International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET)

Volume 11, Issue 1, January 2020, pp. 257-269, Article ID: IJARET_11_01_028
Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499

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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ULTRA-

WIDEBAND WDM-ROF TECHNIQUE
Deepak Jain and Dr. Brijesh Iyer
Department of E&TC Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,
Lonere, India

ABSTRACT
The demand for high capacity and wideband telecommunication channels for long-
distance communication increases exponentially. The standard C and L bands have
limited bandwidth and capacity. That promotes intensive research and development in
wideband wavelength division multiplexing, intending to achieve low BER and high-
quality factors. We used four channels from various bands in the proposed wideband
WDM method: O (1355 nm), E (1427 nm), L (1595 nm), and U (1595 nm) (1665 nm).
We adjusted the laser intensity from -10 to 10 dBm and the optical fiber length from 20
to 80 km for the wideband WDM performance analysis. Raman preamplifiers and FBG
have been incorporated into the receiver to improve the quality factor and BER of the
received signal. This study established 40 Gbps data transmission over a unique ultra-
wideband of 310 nm. The Q factor and BER for the four channels are 7.345; 19.949;
7.831; 5.486 and 1.006e-13; 7.281e-89; 2.395e-15; 2.038e-08 at a laser power of -5
dBm/80km, respectively. The proposed technique is simulated and analyzed using
optical simulation software Optisystem 13.
Key words: Wavelength division multiplexing, optical amplifier, ultra-broadband WDM,
quality factor, Erbium-doped fiber amplifier, Semiconductor optical amplifier, Fiber Raman
amplifier, single-mode Optical Fibre, Mach- Zehnder modulator, bit error rate, eye diagram,
praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier.
Cite this Article: Deepak Jain and Brijesh Iyer, Performance Analysis of Ultra-
Wideband WDM-RoF Technique, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 11(1), 2020, pp. 257-269.
https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=11&Issue=1

1. INTRODUCTION
Almost everyone is working online in this pandemic circumstance. As a result, internet and cell
phone use are rapidly increasing. High-capacity telecommunication networks are required to
accommodate such massive data traffic. It cleared the path for WDM to become more prevalent
in advanced lightwave networks. Many channels of light operating at different wavelengths are
multiplexed into a single optical cable in a WDM system. The wavelength of light can range
from 670 nm to 1680 nm [1].

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 Performance Analysis of Ultra-Wideband WDM-RoF Technique

The primary advantage of WDM is that many signals of various wavelengths containing
separate data can be delivered on a single fiber simultaneously without interfering. WDM
technologies are classified into (a) CWDM and (b) DWDM. Course WDM can support up to
18 channels 20 nm apart; dense WDM can support many channels that are 0.8 nm away from
each other. CWDM and DWDM are both successful technologies for expanding optical fiber
bandwidth capacity. However, they are supposed to tackle the different needs of fiber networks
[2]. WDM employs various baseband modulation techniques, such as RZ, NRZ, and CS-RZ.
For long-distance transmission, however, NRZ is the optimal encoding approach [3]. Light
weakens when it travels over long optical fiber due to attenuation, dispersion, and four-wave
mixing. Therefore, it deteriorates the performance of optical fiber communication. As a result,
optical amplifiers are employed in long-distance WDM transmission. Until recently, WDM
systems were prohibitively expensive since each channel required a dedicated amplifier for
long-distance communication; also, electronic repeaters were necessary after a specific span of
optical fiber. However, advances in optical fiber amplifiers have increased optical fiber's span
and capacity. SOA, EDFA, and FRA are the three primary optical amplifiers [4].
Semiconductors are used as a gain medium in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). This
amplifier is much smaller in size than EDFA and FRA. An electric current (mA) enhances the
input optical signal. SOAs are classified into two types: Fabry- Perot amplifiers (FPA) and
traveling wave amplifiers (TWA). When light enters the active zone in FPA, it is amplified by
internal reflection between the mirrored faces of the cavity until it is emitted at a higher
intensity. However, it is sensitive to temperature and input optical frequency. TWA is identical
to FPA except that the end facets are anti-reflective. As a result, internal reflection is avoided,
and the input signal is amplified just once during a single pass. As a result, it has a very high
gain from 1300 nm to 1550 nm. The most significant disadvantage of an SOA is its nonlinear
response, which precludes its usage in long-distance communication. However, because of its
nonlinearity, it can be employed for wavelength conversion, signal regeneration, and pulse
shaping [5-6].
In wavelength division multiplexing, the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is
particularly common; its amplification window coincides with the third window of optical fiber.
It is often employed in the C and L bands (1525 nm - 1565 nm) (1565 nm - 1610 nm). These
amplifiers are optically pumped by laser diodes operating at 980 and 1480 nm. The pump band
at 980 nm is employed for low noise performance, while the pump band at 1480 nm is used for
greater power applications [7].
Raman amplifiers are also widely used in optical fiber communication. Stimulated Raman
Scattering (SRS) is its fundamental principle [8]. Raman amplifiers achieve amplification by
mixing the input optical signal with the laser pump signal. Raman amplifiers are categorized
into distributed (DRA) and lumped (LRA). The gain medium for a dispersed Raman amplifier
is transmission fibers, whereas the gain medium for a lumped Raman amplifier is dedicated and
short fiber. Raman amplifiers are used to amplify optical signals in practically all optical bands.
As a result, it is employed in wideband wavelength division multiplexing [8-11].
WDM systems use conventional or C band (1530 nm - 1565 nm) and long or L band (1565
nm to 1625 nm), although C and L band bandwidth and capacity are restricted [12]. Scientists
and researchers are experimenting with several bands to increase capacity and data rate, such
as the original or O band (1260 nm - 1360 nm), extended or E band (1360 nm - 1460 nm), and
short or S-band (1460 - 1530 nm). Thulium-doped fiber amplifiers are employed in ultra-dense
WDM to transmit high data rates in the S, C, and L bands. The ITU-T G.694.1 guideline
provides the frequency grid, frequency slot, and width of WDM channels in the S, C, or L
bands. [13-15].

