Optics Communications 427 (2018) 202–208

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

A full-duplex WDM hybrid fiber-wired/fiber-wireless/fiber-VLC/fiber-IVLC

transmission system based on a self-injection locked quantum dash laser
and a RSOA
Gour Chandra Mandal a , Rahul Mukherjee a , Binoy Das a,b , Ardhendu Sekhar Patra a, *
a
Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Department of Physics, Purulia, West Bengal, 723104, India
b
Department of Physics, J. K. College, Purulia, West Bengal, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: An advanced low cost bidirectional wavelength-division-multiplexing hybrid fiber-wired/fiber-wireless/fiber-

Hybrid lightwave transport system
Reflective semiconductor amplifier (RSOA)
Self-injection locking
Wavelength-division multiplexing
VLC/fiber-IVLC transmission system based on a self-seeded InP based quantum dash-laser diode (QD-LD) and
reflective semiconductor amplifier (RSOA) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this paper, 10
Gbps/50 GHz MMW and 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW over 50-km SMF as well as 40-m optical and 10-m radio-
frequency (RF) wireless link, and 10 Gbps baseband (BB) data stream over 50-km SMF are successfully transmitted
by employing self-injection locking scheme on QD-LD in downlink. RSOA is utilized at the receiving site to
broadcast 2.5 Gbps data signal over 50-km SMF plus 10-m free-space link in uplink by reusing the carrier, that
makes the system cost-effective. High receiver sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), low bit-error-rate (BER)
and low error vector magnitude (EVM), and excellent eye-diagrams in our proposed network build the system
more reliable and stable with acceptable performance. Therefore, proposed hybrid transmission system could
become prominent alternative not only for progressive fiber backbone network but also for RF/optical wireless
feeder networks.

1. Introduction
With the rapid progress in optical communications, the future access
networks require to deliver various broadband multimedia and real-
time services for both fixed and mobile users through convergence of
wired and wireless networks in a single and integrated platform. MMW
band has been attracted much attention to develop next-generation
indoor wireless networks due to its up to 7 GHz license-free spectrum,
flexibility, reduced dimensions of antennas and other components, and
improved bandwidth capacity [1–4]. Recently, visible light commu-
nication (VLC) [5–7] and invisible light communication (IVLC) [8,9]
are promising option for optical wireless high-speed indoor networks,
have several advantages including energy-efficient transmission, free
and unlicensed infrared (IR) and visible light spectra, and large ca-
pacity. Therefore, VLC and IVLC are an ideal scheme to integrate
the fiber backbone and the indoor networks in particular areas in
which wired and radio-frequency (RF) wireless communications are for-
bidden. A hybrid wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) lightwave
transport system is a potential candidate not only for single-mode fiber
(SMF)-based optical fiber backbone [10] but also for RF/optical
wireless-based feeder networks [11] because of its large bandwidth,
high-speed data rate, mobility and more coverage range. However, indi-
vidual light sources and modulators were needed for generation of each
frequency-band signal in a conventional hybrid WDM technology [12–
14], which increases the system complexity and the configuration cost.
A stable, high efficiency, low power consumption and cost-effective
central office (CO) for such a hybrid system is one of the great
challenges for the researcher and designer. Different external-injection
locked transmitter light sources such as dual-mode-injection-locking
with a double-sideband master laser [15], double optical injection
of quantum dot distributed-feedback laser (QD-DFB) [16] have been
employed successfully for future optical communications, but they have
limited transmission distance and capability. Due to many advantages
like high side mode suppression ratio (SMSR), better energy efficiency
and reduced channel crosstalk, self-injection locked InP based quantum
dash-laser diode (QD-LD) plays a significant role as a cheap and user
friendly optical source at the CO [17–20]. In recent years, the vertical
cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) technology is attractive alternative

* Corresponding author at : Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Department of Physics, Purulia, West Bengal, 723104, India.
