250 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO.
2, MARCH 2012
Link Budget Analysis for Terahertz
Fixed Wireless Links
Thomas Schneider, Andrzej Wiatrek, Stefan Preußler, Michael Grigat, and Ralf-Peter Braun, Member, IEEE
Abstract—Due to the broad bandwidths, terahertz (THz)-waves
offer the possibility for wireless transmission of high data rates.
Especially, broadband wireless access over short ranges and fixed
wireless links based on THz-waves are very promising. They can
be incorporated as a bridge for optical networks or an alternative
for the connection of wireless stations in difficult environments,
to transmit next generation HDTV signals or for the broadband
connection of servers in a data center, for instance. The frequency
range between 300 and 900 GHz is very promising for these ap-
plications since the possible bandwidth is very high and first elec-
tronic circuits will become available on the market soon. However,
contrary to wireless links in the lower GHz-bands, the free-space
path-loss is quite high and the attenuation due to molecules in the
air or water droplets can significantly decrease the transmittable
data rates in this frequency range. Here the basic properties of
THz-waves will be investigated and the maximum achievable data
rates for fixed wireless THz-links will be derived. In order to keep
the considerations as general as possible, the derivations are based
on simple assumptions and equations. Additionally, conclusions for
the applicability of THz-waves for fixed wireless links with dis-
tances up to 1 km will be given and the special requirements for
these systems will be discussed. As we will show, high data rates
can only be transmitted via these links if transmitter and receiver
antennas with very high gains are used. This requires an adaptive
control of mechanical fluctuations.
Index Terms—Atmospheric modeling, submillimeter-wave
communication, submillimeter-wave propagation, terahertz(THz)
communications, wireless communication.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE capacity of existing communication channels (e.g., the
T maximum bitrate which can be transmitted), is no limit
for today’s applications. Thus, up to now new technologies for
spectral efficient modulations and the reduction of noise or dis-
tortions were sufficient to cover the growth of data rates of about
32% per year [1].
However, those technologies require additional efforts in
technology, cost, and energy consumption. Furthermore, in
optical fibers the limits of capacity are already coming within
Manuscript received October 19, 2011; revised December 02, 2011; accepted
December 14, 2011. Date of publication February 20, 2012; date of current ver-
sion March 02, 2012.
T. Schneider, A. Wiatrek, and S. Preussler are with the Institut für Hochfre-
quenztechnik, Deutsche Telekom Hochschule für Telekommunikation Leipzig,
04277 Leipzig, Germany (e-mail: schneider@hft-leipzig.de; andrzej.wia-
trek@hft-leipzig.de; Stefan.Preuszler@hft-leipzig.de).
M. Grigat is with Deutsche Telekom AG, Telekom Innovation Laboratories,
64295 Darmstadt, Germany (e-mail: m.grigat@telekom.de).
R.-P. Braun is with Deutsche Telekom AG, Telekom Innovation Laboratories,
10781 Berlin, Germany (email: ralf-peter.braun@telekom.de).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TTHZ.2011.2182118
2156-342X/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE
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Fig. 1. Network scenario with high capacity THz link extension. Instead of the
mobile user a fixed wireless link to another fixed station is possible as well.
sight [2] and it is assumed that the traffic from wireless devices
may exceed that from wired devices in 2015 [1].
Since an end of the data increase and capacity demand is not
insight, new approaches are needed to offer capacity and energy
requirements in the networks of tomorrow.
One possibility is the exploitation of new frequencies for data
transmission. In the THz range of the electromagnetic spectrum
(from 300 GHz to 30 THz) a large frequency band is available.
This offers the possibility to transmit very high data rates with
just one source, increasing both; the energy efficiency and the
capacity of the network.
Fig. 1 depicts a network scenario including a high capacity
optical link between a central office and a base station, e.g. using
a dense wavelength-division multiplex (DWDM) system. Those
links can be extended by high speed Terawave links between
the base station and a fixed station or a mobile user. Reviews of
THz-waves in communications can be found in [3]–[5].
Due to their physical properties, THz-waves can be used in
two fields; broadband wireless access over short ranges and
fixed wireless links with very high data rates. For the first appli-
cation several theoretical and experimental investigations have
already been shown [6]–[14]. Recently, the transmission of a
data rate of 25 Gbps at a carrier frequency of 220 GHz has been
shown [15] over a distance of 60 cm and all active millimeter-
wave integrated circuits were produced for wireless communi-
cations at 220 GHz [16]. Very interesting is especially the pos-
sible application of THz-waves for very short range commu-
nications, a few tens of millimeters, for the communication in
Nano-networks [17], [18]. Due to its electromagnetic proper-
ties, Graphene may be a good candidate for those applications
[18].
