wavelength and θ0 is the angle of main beam that will point
wave. The effect is peculiar to the THz bands with several
towards the LEO satellite i.e. elevation angle. The directive
peaks of absorption at the natural resonant frequencies of the
gain of the antenna GR (f, θ0 ) would then be found using the
gases [11].
following expression
Two major gases responsible for absorption losses at THz
frequency bands are oxygen and water vapor with natural |AF (f, θ)|2
GR (f, θ0 ) = 1 π
(7)
resonant frequencies around 180, 320, 380, 450 GHz and so
R
2 0
|AF (f, θ)|2 sin θdθ

The noise affecting the receiver system performance at
the ground station includes: thermal noise due to brightness
temperature of the atmosphere and that from the ground,
molecular absorption noise due to molecular absorption in the
channel, noise due to physical temperature of receiver antenna,
and the noise due to electronic circuit connected to the receiver
antenna output terminal. The atmospheric media with various
mixture of gaseous molecules will radiate thermal noise into
the receiver antenna due to its brightness temperature. Each
layer of the atmosphere would act like a lossy media at
its brightness temperature and would contribute noise to the
antenna receiver with the attenuation in the atmospheric path
in between the antenna receiver and the layer in consideration.
The downwelling brightness temperature at the antenna at a
height of ha above the ground would be expressed as [10]
Pi0
Tdown (f, θ0 ) = TB (f, 2.73) × 10− j=k γi di (θ0 )/10
+
i0
X Pi0
TB (f, Tj )(1 − 10−γn dn (θ0 )/10 )10− j=k−1 γi di (θ0 )/10
n=k
(8)
where, 2.73 K is the cosmic microwave background temper-
ature, Tj is the physical temperature of each layer of the
atmosphere, and TB is the brightness temperature of these
homogeneous layers of the atmosphere, γi (dB/Km) is the
specific attenuation through each homogeneous layer of the
gaseous atmospheric media.
The earth itself would act as another source of thermal
noise to the antenna receiver above the ground. The noise
would be received by the sidelobes of receiver antenna fac-
ing the ground. The upwelling temperature at the antenna
receiver will consist of noise due to the surface temperature
of the earth attenuated by the atmospheric gas, reflected
downwelling temperature attenuated by the atmosphere and
upwelling atmospheric brightness temperature. The upwelling
noise temperature at the receiver antenna will be given by [10]
Tup (f, θ0 ) = ϵTB (f, Tearth ) + ρTdown (f, 1800 − θ0 )+
i0
X Pi0
TB (f, Tj )(1 − 10−γn dn (θ0 )/10 )10− j=n+1 γi di (θ0 )/10
n=1
(9)
where, Tearth = 290 K is the physical temperature of the
surface of the earth (K), ϵ is emissivity of the earth, and ρ is
effective reflection coefficient.
The molecular absorption loss in the atmospheric gases
also adds noise to the system at THz, known as molecular
absorption noise. The noise is caused by the re-radiation of the
absorbed signal energy by the gaseous molecules back into the
communication channel. The noise is also called self-induced
noise because it is caused by the absorption of the propagating
electromagnetic signal itself by the gaseous molecules of the
channel and is peculiar to THz bands. The gaseous molecules
e.g. oxygen and water vapor that absorb the signal energy
re-radiate back at the same signal frequency and thus the
noise is highly correlated with the propagating signal [8]. The
3
noise temperature due to the molecular absorption noise can
be expressed as [9]
 M 
ST (f, θ0 ) Y
−ki (f )di (θ0 )
TAM (f, θ0 ) = 1− e (10)
4πkd2s (θ0 ) i=i 0
where, ST (f, θ0 ) is the PSD of transmitted signal at a given
elevation angle θ0 , k is Boltzmann constant.
Due to the downwelling temperature from the sky, the
antenna will have a noise temperature that can be evaluated
by convolving the antenna gain pattern and the downwelling
brightness temperature. The sidelobes of antenna facing the
earth will also receive noise from the upwelling brightness
temperature and can be found by convolving the gain pattern
with the upwelling temperature. In addition, there will be
thermal noise from the electronic circuit connected to the
terminals of antenna. The physical temperature TP of the
receiver antenna will be additional source of thermal noise
to the receiver. Taking into account the radiation efficiency
ηR of the receiver antenna, the antenna noise temperature at
its output terminal can be written as [13]
TA (f, θ0 ) = ηR [TAdown (f, θ0 ) + TAup (f, θ0 ) + TAM (f, θ0 )]
+ (1 − ηR )TP + TRX (11)
where, TRX is the noise temperature due to the electronic cir-
cuit connected to the receiver antenna terminal, TAdown (f, θ0 )
and TAup (f, θ0 ) are the noise temperature of receiver antenna
due to the downwelling and upwelling brightness temperature
respectively.
III. U PPER B OUND ON C HANNEL C APACITY
The overall noise at the ground station receiver is con-
tributed by many different asynchronous sources i.e. brightness
temperature of the sky and the ground, antenna physical
temperature, receiver circuit temperature and molecular ab-
sorption. With the assumption as considered in various articles
[14]–[17] that the overall noise can be approximated as Gaus-
sian due to contribution from many asynchronous sources, we
can approximate the THz satellite link channel capacity using
Shannon-Hartley theorem. Thus, the channel capacity of the
wideband satellite link for a signal arriving at an elevation
angle θ0 at the ground station receiver can be expressed as
[11], [18]
Z  
ST (f, θ0 )
C(θ0 ) = log2 1 + |H(f, θ0 )|2 df (12)
B Sn (f, θ0 )
where, B is the bandwidth and Sn (f ) is the PSD of noise.
The PSD of the noise used in the expression of capacity in
(12) is given by