E-mail address: ardhendu4u@yahoo.com (A.S. Patra).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.06.048
Received 13 April 2018; Received in revised form 4 June 2018; Accepted 18 June 2018
0030-4018/© 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.
G.C. Mandal et al.
in VLC application because of its high modulation bandwidth char-
acteristic, and acceptable divergence beam angle [5,6,21]. To obtain
colorless upstream transmission at optical network unit (ONU) reflective
semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) is promising devices used for
reflector, modulator and amplifier simultaneously, and it reuses and
remodulates the downstream lightwave in the upstream without any
additional optical source at ONU, and system makes cost-effective [22–
25]. Several hybrid WDM lightwave transmission systems were demon-
strated previously [26–28]. In Ref. [26] a cost-effective bidirectional
cable antenna television (CATV)/wireless over fiber based on broadband
laser source (BLS) is proposed and experimentally verified. However, the
hybrid system is not applicable in the RF sensitive environments and is
limited to 40 km fiber distance.
In this paper, we have proposed and experimentally demonstrated a
full duplex hybrid transmission system based on a self-injection locked
QD-LD and a RSOA to transmit downlink (DL) 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW,
10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW, 10 Gbps baseband (BB) data signals, as well
as uplink (UL) 2.5 Gbps BB data stream simultaneously. By controlling
the number of re-injected feedback modes into the multi-wavelength
laser via a tunable band pass filter (TBPF), multiple modes characteristic
of QD-LD is converted into eight modes characteristic with 50 GHz
spacing using arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) [17]. Among eight
comb optical carriers, only five high-quality comb carriers are chosen for
WDM hybrid transmission. RSOA is employed at the ONU to remodulate
the DL source as an UL. The use of single coherent, less power consuming
and cheap optical source for bidirectional transmission makes the
system cost-effective. For DL transmission, 10 Gbps BB over 50 km
SMF, 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW and 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW signals
over 50 km SMF as well as 40 m optical/10 m RF wireless link are
successfully transmitted based on fiber-wired/fiber-IVLC/fiber-wireless
convergence. 2.5 Gbps BB data is successfully intensity-remodulated
over same 50 km SMF and 10 m optical wireless link using RSOA,
based on fiber-VLC integration in the UL. Low BER (< 10−8 ) and EVM
(< 2.5%), high SNR (> 28 dB) and clear eye diagrams are achieved
with the help of low noise amplifier (LNA) and clock/data recovery
(CDR) scheme at the user end. To validate the feasibility of the system
we have plotted log(BER) vs received optical power. The integrated
fiber-wired/fiber-wireless/fiber-VLC/fiber-IVLC transmission system is
capable to not only reduce the cost by virtue of fiber long-haul and
RF/optical wireless short-range technologies but also meet the demands
for bandwidth and mobility, such that the consumers of different kinds
will benefit from a universal user interface that provides wired and
RF/optical wireless access anywhere at any time with minimal delay.
2. InP/InAs based quantum dash-laser structure and its self-
injection locking characteristics
We utilized a self-injection locked QD-LD as an optical source at the
CO because of its wide and flat optical spectrum centered at 1555 nm.
The mode spacing of QD-LD must be compatible with the channel
spacing of a tunable AWG, which is used at the CO. The tunable AWG
is adjusted in channel and in frequency spacing so that its channel grid
coincides with that of QD-LD modes. For practical implementation, a
mode spacing compatible with the AWG channel spacing (50 GHz in
our experiment) could be achieved by optimizing the cavity length
of QD-LD. Once the mode-spacing is matched to the channel spacing,
no individual channel frequency controller is desired. Moreover, the
different channels generated by a mode-locked laser diode (MLLD) are
coherent, leading to a reduced channel crosstalk, and one individual
mode is then selected by a specified channel of the AWG. The QD-based
heterostructures were grown by (gas source molecular beam epitaxy,
GSMBE) on an S-doped (100) InP wafer [18,29]. The active region con-
sists of 6 layers of InAs quantum dashes emitting at 1.55 μm, separated
by InGaAsP barriers (𝜆g = 1.25 μm) in a dash-in-a-barrier design. The
typical height and diameter of QDs are 2.3 and 20 nm, respectively. The
density of QD per layer is 2 × 1010 cm−2 . Standard buried ridge structure
203
Optics Communications 427 (2018) 202–208
Fig. 1. RIN of QD-LD.