THz-waves offer several advantages compared to microwave
or optical signals. Contrary to microwave signals, much
higher bandwidths are available and compared to optical links,
THz-waves show rather small attenuation by atmospheric
disturbances, rain, or fog.
For the transmission of data over fixed wireless links espe-
cially the frequency range between 300 and 900 GHz is very
promising since the attenuation in the atmosphere is low and
first electronic circuits are available for this range. Recently,
SCHNEIDER et al.: LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS FOR TERAHERTZ FIXED WIRELESS LINKS
semiconductor devices and photodiodes for the frequency range
between 300 and 500 GHz have been shown [19], [20]. How-
ever, water droplets of rain or fog, or the atmospheric molecules,
can lead to a strong scattering or attenuation of the THz-waves.
This will reduce the maximum achievable data rates for the fixed
wireless links.
In this paper, we will investigate the influence of the atmos-
phere to fixed wireless links and we will show that high antenna
gains are required for the transmission of high data rates. This
reduces the half-width of the main lobe and makes these links
very sensitive to mechanical fluctuations of the receiver or trans-
mitter poles. Hence, wireless THz-links require an adaptive con-
trol of the transmission and receiving direction.
In Section II we will discuss the attenuation of THz-waves
in the atmosphere, whereas the consequences for fixed wireless
links are investigated in Chapter III. The transmittable data rates
in the frequency range between 300 and 900 GHz over a distance
of 1 km are derived in Section IV, and the consequences and
possible solutions are discussed and concluded in Section V.
II. ATTENUATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Even in a clear atmosphere the electromagnetic waves will
be attenuated. This is a result of the oscillations of atmospheric
gas or water molecules initiated by the electromagnetic waves.
Since these molecules are a basic part of the atmosphere, this
attenuation cannot be avoided.
Some areas which are promising for higher data rate wireless
THz links include, e.g., mountains, rivers, and wet meadows.
However, those environments often include fog, clouds and
other bad transmission conditions. Additionally, strong rain
can lead to a very high attenuation of the THz-waves. In this
section, these influences will be investigated in detail.
A. Clear Atmosphere
The amount of the attenuation in the clear atmosphere de-
pends on the frequency difference between the electromagnetic
wave and the resonance of the molecules. If the frequency of
the wave coincides with the resonance frequency, the attenua-
tion becomes a relative maximum. However, higher harmonics,
sum- or difference frequencies can as well lead to an increase
of the attenuation. Additionally, a molecule can swing or rotate
around several axes, and all of these motions can lead to dif-
ferent resonance frequencies.
The specific attenuation of the atmosphere at frequencies up
to 1 THz due to dry air and water vapor can be evaluated at
any value of pressure, temperature and humidity with the ITU-R
[21] and am [22] models. However, recently THz-time-domain
measurements have shown that especially in the windows be-
tween the water vapor absorption lines significantly higher at-
tenuation can occur [23]. This disagreement is considered to be
due to the variability of the broad background continuum ab-
sorption in the atmosphere. The result for frequencies between
1 and 1000 GHz at sea level and for typical values of tempera-
ture and water vapor density are depicted in Fig. 2.
Several resonances in the THz-region occur which result in a
very high attenuation for electromagnetic waves. Especially the
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251
Fig. 2. Specific attenuation of the earth’s atmosphere at sea level in the fre-
quency range between 1 and 1000 GHz for an air pressure of 1013 hPa, a tem-
perature of 15 C and a water vapor density of 7.5 g/m .
two resonances at 557 GHz and 752 GHz show very high atten-
uation of more than dB/km. However, outside of these reso-
nances the diagram consists of windows with relatively low at-
tenuations and consequently higher available bandwidths which
can be used for high speed data transmissions.
Nevertheless, due to the much higher frequencies, an optical
line-of-side link would offer much higher bandwidths. The
special advantage of the THz-region is its possible availability
under bad weather conditions when an optical link would break
down.
B. Attenuation Due to Fog
Fog and clouds consist of small droplets with diameters
smaller than 0.01 cm. Due to the Scattering of the optical
waves at the water droplets, dense fog or clouds would lead to
a complete breakdown of the transmission in an optical link.
