Optical Fiber Technology 51 (2019) 107–111

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Optical Fiber Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yofte

VCSEL-based broadband wavelength converter for ultra-wideband flexible T

spectrum data routing in optical interconnects
⁎
G.M. Isoea, , S. Wassina, E.K. Roticha,b, A.W.R. Leitcha, T.B. Gibbona
a
Centre for Broadband Communication, Nelson Mandela University, P.O Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
b
University of Kabianga, Physics Dept., P.O. Box 2030-20200, Kericho, Kenya

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: High-speed real-time wavelength conversion at key data centre network nodes is an emerging fundamental
VCSEL functionality requirement for transparent content resolution, wavelength assignment and routing towards better
Optical communication utilization of network resources under dynamic traffic patterns. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate
Interconnects the first vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)-based broadband wavelength converter for ultra-wide
Data centre
wavelength routing in Datacom. An 850 nm multimode VCSEL is directly modulated with 8.5 Gbps data and
Wavelength conversion
successfully transmitted error-free over 100 m OM3 multimode fibre (MMF) with a receiver sensitivity of
−16.04 dBm, and a total transmission penalty of 1.14 dB. The received data is then used to run two cascaded
single mode VCSELs at 1550 nm within the network integration node, therefore achieving the first reported real-
time inter-band wavelength converter to C-band. By exploiting VCSEL wavelength tuneability with changing
bias current, we show that the converted wavelengths can be routed over 3.2 nm spectra range for integration
into ITU-T 50 GHz flexible grid and beyond. The newly converted wavelengths are successfully transmitted over
24.7 km of G 655 single mode fibre, achieving a minimum receiver sensitivity of −14.28 dBm, with a maximum
transmission penalty of 2.72 dB. This work offers a viable enabling development technology for broadband
wavelength converters for real-time wavelength routing in optical interconnects to address content resolution
and wavelength assignment problem for current and future Datacom.

1. Introduction collusion. The incoming wavelength will therefore require to be con-

Optical interconnects among massive servers/pod/racks in intra/
inter-data centres have shown great potential in meeting strict data
processing and storage resource sharing requirements. Commercially
installed data centre networks mainly consist of low-cost vertical sur-
face emitting lasers (VCSELs), multimode fibres (MMFs) and photo-
diodes (PDs) for direct detection, due to its power efficiency and sim-
plicity. Moreover, multimode VCSEL/fibre-based technologies
optimized for 850 nm transmission window is a viable approach for
sustainable short-reach interconnects in the foreseeable future [1,2].
VCSELs offer attractive features in optical fibre type of links [3–8].
In a typical optical interconnect, several incoming wavelengths
from network users at different nodes are constantly added and dropped
from the existing fibre links in order to accomplish tremendous data
processing tasks. However, routing/assigning signals at many wave-
lengths, among multiple points may create a conflict when transceivers
located at different network nodes may send information to the same
destination, at the same wavelength, resulting to incidences of channel
verted in real-time, into a new wavelength before being multiplexed
into an existing fibre link. Wavelength conversion is a viable approach
to wavelength routing and assignment in densely packed optical fibre
links. Wavelength conversion has long been used in commercial WDM
systems, specifically in transponders to ensure correct channel wave-
length allocation to avoid channel collusions. Wavelength conversion
can also be used to interface different networks to ensure seamless
network evolution. Through wavelength conversion, different channels
can be routed and switched to ensure added network functionalities
such as content resolution and blockage removal under dynamic traffic
patterns [9]. Several wavelength conversion techniques have already
been reported [9,10]. The choice of preferred wavelength conversion
technique to use in WDM application is governed by key requirements
such as; low power consumption, easy implementation and operation,
high dynamic range as well as transparency to signal modulation for-
mats [9]. Some commonly used wavelength conversion techniques such
as the use of opto-electronic converters are simple to implement, have
low optical power requirements and potentially large input power