technology steps validated for bulk or quantum-well laser diodes are
used to process the wafers. We operate the quantum dash-mode locked
laser diode (QD-MLLD) at a constant current of 300 mA, which is
optimized for a narrow RF beatnote featuring 16 kHz full width at
half maximum (FWHM) along with minimal side peaks. The fabricated
lasers are cleaved to have a length of 840 μm, in order to achieve a
channel spacing of 50 GHz. A major difficulty, when using amplified
QD-LD as a WDM source is the increase of relative intensity noise
(RIN) of the selected mode due to mode partition noise, particularly
in low frequency. As shown Fig. 1, the RIN rises up −110 dBc/Hz at
low frequency. However, due to the self-injection locking, the RIN is
strongly reduced to less than −130 dBc/Hz because the injection-locking
scheme goes to new lasing regime with a higher resonance frequency,
as observed in Fig. 1. An optical circulator (OC), an erbium-doped fibre
amplifier (EDFA) with gain of +20 dB, a 3 dB coupler (CP) and a TBPF
are employed at the CO to generate self-injection locked eight comb
optical carriers from QD-LD as depicted in Fig. 2. The laser power is
passed to an EDFA via port 2 of the OC, from which 50% of the power
is fed back into the laser via a 3 dB CP, and a TBPF is connected in
the feedback path to selectively control multiple modes power to be re-
injected into the laser active region via port 3 of the OC for self-locking
purpose [17]. In order to obtain SMSR larger than 50 dB of selected
50 GHz spacing comb carriers, a 1 × 8 AWG is placed after 3 dB CP.
3. Experimental set-up
Fig. 2 presents the experimental setup of the proposed full-duplex
WDM hybrid fiber-wired/fiber-wireless/fiber-VLC/fiber-IVLC transmis-
sion system based on a self-injection locked QD-LD and a RSOA. 100 GHz
MMW (𝜆1 , and 𝜆3 ) and 50 GHz MMW (𝜆7 and 𝜆8 ) and a BB (𝜆5 ) among
the eight optical carriers are selected to broadcast hybrid WDM signals.
The hybrid WDM signals are intensity modulated by a LiNbO3 MZM with
a 10 Gbps amplitude-shift keying data stream [see inset (a) of Fig. 2]
and amplified to +20 dBm by EDFA as a booster amplifier to improve
BER performance. A variable optical attenuator (VOA) is cascaded
after EDFA to optimize the power and transmission performance. After
transmitting over 50 km SMF link, the hybrid WDM signal is split by a
1 × 3 coupler, and passed through two optical band-pass filters (OBPF1
and OBPF2) and one fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to select the appropriate
optical signal. In the first path, 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW optical signal
is filtered using OBPF1 with 3 dB bandwidth of 0.38 nm to remove
unwanted optical sidebands [see inset (b) of Fig. 2], and detected by
a 50 GHz PD, boosted by a 50 GHz LNA with a small gain of 20 dB and
a noise of 2 dB, and down-converted by an envelope detector (ED) with
a frequency range of 0.5–10 GHz. After ED detection, the 10 Gbps data
signal is filtered by a 10 GHz low pass filter (LPF) to remove specious
signal and clock/data recovered via 10 Gbps CDR scheme. Finally, the
10 Gbps data stream is fed into a 40 m/10 Gbps free-space optical
G.C. Mandal et al.