However, electromagnetic waves in the THz-range can as well
be scattered at the small droplets. In accordance to the litera-
ture, this scattering will be called attenuation. Up to 1000 GHz
a mathematical model for the calculation of this attenuation
based on Rayleigh scattering which uses a double-Debye model
for the calculation of the water permittivity can be found in
[24]. The attenuation in dependence of the frequency for water
vapor densities of 0.05 g/m (vision range 300 m) and 0.5 g/m
(vision range 50 m) is shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen, the
attenuation increases with frequency and the density of the fog.
For frequencies above 400 GHz, the additional attenuation is
higher than 10 dB/km for fog with a vision range of 50 m.
C. Attenuation due to Rain
For THz-waves the size of the rain droplets comes in the range
of the wavelength, and this will lead to a Mie-scattering of the
electromagnetic waves.
If it is assumed that the fixed wireless link has to be available
in 99.99% of the time, it can break down in just 52.6 min/year
or 9 s/day. This unavailability depends on the frequency of the
wireless link and the rain probability. The wireless link has to be
designed in a way that only in 0.01% of the time the link breaks
252 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 2, MARCH 2012
Fig. 3. Attenuation of electromagnetic waves by fog for vision ranges of 300
m (0.05 g/m , black) and 50 m (0.5 g/m , red) and a temperature of 15 C.
Fig. 4. Specific attenuation of electromagnetic waves due to rain as a function
of frequency for different rain rates and horizontally polarized waves. For a ver-
tical polarization the additional rain attenuation is almost the same.
down. The rain probability for the different regions in the world
can be found in [25]. Therefore, for 0.01% of the year the rain
rate is stronger than 23 mm/h and 35 mm/h in the northern and
southern part of Germany, respectively.
The attenuation vs. frequency due to rain can be found in [26],
[27]. These curves are a theoretical calculation based on the
Mie scattering theory. Measurements up to 103 GHz resemble
these curves very well [28] and recently measurements at 120
GHz have shown a very good agreement with the theory as well
[29]. However to the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of
experimental data above this value.
For the calculation we have used the ITU-T model which
shows the same results [30]. The corresponding attenuation as a
function of the carrier frequency for horizontal polarized waves
is shown in Fig. 4. Hence, below 10 GHz the attenuation due
to rain is negligible, up to a frequency of 120 GHz it increases
and will decrease again up to 1 THz. In the region which is of
interest here, (300–900 GHz) the additional rain attenuation de-
creases with frequency, but has a rather high level. Since we
want to consider the worst case, we will assume a rain rate of
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Fig. 5. Attenuation as a function of frequency for a clear atmosphere at sea
level (blue), fog with a range of vision of 50 m (red) and rain rate 50 mm/h
(black). The shaded regions describe the ranges above 300 GHz in which, even
for the worst case, the attenuation is below 100 dB/km.
TABLE I
BANDWIDTHS AND CENTER FREQUENCIES
50 mm/h here. Hence, the additional attenuation due to rain is
around 18 dB/km.
III. CONSEQUENCES FOR FIXED WIRELESS LINKS
In this section we investigate the influence of the environ-
mental conditions for fixed wireless links of 1 km.
A. Attenuation
In the envisioned environments especially fog will appear fre-
quently in the morning due to the water content in the air and
the change of temperature. In the worst case, a strong rain will
be present. In normal conditions there is either a strong rain or
fog but, not both together. Fig. 5 shows the overall attenuation
for a clear atmosphere (blue), fog with a vision range of 50 m
(red) and the worst case, rain with a rate of 50 mm/h (black).
As can be seen, if we neglect some smaller attenuation peaks,
the overall attenuation for the worst case (rain with 50 mm/h) is
almost the same in a broad range from 50 up to 360 GHz.
In the frequency range between 300 and 900 GHz five win-
dows can be allocated in which the worst-case-attenuation is
below 100 dB/km. These different available bandwidths and
center frequencies are summarized in Table I. Hence, in this
frequency range of 600 GHz the whole available bandwidth is
more than 60% or 374 GHz. This bandwidth is separated in 5
different ranges with a smallest window of 58 GHz at around
414 GHz and largest window of 94 GHz at a center frequency
of 855 GHz.