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: george.isoe@nmmu.ac.za (G.M. Isoe).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2019.04.013
Received 31 October 2018; Received in revised form 12 April 2019; Accepted 27 April 2019
Available online 16 May 2019
1068-5200/ © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
G.M. Isoe, et al.
dynamic range and are polarization insensitive. However, opto-elec-
tronic converters only operate up to 2.5 Gbps. For wavelength conver-
sion in current and future high-speed optical network operating at data
rates of 10 Gbps and possibly over 100 Gbps in future, power con-
sumption and bandwidth limitation of opto-electronic converters may
be the main limiting factor. Therefore all-optical conversion technolo-
gies will be a viable approach for future high-speed optical networks
[9].
Optical wavelength conversion techniques are among the fastest
wavelength conversion technologies known today. Optical wavelength
conversion include techniques such as cross-phase modulation, cross-
gain modulation (XGM), four-wave mixing (FWM) based on semi-
conductor optical amplifiers as well as nonlinear optical gating based
on fibre loops [11–16]. However, each optical wavelength conversion
technology has its attractive feature as well as its limitation. For in-
stance, wavelength converters based on FWM technologies have the
ability to support all modulation formats contrary to other types which
are only limited to intensity modulation. Moreover, FWM wavelength
converters are ideal for ultrafast signal applications such as at bitrates
above 100 Gbps. However, the main drawback of FWM wavelength
converters is the dependency of the output wavelength on both the
pump and signal wavelengths, so the pump must be tuneable even with
fixed output wavelengths. Consequently, two pumps are needed to
ensure polarization insensitive operation [17]. Cross gain modulated
(XGM) converter technique on the other hand is easy to ensemble,
power efficient and is polarization insensitive due to SOA gain polar-
ization independence. However, the main short coming of this tech-
nique is that the converted signal is inverted relative to the input signal.
XGM wavelength converters are also associated with relatively large
frequency chirps [18]. Moreover, the SOA add spontaneous emission
noise to the converted signal therefore degrading the quality of signal
(QoS).
All-optical wavelength conversion techniques are a key building
block for design and implementation of optical burst switch (OBS)
routers, which are preferred in high-speed optical networks with dy-
namic ultra-fast data patterns. Research studies on optical packet
switching have already been presented [19–21]. Photonic packets
switches offer high switching speed, supports high data rates, format
transparency and flexibility of telecommunication networks. Advances
in laser technologies have also created new architectural options for
wavelength converting switches and appear to stand as a promising
consideration for practical optical switching systems. Based on the
shortcomings of pre-proposed optical wavelength conversion technol-
ogies, this work experimentally presents the first all-optical VCSEL-
based broadband flexible wavelength tuneable converter for ultra-wide
inter-band wavelength routing in Datacom, exploiting cheap wave-
length flexible and power efficient VCSELs. A multimode VCSEL at
850 nm is directly modulated with 8.5 Gbps data and successfully
transmitted error-free over 100 m MMF. The received data is then used
to run two single mode VCSELs at 1550 nm, therefore routing the data
traffic to C-band successfully for integration into ITU-T 50 GHz flexible
grid. We further show that the newly converted wavelengths after the
integration node are successfully transmitted error free over the second
section of a 24.7 km of G 655 single mode fibre access network. Our
proposed approach is all-optical, comply with strict budget cost and
simplified maintenance, can be integrated with existing optical net-
works, and for implementation purposes does not require customized
optics hardware.
2. Experimental setup description
A schematic representation of the full experimental setup used in
this work is shown in Fig. 1. This setup represents a typical data centre
network where enormously huge volumes of data are generated, and
needs to be transmitted between servers, racks and pods located at
different data centre network nodes. This therefore utilizes multimode
108
Optical Fiber Technology 51 (2019) 107–111
fibres and transceiver modules such as multimode VCSELs operating at
850 nm transmission window due to their bandwidth advantage.
Moreover, service providers need to interlink several other data centres
situated at different geographical locations within the access network to
execute tremendous data processing tasks and synchronization. This
implies that enormously huge traffics from the data centre network
need to be converted in real-time from multimode transceiver modules
operating at 850 nm transmission window to single mode transceiver
modules operating at C-band for single mode access network trans-
mission over tens of fibre kilometers, due to strict quality of signal
(QoS) requirements for such high bit rate optical links. From Fig. 1, an
850 nm multimode VCSEL was biased at 5.62 mA, giving an output
power of 0.13 dBm and a central emission wavelength of 844.25 nm.
This was then directly modulated with an 8.5 Gbps none-return-to-zero
(NRZ) electrical signal with a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)
of length 27-1. The 8.5 Gbps data rate and the PRBS of length 27-1 re-
ported in this work were specifically considered in direct modulation
with 850 nm VCSEL carrier for proof of concept as well as technique
demonstration purposes, based on availability of necessary encoding/
decoding, active/passive, electro-optic components in our lab by the
time we performed this experiment. However, 850 nm multimode
VCSEL operation at much higher bit rates have all-ready been reported.
For instance, [22] experimentally demonstrated 25.8 Gbps with PRBS
of length 231-1 (PRBS31) on 850 nm VCSEL biased at 8 mA and suc-
cessful transmission over 50 m of OM3 multimode fibre. Experimental
work in [22] gives a glimpse on the ability of 850 nm VCSEL operation
at higher bitrates and longer bit sequence than the one demonstrated in
our work.
A bit error rate tester (X-BERT) from Luceo Technologies with a NRZ
bitrate operation range of 8.5 Gbps–11.3 Gbps and a selectable PRBS
pattern ability and a maximum input VPP of 1.0 V was used to generate
the 8.5 Gbps electrical signal used in this work, as well as compute the
BER measurements. The X-BERT used had a reference clock frequency
range between 531 MHz and 707 MHz, with a pattern invert ability
available for all patterns and an 8B10B encoding for precisely accurate
clock recovery and BER computation. The generated data traffic was
first transmitted over 100.3 m of OM3 multimode fibre, making the first
section of the network. A 3-dB optical splitter was then used at the fibre
end of this first section of the network to separate the incoming optical
power for simultaneous analysis and re-modulation. A positive intrinsic
negative (PIN) photodiode with a typical receiver sensitivity of
−18 dBm at 10 Gbps data rate was used to recover the transmitted data
signals for BER measurement computation with X-BERT and eye dia-
gram analysis with an Agilent sampling oscilloscope model number
86100D, with an electrical module channel number 86112A. The ty-
pical channel bandwidth of this module is 12.4–20 GHz, with a tran-
sition time of 28.2 ps.
After attaining a successful error free transmission, the first section
of the network (100.3 m of OM3 multimode optical fibre), the re-
covered signal was first split using an electrical power combiner/di-
vider and used to simultaneously run a second set of two single mode
VCSELs at 1550 nm at the integration node as shown in Fig. 1. This
therefore allowed to convert the received data into a second single
mode fibre for access network transmission, therefore attaining the first
reported VCSEL-based inter-band broadband wavelength converter as
shown in Fig. 1. Our proposed VCSEL-based wavelength converter
technique is real-time, broadband (over 3.2 nm spectral range), simple
to implement and does not require any customized optics hardware. To
attain an optimum modulation depth, a 10 GHz low noise electrical
linear amplifier was adopted on each re-modulation link. The adopted
electrical amplifier was from Picosecond pulse labs model 5866, de-
signed to minimize the variations in gain and phase and to operate at
very low frequencies. This amplifier had a small signal gain of 25.5 dB,
a 2.5 kHz–10 GHz bandwidth and a rated maximum noise fig (NF) of
6.5 dB.
The wavelength tuneability with changing bias current of each
G.M. Isoe, et al. Optical Fiber Technology 51 (2019) 107–111