Fig. 2. Experimental configuration of the proposed bidirectional WDM hybrid fiber-wired/fiber-wireless/fiber-VLC/fiber-IVLC transmission system based on a
self-injection locked quantum dash laser and a RSOA.
(FSO) link. As shown in Fig. 3, the 40 m/10 Gbps FSO link comprises a
directly modulated distributed-feedback laser diode (DFB LD) cascaded
with an EDFA and VOA as a transmitter, and a pair of identical FSO
terminals (FSOT1 and FSOT2) with fine tracking technology, and PD
for detection, LNA, CDR, BER for boosting, recovering and evaluating
the signal based on fiber-IVLC transmission system [8,11]. In the second
path, 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW signal is filtered via OBPF2 with 3 dB
bandwidth of 0.78 nm [see inset (c) of Fig. 2], detected by a 100 GHz
PD, boosted by a 100 GHz power amplifier (PA) with output power
of 15 dBm, and wirelessly transmitted by a 100 GHz horn antenna
(HA) with gain of 25 dB. Over a 10 m RF wireless transport, the
10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW data signal is received by a 100 GHz HA,
boosted by a 100 GHz LNA, and down-converted by an ED with a
frequency range of 0.5–40 GHz. After ED detection, the 10 Gbps data
stream is filtered by a 10 GHz LPF and clock/data recovered by a CDR.
Finally, the 10 Gbps data stream is fed into a BERT to evaluate BER
performance. Another optical signal of wavelength 𝜆5 is selected using
an OC combined with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with central wavelength
(𝜆𝑐 = 1555.2 nm) and a reflection ratio of 90% and a loss of 0.1 dB, and
is split by a 1 × 2 optical splitter. One part is fed into 10 GHz PD as
a BB detector, 10 GHz LNA as a booster amplifier, 10 Gbps CDR for
recovering and regenerating the BB signal, and BERT respectively to
measure signal performance. The other optical signal is remodulated by
the RSOA through OC with 2.5 Gb/s UL pseudo random binary sequence
(PRBS) signal of word length 231 − 1. The optical power injected into
the RSOA is −1.75 dBm and the driving current is 55 mA and to reduce
backscattering, the RSOA is operated in the saturation region. The active
region of the RSOA chip was made of InGaAsP bulk material. The length
of the active waveguide is 400 m long. The input saturation power is
dependent on the output saturation power and gain saturation by the
following equation [25]:
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 =
𝐺𝑆
Where 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 is input saturation power, which is injected to RSOA
and 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 is the output saturation power and 𝐺𝑆 is saturation gain
of RSOA. The input saturation power 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 can decrease either by
increasing 𝐺𝑆 or by minimizing 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 . Since 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 is proportional
to (𝑤𝑑∕𝛤 ), where w and d are the width and depth respectively, and
204
Optics Communications 427 (2018) 202–208
Fig. 3. Configuration of the proposed 40 m/10 Gbps FSO.
𝛤 is the confinement factor, it is necessary to decrease the value of
(𝑤𝑑∕𝛤 ). The active width and the active depth of RSOA are 1.2 and
0.2 μm, respectively. The confinement factor is kept at 0.25. The UL
signal is amplified by 4.37 dB due to the gain of the RSOA and is passed
through EDFA for boosting the signal and VOA for power adjustment,
and transmitted through same 50 km SMF link. Over a 50 km SMF link,
the optical signal is detected by a 2.5 GHz PD, boosted by a 2.5 GHz
LNA, and fed into the multimode VCSEL-based VLC system. The VCSEL
with 3 dB bandwidth of 2.5 GHz and a wavelength range/color of 678–
680 nm/red is directly modulated by a 2.5 Gb/s data stream. The light
emitted from the VCSEL is diverged, launched into the first convex lens,
delivered into 10 m free space distance, launched into the second convex
lens and focused on the 3.2 GHz silicon-based avalanche photodiode
(APD) of responsivity 0.44 mA/mW (at 680 nm) to detect VLC signal.