SCHNEIDER et al.: LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS FOR TERAHERTZ FIXED WIRELESS LINKS
Fig. 6. Attenuation in clear atmosphere (blue), free space path loss (black) [an-
tenna gain of 40 dBi for the transmitting and receiving antenna] and the super-
position of both losses (red) for a distance between the antennas of 1 km.
B. Path-Loss
Even without any additional attenuation in the transmission
path of the wave, the received power is much lower than the
transmitted power. The relation between the transmitted and re-
ceived powers is called the path loss. This loss is simply a re-
sult of the fact that, contrary to a waveguide, in a wireless link
the power is transmitted in an area which increases quadrati-
cally with the distance. Therefore, since the effective area of
the receiver antenna remains the same, the received power de-
creases quadratically with distance. This results in the so called
free-space path-loss or Friis formula [31]:
(1)
with as the frequency in MHz, as the distance between trans-
mitter and receiver in kilometers (km), and and as the
gains for transmitter and receiver antenna in dBi.
Equation (1) shows that the received power is not only
quadratically dependent on the distance but on the frequency
as well. This can be seen in Fig. 6 (black trace) for an antenna
gain of 40 dBi for the transmitting and receiving antenna. The
blue line shows the attenuation in a clear atmosphere and the
red line is the attenuation together with the path-loss.
Hence, besides strong attenuation in the resonance regions,
the free-space path-loss becomes the dominant factor if the an-
tenna gains are too low.
IV. TRANSMITTABLE DATA RATE IN THZ
FIXED WIRELESS LINKS
The fixed wireless link is linear and can be seen as an addi-
tive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In such an AWGN-
channel the maximum of the error-free transmittable data rate
is defined by its capacity which can be calculated with the
Shannon formula [32]
(2)
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253
where is the signal-to-noise ratio and the available
bandwidth in the channel. For a pure thermal noise the noise
power can be calculated from the thermal motion of the charges
in the receiver. The additional noise (due to the non ideal re-
ceiver) is defined by the noise figure . Hence, the signal-to-
noise ratio is
(3)
with as the Boltzmann constant W s K,
as the temperature and as the power at the receiver. Ac-
cording to the free-space path-loss model (1) and the additional
attenuation, the receiver power is
(4)
where is the transmitted power and the attenuation due
to the motion of atmospheric molecules, fog, or rain. Hence,
with (3) and (4) in (2) we can calculate the maximum achievable
data rate for fixed wireless THz links. Of course this maximum
bitrate is just an upper limit. However, with spectral efficient
modulation formats and an intelligent forward error correction
it might be possible to come close to this limit.
Since the result is just an upper limit and to keep the calcula-
tions as simple as possible, we assume the following:
• bandwidth is 1 GHz;
• transmit power is 10 dBm;
• noise figure is 10 dB;
• ambient temperature is 300 K.
The first assumption means that, independent of the whole avail-
able bandwidth in the window, we investigate several distinct
channels each of which with a bandwidth of just 1 GHz.
A transmit power of 10 dBm may be a challenge for higher
frequencies. Schottky-diode based multiplier circuits pumped
with high-electron-mobility transistors can deliver 20 mW for
frequencies at 300 GHz, but just 1 mW at 800 GHz [8], [34],
[35]. However, we assume that in the near future these power
levels will be available for higher frequencies as well. Addition-
ally, the first two points together mean that for a bandwidth of
10 GHz, a transmitter power of 10 10 dBm is required.
The noise figure of 10 dB is an estimation corresponding to
the literature. For Schottky diodes noise figures between 5 and
8.5 dB have been reported in the frequency range between 200
and 700 GHz [36]–[38] and in [15] the estimated noise figure
for the 220 GHz receiver is less than 7.5 dB.
The maximum data rate under these assumptions for a dis-
tance of 1 km and antenna gains at the transmitter and receiver
of 40 dBi is shown in Fig. 7. Since the attenuation in the link
increases, the transmit data rate in the 1 GHz broad channels
decreases. For a clear atmosphere data rates with more than
1 Gbps/GHz are possible just in the 1st and 2nd window. But,
for fog only frequencies up to 357 GHz can transmit data rates
in the Gbps range and for the worst case (a rain of 50 mm/h) just
frequencies up to 270 GHz can be used.
However, this behavior is a result of the decreased effective
area of the antennas. If we neglect the antenna efficiencies, a
40 dBi parabolic antenna has a diameter of half a meter for a
frequency of 20 GHz, but just 10 cm for a frequency of 900 GHz.