Fig. 1. Experimental demonstration Experimental demonstration of 850 nm multimode VCSEL to 1550 nm single mode VCSEL broadband wavelength converter for
ultra-wideband data routing: VOA-variable optical attenuator, PD-photo detector, EA-Electrical linear amplifier, MUX-wavelength division multiplexer, DEMUX-
wavelength division de-multiplexer, BER-bit error rate tester.

1550 nm single mode VCSEL carrier was exploited to achieve a 3.2 nm

spectra range per VCSEL of the new converted data traffic for integra-
tion into ITU-T 50 GHz DWDM flexible grid. This was achieved by
biasing the current of VCSEL 1 between 4.57 mA and 5.62 mA to
achieve central emission wavelengths of 1550.06 nm and 1550.47 nm,
while VCSEL 2 was biased between 5.52 mA and 6.02 mA to achieve
central emission wavelengths of 1550.48 nm and 1550.86 nm at a time.
To further increase the network capacity, the 8.5 Gbps new converted
data traffic on each VCSEL channel were then multiplexed into a single
fibre output therefore achieving a total aggregated network data rate of
17 Gbps. The newly rerouted data wavelengths after the integration
nodes were successfully transmitted over a second network section of
24.7 km of G 655 single mode fibre. A DWDM de-multiplexer was used
to separate the received channels for individual analysis. A PIN photo
diode was adopted for direct detection of individual channels for BER
measurements and eye diagram analysis as shown in Fig. 1.