The optical spectrum of VCSEL is presented in Fig. 4. It can be seen that
the VCSEL has a multi-mode output characteristic. Then the received
data is boosted by a LNA and clock/data recovered by a CDR, and finally
supplied to a BERT for measuring BER performance.
4. Experimental results and discussions
Eight self-injection locked optical comb carriers of QD-LD along with
free running spectrum are depicted in Fig. 5 and these equal spaced
spectra exhibit high SMSR (SMSR > 50 dB). Fig. 6 shows the spectra of
different optical signals from points (a) to (d), as shown in Fig. 2. The
DL hybrid 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW, 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW, 10 Gbps
BB optical signal is depicted in Fig. 6(a). The first 10 Gbps/50 GHz
G.C. Mandal et al.
Fig. 4. Optical spectrum of VCSEL.
wireless transmission, which is measured at point (b), is shown in
Fig. 6(b). Fig. 6(c and d) present the second wireless transmission of
10 Gbps/100 GHz, and third 10 Gbps BB transmissions respectively.
Optical power budget analysis of the proposed hybrid WDM trans-
mission system for both downlink and uplink is provided in Table 1.
Fig. 7(a) shows the measured BER curves of the DL 10 Gbps/50 GHz
MMW signal at the input of the optical network unit (ONU) for B-t-
B and over 50 km SMF as well as 40 m free space link. The receiver
sensitivity is −13.11 dBm for 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW signal at the input
of the ONU after passing through 50 km SMF and 40 m free-space link.
A power penalty of 4.3 dB is observed between B-t-B and 50 km SMF
plus 40 m free space transport scenarios, at a BER of 10−9 . This power
penalty is mainly due to fiber chromatic dispersion after 50 km SMF
transmission and optical power attenuation resulting from the 40 m
free space broadcast. Furthermore, the measured BER curves of the
Fig. 6. (a)–(d). Optical spectra of different optical signals [insert (a)–(d) of Fig. 1].
205
Optics Communications 427 (2018) 202–208
Fig. 5. Eight self-injection locked modes of QD-LD along with free running
spectrum after AWG.
10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW data signal at the input of the ONU for B-t-
B and over 50 km SMF plus 10 m RF wireless transport scenarios are
shown in Fig. 7(b), and the received power is −12.21 dBm. At a BER
of 10−9 , a large power penalty of 4.8 dB is recorded between B-t-B and
50 km SMF as well as 10 m RF wireless link. This large power penalty
can be attributed to fiber dispersion after 50 km SMF transmission and
fading effects after 10 m transmission. Moreover, Fig. 7(c) indicates the
measured curves of the 10 Gbps data stream for B-t-B and over 50 km
SMF transport at the input of the ONU. The receiver sensitivity is −12.93
dBm after 50 km SMF transport. There exists a power penalty of 1.8 dB
at a BER of 10−9 between B-t-B and 50 km SMF transport scenarios.
Eye diagram is a means of evaluating the quality of a received digital
G.C. Mandal et al. Optics Communications 427 (2018) 202–208

Table 1
Optical power budget analysis for proposed hybrid WDM transmission system.
Parameters Downlink Uplink
10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW 10 Gbps BB 2.5 Gbps BB
Self-injection QD-MLLD/ONU output power (dBm) 2 3 5 −8.5
EDFA gain (dB) 20 20 20 25
AWG loss (dB) 5 5 5 0
50 km Fiber loss (dB) 15 15 15 15
Circulator and connectors/splice loss (dB) 3 3 17 3
Available channel loss (dB) 12 13 0 14
Receiver sensitivity (dBm) −13.11 −12.21 −12.93 −9.75
Power penalty (dB) 4.3 4.8 1.8 4.1

Fig. 7. DL measured BER curves of (a) 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW (b) 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW (c) 10 Gbps BB data signal.