Correspondingly, the effective area is decreased from 0.18 m
254 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 2, MARCH 2012
Fig. 7. Maximum data rate in Gbps per 1 GHz bandwidth of a fixed wireless
link with a length of 1 km in clear atmosphere (blue), fog with a vision range of
50 m (red) and rain with a strength of 50 mm/h (black) as a function of frequency
for a transmitter power of 10 dBm and a gain of 40 dBi for both antennas.
Fig. 8. Maximum transmittable data rate in Gbps per GHz channel bandwidth
as a function of frequency for a fixed wireless link with a length of 1 km, rain
with a strength of 50 mm/h and transmitter and receiver antennas with different
gains from 40 to 70 dBi.
for 20 GHz to only 8.84 10 m for a carrier frequency
of 900 GHz. As a consequence, the power in the receiver is
quadratically reduced with frequency and the SNR and therefore
the capacity of the link becomes too low.
Thus, the THz-range can only be exploited for fixed wireless
links if receiver and transmitter antenna have high gains. On the
other hand, the receiver antenna has a given gain only if its aper-
ture is smaller than the radiated area of the beam. Therefore, for
the considered frequency range and the distance of 1 km the
maximum usable gain is 70 dBi for transmitter and receiver an-
tenna. Fig. 8 shows the maximum transmittable data rates for the
worst case scenario (rainfall rate of 50 mm/h), and transmitter
and receiver antennas with gains from 40 to 70 dBi.
In the first and second window even for the worst case a ca-
pacity of more than 10 Gbps/GHz channel bandwidth is avail-
able for an antenna gain of 70 dBi. In the windows III and IV
capacities above 1 Gbps/GHz are possible for some carrier fre-
quencies.
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TABLE II
ESTIMATED MAXIMUM DATA RATES PER WINDOW
The data rate increases with the allocated bandwidth but, the
noise increases as well. From (4) the mean receiver power, and
hence the capacity of each window, can be estimated. The trans-
mittable data rate for channels with an allocated bandwidth cor-
responding to the whole available bandwidth of the windows is
shown in Table II.
Please note that contrary to the calculation for Fig. 8, here
just one source is used per channel and the 10 dBm transmitter
power are split over the whole bandwidth. For 70 dBi antennas
the maximum transmittable data rate is around 1 and 0.5 Tbps
in the first and second window, respectively. However, in the
first and second window even 60 dBi antennas are sufficient to
transmit high data rates.
With the same transmitter power and noise figure the 3 GHz
bandwidth of a fixed wireless link at 70 GHz would have a ca-
pacity of just 70.5 Gbps if antennas with gains of 70 dBi would
be used. However, such parabolic antennas would have diame-
ters of more than 4 m. For an antenna gain of 50 dBi the capacity
is just 30 Gbps.
Please note that these maximum data rates are theoretical
limits which represent upper borders. Nevertheless, even for
an ASK modulation, high data rates should be possible in this
range.
V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Higher antenna gains require bigger antennas. However, since
the wavelength is in the range from 1/3 to 1 mm, even antennas
with very high gains can be build rather small in the THz region.
Depending on the frequency, for a gain of 70 dBi, the diameter of
the parabolic antenna is just between 0.3 and 1 m, if we assume
an ideal antenna.
On the other hand, the collimation of the beam leads to higher
intensities but, at the same time, the link becomes very sen-
sitive to any fluctuations. For a 40 dBi parabolic antenna the
beam width after 1 km is around 35 m, but for a 70 dBi antenna
gain it is reduced to about 1 m. Therefore, high gain antennas
may cause link breakdown due to small fluctuations of the an-
tenna poles, e.g. by wind. If we assume that the receiver pole is
completely fixed, we can derive the maximum angle (half beam
width angle) which is tolerable for the transmitter pole. Hence,
for a 40 dBi antenna the pole can fluctuate around 1 back and
forth, whereas for a 70 dBi antenna this tolerable angle reduces
to 0.03 . These very small fluctuations can only be avoided by
an adaptive antenna control. Hence, the only possibility to ex-
ploit the high bandwidths in the THz-region for fixed wireless
links of 1 km would be an adaptive steering of the transmission
direction of the antenna.
SCHNEIDER et al.: LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS FOR TERAHERTZ FIXED WIRELESS LINKS
Terahertz wireless links in the frequency range of 300 to 900
GHz for different environmental conditions have been investi-
gated. Two transmission windows have been indicated in which
the upper limit of the data rate is more than 10 Gbps per 1 GHz
channel bandwidth, even at worst environmental conditions of
rain with a strength of 50 mm/h.