3. Results and discussion

To optimize the considered VCSELs for direct data modulation,
static performance of both the 850 nm multimode (MMF) VCSEL and
each of the 1550 nm single mode (SMF) VCSELs were characterized as
shown in Fig. 1. This was experimentally attained by varying the bias
current of each VCSEL carrier from 0 mA to 9.7 mA. As shown in Fig. 2,
the limited volume of the VCSEL resonator together with the 50 Ω
differential resistance allowed for a small threshold current and limited
the drive current to remain below 10 mA respectively as shown in
Fig. 2. Experimentally measured static performance of an 850 nm multimode
(MMF) VCSEL and 1550 nm single mode (SMF) VCSELs.
Fig. 3. Bit error rate (BER) curve for 17 Gbps single mode VCSEL multiplexed
channels at back-to-back (B2B) and 24.7 km SSMF fibre transmission.
Fig. 1. This therefore shows a good energy efficiency of the device, a
key requirement for large-scale deployment in densely packed optical
interconnects and other related commercial applications.
Fig. 3 shows the experimentally measured bit error rate (BER) curve
of the 850 nm multimode VCSEL at back-to-back (B2B) and over
100.3 m OM3 fibre transmission, making up the first section of the
network. As shown in Fig. 3, error-free operation (BER < 1 0 −9) was
achieved with a receiver sensitivity of −16.04 dBm at 8.5 Gbps, with a
1.14 dBm transmission penalty after 100 m of OM3 MMF fibre. All BER
measurements in Fig. 3 were taken at uncorrected BER = 10−9. The
respective eye diagram as collected by a sampling Agilent oscilloscope
at B2B and 100.3 m OM3 MMF fibre transmission is shown in the insert
of Fig. 3. Here, B2B implies to a quality of signal (QoS) analysis when
the transmitter is directly connected to the receiver i.e. no transmission
medium. This analysis gives the best case scenario of the network
performance. B2B analysis is also used to give information about the
receive sensitivity. Results show that a clearly open eye diagram is
achieved at B2B analysis, implying a successful error-free operation.
Fig. 4(a) shows the extinction ratio (ER) optimization curves for a
1550 nm single mode VCSEL at the network integration node after a
successful re-modulation with the recovered data traffic from the
multimode fibre/VCSEL network for broadband wavelength conversion
and rerouting to C-band. For proof of concept, ER results for VCSEL 1
are presented in Fig. 4(a). For optimum performance, of our proposed
technique, it is important to achieve a high output optical power, high
ER and a low chip. ER results were collected at different VCSEL bias

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G.M. Isoe, et al. Optical Fiber Technology 51 (2019) 107–111

Fig. 4. Extinction ratio (ER) optimization of a 1550 nm single mode VCSEL after a successful re-modulation with the recovered data traffic for broadband data
routing to C-band (a), 3-D surface plot of VCSEL receiver sensitivity at different bias and drive currents (b).