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The key obstacles in making UWB optical communication cost-effective include

multimode coupler insertion loss depending on wavelength, the impact of dispersion slope on
fiber nonlinearity [15].
Almost all applications use the C and L bands; however, both have limited capacity and
bandwidth. It motivated us to develop a broadband WDM system with a high data rate and large
bandwidth. Instead of employing the commonly used C and L bands, which have restricted
bandwidth, we built an ultra-wideband WDM system in this paper. The four channels of the
proposed approach operated in the O, E, L, and U bands, respectively. The proposed
methodology has a maximum bandwidth of 310 nm in size.
Furthermore, the proposed method's performance is improved by using a Raman amplifier
instead of EDFA and SOA. The following is the structure of this article. Section 1 includes an
introduction, Section 2 comprises the simulation setup, and Section 3 provides the results and
discussion. Finally, section four describes the paper's possible scope. To the best of the author's
knowledge, this is the first time the U band has been included in WDM. Table 1 offers a
summary of the references employed in this paper.

Table 1 Overview of the reported literature

Refere Operating band Name of Length of Application/use in this article
nce amplifier fiber
[1] - - - Review paper on WDM
[3] - - - Review paper on DWDM
[4] C band - 40 km – 100
Communications using different codes like
km RZ, and NRZ with different dispersion.
[5] C band EDFA 360 km
The effective area of the fiber was varied for
long-distance communication
[7] C band EDFA-SOA - Comparison of EDFA-SOA in the C band for
WDM is compared
[10] S, C, L band FRA 50 km For transmission of high data rate
[11] S+C, C+ L band FRA 25km – 50km The S+C band was primarily used for fiber
communication.
[12] O, E, S, C, L - - Perspectives of Multi-band Optical
band Communication Systems
[13] S , C , L band DRA 117 km Ultra-wideband WDM high data rate optical
fiber communication
[14] S, C, L band SOA 100 km Ultra-wideband WDM high data rate optical
fiber communication
[15] O, E, L, U band - - Designing of a concurrent diplexer for ultra-
wideband transmission

2. SIMULATION SETUP
The PRBS generator will generate data at a rate of 10 Gbps, which the NRZ encoder will then
encode. The overall bit rate of the four-channel WDM is 40 Gbps. The sequence is 128 bits
long. The encoded data is then intensity-modulated using the MZM modulator. The
wavelengths of the four channels are successively 1355 nm, 1427 nm, 1590 nm, and 1665 nm.
The intensity-modulated signal is then modulated by a 100 GHz sinusoidal signal using the Li-
Nb MZM modulator for long-distance communication. Next, the four channels are multiplexed
in the WDM multiplexer. The multiplexed signal is transmitted using single-mode fiber. The
multiplexed signal is amplified by the Raman amplifier, which is pumped at 1453 nm and 500
mW. At the receiver, a 4:1 WDM demultiplexer separates the signals.