waveform. The vertical eye opening or noise margin and the horizontal
eye opening of the eye diagram correspond to the value of SNR, and
thus the BER and jitter respectively. Fig. 7(a, b and c) also display the
clear eye diagrams of 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW, 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW
and 10 Gbps BB data signals respectively by employing LNA and CDR
at the ONU. It is clear from these eye diagrams, that the eye diagram of
10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW data signal deteriorates more because of fiber
dispersion and fading effects.
For UL transmission, the measured BER curves of the 2.5 Gbps data
signal for B-t-B and over 50 km SMF as well as 10 m free space transport
scenarios are shown in Fig. 8 and after traversing the distance, the
received optical power is −9.75 dBm. When the optical power injected
into the RSOA is −1.75 dBm with its extinction ratio (ER) of 3 dB,
a power penalty of 4.1 dB is observed between the two transmission
scenarios at a BER of 10−9 . The receiver sensitivity of fiber-VLC system
has been improved more than 6 dB by employing silicon-based APD
receiver in place of PD as provided in Table 1. This power penalty could
be attributed to fiber dispersion after 50 km SMF transport, modal noise
resulting from the multimode VCSEL and power attenuation due to light
scattering in 10 m free-space link. Fig. 8 shows the clear eye diagram of
2.5 Gbps fiber-VLC system by using LNA to amplify the 2.5 Gbps data
stream while adding noise and distortion as small as possible and CDR
scheme to suppress amplitude and phase fluctuations.
The CDR scheme includes amplifier, phase detector, low-pass filter
(LPF), voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and interleaved data decision
circuit [8]. The combined clock/data signal feeds into the CDR and
separates into two distinct paths after amplification. One clock/data
signal passes through the data recovery block while the other clock/data
signal passes through the clock recovery block. The recovered clock from
the VCO is employed as a clock input to the interleaved data decision
circuit and a feedback to the phase detector. These two data and clock
recovery blocks recover and regenerate the signals from the distorted

206
G.C. Mandal et al. Optics Communications 427 (2018) 202–208

Table 2
Measured BER/EVM/SNR/Jitter values for different scheme.
Scheme BER EVM(%) SNR(dB) Jitter (ps)
DL 10 Gbps BB 9.25 × 10−4 15.4 16.5 12.7
DL 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW 2.31 × 10−3 15.6 16.2 12.8
Without LNA and CDR
DL 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW 4.62 × 10−3 15.7 15.9 13.0
UL 2.5 Gbps BB 6.89 × 10−3 15.8 15.6 13.2
DL 10 Gbps BB 4.02 × 10−6 5.7 20.5 10.2
DL 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW 6.72 × 10−6 5.8 20.3 10.3
With LNA only
DL 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW 8.93 × 10−6 5.9 20.0 10.5
UL 2.5 Gbps BB 1.19 × 10−5 6.0 19.9 10.6
DL 10 Gbps BB 9.01 × 10−7 5.5 21.8 9.4
DL 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW 1.44 × 10−6 5.6 20.9 9.9
With CDR only
DL 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW 4.27 × 10−6 5.7 20.5 10.2
UL 2.5 Gbps BB 7.91 × 10−6 5.8 20.3 10.3
DL 10 Gbps BB 6.12 × 10−9 1.5 32.5 2.6
DL 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW 9.74 × 10−9 1.7 30.2 4.0
With LNA and CDR
DL 10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW 1.93 × 10−8 1.9 28.9 5.0
UL 2.5 Gbps BB 4.88 × 10−8 2.3 28.2 5.4

References

Fig. 8. UL measured BER curves of 2.5 Gbps data signal.
signals [21]. Both LNA and CDR can improve the SNR and EVM values
that lead to obtain lower BER and jitter values as shown in Table 2.