This offers the ability to extend higher speed wireline trans-
missions of up to 100 Gbps or beyond via wireless Terahertz
links in order to connect base stations of mobile networks for
instance even in difficult environmental areas.
However, this requires transmitter and receiver antennas with
very high gains. Those high gains make such a link very suscep-
tible to mechanical fluctuations. Hence phased array antennas
together with gyroscopic control may be used to adapt the di-
rections of the beams and to compensate for any fluctuations.
This needs further investigations regarding the amount and fre-
quency of fluctuations for typical environments and the spatial
dispersion for the envisioned data rates.
Finally this work enables higher speed data transmission via
fixed wireless Terahertz links in the frequency range between
300 GHz and 900 GHz, e.g. for network extensions of the
commonly used Ethernet or optical transport network (OTN)
technologies for data rates up to 100 Gbps or 112 Gbps, stan-
dardized at the IEEE 802.3ba [39] or at the ITU-T G.709 [40],
respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank H. Arnold, A. Gladisch and
G. Kadel of Deutsche Telekom Laboratories for their support of
the work.
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Thomas Schneider received the diploma degree in
electrical engineering from the Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Germany, in 1995, and the Ph.D. degree in
physics from the Brandenburgische Technische Uni-
versität Cottbus, Germany, in 2000.
Since 2000 he has been with the HfT in Leipzig,
Germany. Since 2006, he has been the head of
the Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik at the HfT.In
his diploma thesis he investigated the nonlinear
properties of optical fibers and during his doctoral
studies he was engaged in the investigation of linear
and nonlinear phenomena induced by an ultrafast refractive index grating.
His current research interests include nonlinear optical effects in telecommu-
nications, light storage, high resolution spectroscopy and the generation of
millimeter and Terahertz waves.
Andrzej Wiatrek received the Diploma degree in
the field of electrical and communications engi-
neering from the Hochschule für Telekommunikation
(HfT) in Leipzig, Germany in 2008, and is currently
working toward the Ph.D. degree at the Institut für
Hochfrequenztechnik at the HfT.
His research interests are about nonlinear fiber op-
tics, Brillouin slow-light, optical data storage and op-
tical high resolution spectroscopy.
Mr. Wiatrek is a student member of the German
Physical Society (DPG) and of the Optical Society of
America (OSA).
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Stefan Preußler received the B.S. and Diploma de-
grees in electrical engineering from the Hochschule
für Telekommunikation Leipzig, Germany, in 2007
and 2008, respectively, and is currently working
toward the Ph.D. degree at the Institut für Hochfre-
quenztechnik, Hochschule für Telekommunikation
Leipzig, Germany.
His current research interests include the delay and
storage of optical data, high resolution spectroscopy
and nonlinear optical effects in telecommunications.
Michael Grigat received the Diploma degree
in electrical engineering from the Universität
Gesamt-hochschule Siegen, Germany,, in 1990.
Since 1991 he is with Deutsche Telekom, working
as R&D expert in the field of radio communication.
He was involved in national and international R&D
projects (e.g. RACE ATDMA, SMT METAMORP,
COST231, COST259, BMBF Scalenet), contributin
with research work on field measurements and hard-
ware simulation of mobile radio propagation chan-
nels. His current research interests include Wireless
LAN and Short Range Technologies with focus on home network and wireless
connectiviy solutions. He is also active in WLAN standardization and a voting
member of IEEE802.11.
Ralf-Peter Braun received the M.S. and Ph.D.
degress in electrical engineering from the Technical
University Berlin, Germany, in 1985 and 1995,
respectively.
He is Senior Project Manager at the Deutsche
Telekom AG, Telekom Innovation Laboratories,
leading R&D projects for next generation networks.
He has more than 20 years of research and industry
experience on optical transmission systems and
network architectures. After 14 years of advanced
research work in the areas of coherent multi-channel
systems, optical nonlinearities, and optical generation of millimeter waves for
pico cellular wireless networks at the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, Berlin, Germany,
he joined the Deutsche Telekom AG in 1997. He is engaged in the topics of
network architecture, technology, service, control, and standardization. Cur-
rently he is working on the optic packet integration of higher speed transport
networks and on Terahertz wave communications.
Dr. Braun is a member of IEEE802.3 working group, and the Metro Ethernet
Forum.