Sn (f, θ0 ) = k ηR (TAS (f, θ0 ) + TAG (f, θ0 ) + TAM (f, θ0 ))

+ (1 − ηR )TP + TRX (13)
We can manipulate the expression the PSD of noise
Sn (f, θ0 ) to write in the following form
Sn (f, θ0 ) = S0 (f, θ0 ) + M (f, θ0 )ST (f ) (14)
 4

where, In order to find the value of Lagrangian constant Λ, we put

 the expression of optimum PSD STopt (f, θ0 ) as in (21) into
S0 (f, θ0 ) = k ηR (TAS (f, θ0 ) + TAG (f, θ0 )) the expression of power as given in (18) to satisfy the given

+ (1 − ηR )TP + TRX (15) power constraint of the satellite link.
Once the Lagrangian constant is evaluated for a given
 M  transmitter power, the solution of (21) along with (12) will
ηR Y
−ki (f )di (θ0 ) yield the maximum channel capacity of the communication
M (f, θ0 ) = 1 − e (16)
4πd2s (θ0 ) i=1 link over a given frequency band as the elevation angle of the
LEO satellite changes. The optimized channel capacity would
We want to maximize the functional channel capacity C(θ0 )
then be expressed as
at a given elevation angle θ0 by shaping the PSD of the " #
Z opt
transmitted signal ST (f, θ0 ) over the given bandwidth B with opt 2 ST (f, θ0 )
C (θ0 ) = log2 1 + |H(f, θ0 )| df (26)
the constraint that total transmitted power remains constant. B Sn (f, θ0 )
The optimization problem can now be formulated as
In order to compare the results in the next section, we
|H(f, θ0 )|2 ST (f, θ0 )
Z  
max log2 1 + df also define the channel capacity obtained with uniform PSD
ST (f,θ0 ) B S0 (f, θ0 ) + M (f, θ0 )ST (f, θ0 ) expressed as
(17) Z  
uni 2 PT
C (θ0 ) = log2 1 + |H(f, θ0 )| df (27)
subject to the constraint B BSn (f, θ0 )
Z
where, PT is the transmitted power.
ST (f, θ0 ) df = PT (18)
B
IV. N UMERICAL R ESULTS
where, PT is transmitted power of the satellite signal.
Using calculus of variation, we apply Gateaux derivative In this section, we show the numerical results obtained
to get the Euler-Lagrange equation [19] for solving the con- with the optimized PSD of transmitter signal and compare it
strained optimization problem with a uniform PSD signal. It is observed that optimized PSD
maximizes the channel capacity for the considered frequency
|H(f, θ0 )|2 ST (f, θ0 )
  
∂ range compared to uniform PSD and thus providing an upper
log2 1 +
∂ST (f, θ0 ) S0 (f, θ0 ) + M (f, θ0 )ST (f ) bound the channel capacity for THz satellite link.
′ ∂ST (f, θ0 )
For the numerical simulation, the link design parameters
+Λ = 0 (19) are mentioned in Table I. The atmosphere has been divided
∂ST (f, θ0 )
into M = 922 homogeneous layers with a total height
Following the simplification of (19) will yield the following of 100 km as per ITU recommendation P.676-12 [10]. The
equation in ST (f ) pressure, temperature and water vapor density of each of
the atmospheric homogeneous layers has been computed
M (f, θ0 ) M (f, θ0 ) + |H(f, θ0 )|2 ST2 (f, θ0 )+
 
considering a mean global atmosphere as provided by ITU
S0 (f, θ0 ) 2M (f, θ0 ) + |H(f, θ0 )|2 ST (f, θ0 )+
 
Recommendation P.835 [20]. The effect of refractive index on
1 the path length through the atmosphere is considered for the
S0 (f, θ0 ) S0 (f, θ0 ) − |H(f, θ0 )|2 = 0 (20)
 