5. Conclusion
A novel low cost full-duplex hybrid fiber-wired/fiber-wireless/fiber-
VLC/fiber-IVLC convergences based on a self-injection locked quan-
tum dash laser and a RSOA to deliver DL 10 Gbps/50 GHz MMW,
10 Gbps/100 GHz MMW, 10 Gbps BB data signals, as well as UL 2.5 Gbps
BB data stream simultaneously, is proposed and experimentally demon-
strated. With the help of self-injection locking technique at the CO and
LNA, CDR at the receiving site, very good eye-diagram with sufficient
eye-opening, low BER, low jitter and EVM values and low power penalty
are achieved in our proposed setup. Through a thorough observation
indicated that BER performed efficiently over 50 km SMF and 10 m RF/
40 m optical/ 10 m optical wireless transport. Such a hybrid lightwave
transmission will be an attractive approach for providing broadband-
integrated services, including internet, telecommunication, and data
communication services not only for fixed and RF wireless users but
also for optical wireless subscribers in the RF sensitive area.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Sidho-Kanho-Birsha Univer-
sity, Purulia and DST, Govt. of West Bengal (Memo No; 1154
(Sanc.)/ST/P/S&T/3G-1/2015 dated 01.03.2016) for financial support
to carry the research work.
[1] Lin Chen, Shuangchun C. Wen, Ying Li, Jing He, Hong Wen, Yufeng Shao, Ze Dong,
Yazhi Pi, Optical front-ends to generate optical miillmeter-wave signal in radio-over-
fiber systems with different architectures, J. Lightwave Technol. 25 (11) (2007).
[2] J. Yu, Z. Jia, L. Yi, Y. Su, G.-K. Chang, T. Wang, Optical millimeterwave generation
or up-conversion using external modulators, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18 (1)
(2006) 265–267.
[3] M.J. Fice, et al., 146 GHz millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber photonic wireless
transmission system, Opt. Express 20 (2) (2012).
[4] F. Van Dijk, et al. Quantum dash mode-locked lasers for millimetre wave signal
generation and transmission, in: 23 Annual meeting of IEEE Photonics Society, 2010.
[5] Chung-Yi Li, Hai-Han Lu, Ching-Hung Chang, Chun-Yu Lin, Po-Yi Wu, Jun-Ren
Zheng, Chia-Rung Lin, Bidirectional hybrid PM-based RoF and VCSEL-based VLLC
system, Opt. Express 22 (13) (2014) 16188–16196.
[6] I-Cheng Lu, Chien-Hung Yeh, Dar-Zu Hsu, Chi-Wai Chow, Utilization of 1 GHz VCSEL
for 11.1 Gbps OFDM VLC wireless communication, IEEE Photon. J. 8 (3) (2016)
7904106.
[7] H.H. Lu, Y.P. Lin, P.Y. Wu, C.Y. Chen, M.C. Chen, T.W. Jhang, A multiple-input
multiple-output visible light communication system based on VCSELs and spatial
light modulators, Opt. Express 22 (3) (2014) 3468–3474.
[8] Gour Chandra Mandal, Rahul Mukherjee, Binoy Das, Ardhendu Sekhar Patra, Next-
generation bidirectional Triple-play services using RSOA based WDM Radio on free-
space optics PON, Opt. Commun. 411 (2018) 138–142.
[9] W.S. Tsai, et al., A 20 m/40 Gb/s 1550 nm DFB LD-based FSO link, IEEE Photonics
J. 7 (6) (2015) 7905907.
[10] Gour Chandra Mandal, Ardhendu Sekhar Patra, High capacity hybrid WDM/TDM-
PON employing fiber-to-the-home for triple-play services with 128 ONUs, J. Opt. 46
(2017) 347–351 (Springer).
[11] Chung-Yi Li, et al., Fiber-wireless and fiber-IVLLC convergences based on MZM-OEO-
based BLS, IEEE Photonics J. 8 (2) (2016) 7902810.