currents. As shown in Fig. 4(a), as the modulation depth was increased

beyond 5 mA, the ER was noted to reduce from 5.1 dB to 2.0 dB when
the bias current was varied from 5.02 mA to 8.62 mA respectively. This
also led to a reduction in receiver sensitivity as shown in Fig. 4(a). The
respective eye diagrams are shown in the insert of Fig. 4(a).
Fig. 4(b) shows a 3-D surface plot of the receiver sensitivity at dif-
ferent VCSEL bias current and driving current swing of the considered
VCSEL. These measurements were necessary to optimize for the ideal
operational domain for VCSEL bias currents and driving current swing
for optimum modulation performance of the VCSEL device. As shown
by the 3D surface plot in Fig. 4(b), the VCSEL can safely be operated
over a wide range of bias current with correct driving current swing
(blue color domain). However, operating the device very close to its
threshold current, or current roll over point (red color domain) does not
only give risk of the bottom driving current swing going too low leading
to chirping, but also running the risk of damaging the device, therefore
should be avoided. From Fig. 4(b), optimum VCSEL bias current op-
eration domain between 4.5 mA and 6.8 mA all gave low receiver
sensitivities. In this work, bias currents between 5.52 mA and 6.02 mA
Fig. 5. Bit error rate (BER) curve for 17 Gbps single mode VCSEL multiplexed
were adopted for use throughout the experiment. In summary, there is a
channels at back-to-back (B2B) and 24.7 km SSMF fibre transmission.
trade-off between the required ER, maximum VCSEL output power and
chipping effect. In this work, an extinction ratio of 4.6 dB was used for
both VCSEL 1 and VCSEL 2. oscilloscope at back-to-back (B2B) and 24.7 km of single mode fibre
To further increase the network capacity, the 8.5 Gbps data from the transmission is shown in the insert of Fig. 5. For proof of concept, only
multimode VCSEL/fibre network was used to directly re-modulate two the eye diagram plots for VCSEL channel 1 was presented. Results in the
VCSEL channels individually, then multiplexed into a single fibre insert of Fig. 5 shows that a clearly open eye diagram is achieved at
output therefore achieving a total aggregated network data rate of both B2B analysis and at 24.7 km of single mode fibre transmission,
17 Gbps. A total of 24.7 km of single mode fibre transmission was at- implying a successful error-free operation after the VCSEL-based
tained without any chromatic dispersion mechanism as shown in Fig. 5. broadband wavelength converter.
At the receiver end, the data signal channels were subsequently de- Inter-band optical wavelength conversion and routing based on
multiplexed using a 50 GHz de-multiplexer for individual performance VCSELs is an enabling viable approach for adoption in complex optical
analysis. A PIN receiver with a sensitivity of −18 dB was used on each interconnects with multiple network nodes supporting devices oper-
channel to recover the transmitted data signals for BER measurements ating at different transmission bands. Since the converted wavelengths
and eye diagram analysis. attained error free transmission with clearly open eye after re-mod-
Fig. 5 shows the measured BER curves of the second section of the ulation, our proposed technique proves a key concept for adoption in
transmission link after a successful data routing using our proposed complex optical interconnect links involving high-speed data signals
VCSEL-based wavelength converter. As shown in Fig. 5, receiver sen- and real-time broadband wavelength conversion and data traffic
sitivities of −14.21 dBm and −14.02 dBm was experimentally mea- routing. Other than supporting the high-speed requirements (8.5 Gbps),
sured for VCSEL channels 1 and 2 respectively at back- to-back (B2B) our proposed 850 nm MMF to 1550 nm SMF real-time optical wave-
analysis. However, a 24.7 km single mode fibre transmission increased length conversion VCSEL technology comply with strict power con-
the introduced a penalty of 2.95 dBm and 3.23 dBm for VCSEL channels sumption, cost and size limitations, thus allowing for integration with
1 and 2 respectively. All BER measurements in Fig. 5 were taken at densely packed data centres. The high-speed inter-band wavelength
uncorrected BER = 10−9 without any forward error correction (FEC), conversion technology concept has been demonstrated using data rates
equalization and pre-emphasis mechanisms. of 8.5 Gbps due to availability of necessary equipment in our labora-
The respective eye diagram as collected by a sampling Agilent tory. However, higher data rates can still be supported in the same

110
G.M. Isoe, et al.
network system where splitting ratio, reach, and aggregated capacity
can be traded off against one another to maximize system performance.
4. Conclusion
This work has demonstrated experimentally the first reported ver-
tical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)-based broadband converter
for ultra-wide wavelength routing in Datacom. A directly multimode
VCSEL at 850 nm been shown to successfully transmit error-free over
100 m MMF, making the first section of the network attaining a receiver
sensitivity of −16.04 dBm and a total transmission penalty of
1.14 dBm. The received data was then used to run two single mode
VCSELs at 1550 nm, therefore routing the data traffic to C-band suc-
cessfully for integration into ITU 50 GHz flexible grid, therefore making
the first reported VCSEL-based broadband wavelength converter. The
newly rerouted wavelengths after this integration node have success-
fully been transmitted error free over the second section of a 24.7 km of
G 655 single mode fibre back-bone network, attaining a receiver sen-
sitivity of −14.28 dBm, with a maximum transmission penalty of
2.72 dB. Our proposed inter-band VCSEL-based broadband wavelength
conversion technique is relatively simple to implement, and for ex-
perimental purposes does not require any customized electronics.
Therefore, this technique proves a key concept for adoption in high
capacity wavelength flexible optical interconnects such as densely
packed data centres.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for Research Funding and support from: Telkom,
South Africa, Dotcom, Ingoma, CISCO, United States,DST, South Africa,
CSIR, South Africa, NLC, South Africa, NRF, South Africa, THRIP and
ALC, South Africa.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2019.04.013.
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