Λ accurate modelling of the link design. The refractive index
As the PSD is a real and positive quantity, the solution to has been computed through the atmospheric path as shown
(17) will yield the optimum PSD of the transmitted signal as in ITU-Recommendation P.453-14 [21] and the slant path
 length di (θ0 ) at a given elevation angle θ0 through each
opt 1 layer of gaseous atmosphere (as required in equation 3) is
ST (f, θ0 ) = − Y (f, θ0 )+
2X(f, θ0 ) computed as given in ITU-Recommendation P.676-12 [10].
As the main beam of receiver antenna face the sky towards

p
Y 2 (f, θ0 ) − 4X(f, θ0 )Z(f, θ0 ) (21) the LEO satellite, we assume that antenna temperature due
to the downwelling temperature is approximately taken as
where, Tdown (f, θ0 ) and the antenna temperature due to the sidelobes
X(f, θ0 ) = M (f, θ0 ) M (f, θ0 ) + |H(f, θ0 )|2
 
(22) facing the ground is about 10% of the upwelling temperature
Tup (f, θ0 ) [22]. We have maintained the simulations upto 100
Y (f, θ0 ) = S0 (f, θ0 ) 2M (f, θ0 ) + |H(f, θ0 )|2
 
(23) elevation angle as at this very high frequency, the atmospheric
1 attenuation becomes too large at elevation angles lower than
Z(f, θ0 ) = S0 (f, θ0 ) S0 (f, θ0 ) − |H(f, θ0 )|2
 
(24) 100 due to larger slant path length. Also, the next generation
Λ
of LEO satellites will include thousands of satellites and the
It should be noted the PSD is a real and positive quantity handover will be done at high elevation angles in order to
and hence the following constraint on the unknown constant guarantee high quality of service [23], [24].
Λ over the given bandwidth B holds from (21) and (24)
|H(f, θ0 )|2 We consider a LEO satellite link with ultra-broad bandwidth
Λ< (25) with a frequency band of 100−110 GHz. The spacing between
S0 (f, θ0 )
 5

TABLE I
S IMULATION PARAMETERS

Definition Symbol Value

Satellite antenna diameter D 3m
Radiation efficiency ηT , ηR 90 %
Satellite altitude hs 1000 km
Ground temperature TG 290 K
Emissivity ϵ 0.95
Reflection coefficient ρ 0.05
Receiver noise temperature TRX 500 K
Antenna temperature TP 290 K
Number of antenna elements N 500
Element gain 10 dB

the antenna elements of phased array receiver is taken as 0.5λ

at the center frequency of 105 GHz. Based on the expression
of channel capacity with optimum PSD and uniform PSD,
we show the results in terms of percent change in spectral
efficiency (SE) at different elevation angles defined as
C(STopt (f, θ0 )) − C(STuni (f, θ0 ))
∆SE(%) = 100 (28)
C(STuni (f, θ0 )) Fig. 2. Percent change in spectral efficiency for a ultra-broadband satellite
link with optimum PSD (STopt (f, θ0 )) compared to uniform PSD (PT /B)
First, we show the results in Fig. 2 for constant power as as the elevation angle changes for different heights of receiver antenna above
the elevation angle of satellite changes at the ground station the ground for the transmitter power (a) 1 W and (b) 2 W
for different heights of antenna above the ground surface. It
is observed that there is a positive change in SE at all the
elevation angle emphasizing the point that the optimum PSD
will provide the upper bound on channel capacity. We also
that there is not much improvement in the spectral efficiency
compared to a uniform PSD signal, however there is good
gain at lower elevation angle when there is larger attenuation
due to the channel. It can also be noted that as we increase
the transmitter power, there is less gain in terms of spectral
efficiency at different elevation angles. The optimum PSD will
thus show a theoretical maximum capacity that can be attained
over the THz frequency selective satellite channel.
We show the results for a fixed SNR at the ground station
in Fig. 3. This is obtained by tuning the power at each given
elevation angle so that we get the required SNR. The results
show that there is a positive increment in the spectral efficiency
due to the optimum PSD STopt (f, θ0 ) compared to uniform
PSD. The relative improvement of SE would depend on many
factors among which the selective channel attenuation is major
contributor besides the contribution from channel noise and
antenna gain response. It seems that more the frequency
selective attenuation over the channel, there will be better gain
in terms of SE. Therefore, there is better gain in SE as SNR is
decreased as shown in Fig. 3 for two different values of SNR. Fig. 3. Percent change in spectral efficiency for a ultra-broadband satellite
This is also noted previously in Fig 2 as we increased power link with optimum PSD (STopt (f, θ0 )) compared to uniform PSD (PT /B)
for which we will get larger SNR. as the elevation angle changes for different heights of receiver antenna above
the ground for the SNR of (a) 5 dB and (b) 10 dB

V. C ONCLUSION
In this study, we have derived a closed form expression
for the optimum power spectral density of the transmitted
signal so as to maximize the channel capacity of a LEO
satellite link at THz frequencies with the constraint that total
transmitted signal power remains constant. The optimum PSD
is adaptive to the highly frequency selective THz channel
aspects including attenuation and noise and the link design
parameters of the LEO satellite as the elevation angle at the
 6

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