[12] C.Y. Chen, et al., Hybrid lightwave subcarrier CATV/16-QAM/16-QAM OFDM
transmission system, Opt. Lett. 38 (22) (2013) 4538–4541.
[13] M. Zhu, N. Cvijetic, M.F. Huang, T. Wang, G.K. Chang, Low-latency synchronous
clock distribution and recovery for DWDM-OFDMA-based optical mobile backhaul,
IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol. 38 (10) (2014) 2012–2018.
[14] M. Jung, Y.M. Chang, J.H. Lee, A band-separated, bidirectional amplifier based
on erbium-doped bismuth fiber for long-reach hybrid DWDM-TDM passive optical
networks, IEEE/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 4 (3) (2012) 165–172.
[15] C.-T. Tsai, et al., 60 GHz millimeter-wave over fiber with directly modulated dual-
mode laser diode, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 27919.
[16] A. Hurtado, et al., Simultaneous microwave and millimeter-wave signal generation
with a 1310 nm quantum dot distributed feedback laser, IEEE JSTQE 21 (6) (2016).
[17] Mohamed Adel Shemis, et al., L-band quantum-dash self-injection locked multiwave-
length laser source for future WDM access networks, IEEE Photonics J. 9 (5) (2017)
7905807.
[18] F. Lelarge, et al., Recent advances on InAs/InP quantum dash based semiconductor
lasers and optical amplifiers operating at 1.55 μm, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum
Electron. 13 (1) (2007) 111–124.
[19] M.A. Shemis, et al., Broadly tunable self-injection locked inas/inp quantum-dash
laser based fiber/fso/hybrid fiber-FSO communication at 1610 nm, IEEE PJ 10 (2)
(2018).
[20] M.A. Shemis, et al., Self-seeded quantum-dash laser based 5 m-128 Gb/s indoor free-
space optical communication: Erratum, Chin. Opt. Lett. 15 (2017) 100604.
[21] Wen-Shing Tsai, et al., A 50 m/40 Gb/s 680 nm VCSEL-based FSO communication,
IEEE Photonics J. 8 (2016).

207
G.C. Mandal et al.
[22] Gour Chandra Mandal, Rahul Mukherjee, Binoy Das, Ardhendu Sekhar Patra,
Bidirectional and simultaneous transmission of baseband and wireless signals over
RSOA based WDM radio-over-fiber passive optical network using incoherent light
injection technique, AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun. 80 (2017) 193–198.
[23] A.S. Das, A.S. Patra, Bidirectional transmission of 10 Gbit/s using RSOA based WDM-
PON and optical carrier suppression scheme, J. Opt. Commun. 35 (2014) 239–243.
[24] A.S. Das, A.S. Patra, RSOA based full-duplex WDM-PON for 20 Gbps transmission
in two channels over a long-haul SMF using external modulation scheme, J. Opt.
Commun. 36 (2015) 231–235.
[25] Wooram. Lee, et al., Bidirectional WDM-PON based on gain-saturated reflective
semiconductor optical amplifiers, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17 (11) (2005).
208
Optics Communications 427 (2018) 202–208
[26] Cheng-Ling Ying, Chung-Yi Li, Progressive and cost-effective bidirectional
CATV/wireless-over-fiber lightwave transport system, IEEE Photonics J. 7 (6) (2015)
7905010.
[27] Cheng-Ling Ying, et al., A hybrid lightwave transport system based on a BLS with an
OSNR enhancement scheme, Laser Phys. Lett. 13 (2016) 045205 (7pp).
[28] Chung-Yi.Li. others, Hybrid CATV/MMW/BB lightwave transmission system based
on fiber-wired/fiberwireless/fiber-VLLC integrations, Opt. Express 23 (25) (2015)
31807–31816.
[29] R. Rosales, InAs/InP quantum dash mode locked lasers for optical communications,
in: IPRM 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIPRM.2012.6403353.