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 Performance Analysis of Ultra-Wideband WDM-RoF Technique

The signal was recovered using a Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) bandpass filter with a
bandwidth of 0.8xbit rate. An avalanche photodiode transforms the filtered signal into an
electrical signal (APD). BER analyzers and RF spectrum analyzers are used for performance
analysis. The simulation software Optisystem was used for the experiments. Figure 1 depicts
the general block diagram for the proposed system. Optical systems are becoming increasingly
complex. As a result, scientists and engineers must rely on robust software simulation tools for
vital design support. Thus, the proposed approach is simulated and assessed using the optical
simulation software Optisystem 13.

Figure 1 Block diagram of the proposed technique

The design parameters for the simulation are discussed in table 2.

Table 2 Design parameters

Parameters Value
Modulation NRZ
Laser power -10 dBm to 10 dBm
Sinusoidal signal 100 GHz
Sequence length 128 bit
SMF
Attenuation 0.2 dB/km
Dispersion slope 0.075 ps/nm2/km
Differential group delay 0.2 ps/km
Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM)
Extinction ratio 30 dB
Insertion Loss 5 dB
Chirp factor 0.5
Raman amplifier
Length 9 km
Attenuation 0.2 dB/km
Effective interaction area 72 µm2
Temperature 300 k
Laser pump
wavelength 1453 nm
pump power 500 mW
Avalanche photodiode
Sensitivity 100 dBm
Error probability 10-9

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3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The suggested broadband WDM system is investigated for long-distance communication by
adjusting the fiber length from 20 to 80 km and the laser diode pumping from -10 dBm to 10
dBm. The system's performance is analyzed by using the Q factor, BER, and RF spectrum
analyzer. Table 3 shows the Q factor of the WDM system. The higher quality factor better will
be the performance of the communication system and vice versa.

Table 3 Max. Q factor of the proposed system

Fiber -10 dBm -5 dBm 0 dBm
length Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4
(km) (1355 (1427 (1595 (1665 (1355 (1427 (1595 (1665 (1355 (1427 (1595 (1665
nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm)
20 12.390 15.838 10.817 19.722 11.805 15.166 14.239 18.737 11.187 15.328 18.404 17.637
40 10.373 17.694 10.589 21.955 10.080 16.818 13.172 21.309 9.788 16.841 18.270 21.482
60 8.590 19.515 8.692 12.768 8.532 19.063 12.639 12.786 8.160 18.378 16.306 13.071
80 7.400 19.852 5.755 5.439 7.345 19.949 7.831 5.486 6.992 19.513 9.531 5.644

Fiber 5 dBm 10 dBm

length Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.1 Ch.4
(km) (1355 nm) (1427 nm) (1355 nm) (1427 nm) (1355 nm) (1427 nm) (1355 nm) (1665 nm)
20 10.604 13.283 10.604 13.283 10.604 13.283 10.604 18.737
40 8.568 14.491 8.568 14.491 8.568 14.491 8.568 21.309
60 7.083 15.731 7.083 15.731 7.083 15.731 7.083 12.786
80 6.031 16.892 6.031 16.892 6.031 16.892 6.031 5.486
The system's quality factor is high at -10 dBm/20 km; laser pumping is 12.390, 15.838,
10.817, and 19.722 at 80 km, then drops to 7.400, 19.852, 5.755, and 5.439. At 10dBm/20km,
it's 7.945, 9.873, 12.289, and 12.562, respectively, while at 0dBm/80km, it's 4.186, 11.360,
14.334 and 7.549. The second channel has good performance at lesser power, and channels 2
and 3 operate well at higher power at 80 kilometres. Table 4 displays the bit error rate for the
four-wideband WDM channels. Communication systems with lower BER perform better, and
vice versa.

Table 4 BER of the proposed system

Fiber -10 dBm -5 dBm 0 dBm
length Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4
(km) (1355 (1427 (1595 (1665 (1355 (1427 (1595 (1665 (1355 (1427 (1595 (1665
nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm) nm)
20 1.427e - 8.267e - 1.404e - 6.743e - 1.781e - 2.900e - 2.556e - 1.201e - 2.286e - 2.400e - 5.948e - 6.308e -
35 57 27 87 32 52 46 78 29 53 76 70
40 1.596e - 2.238e - 1.627e - 3.724e - 3.305e - 8.647e - 6.019e - 4.412e - 6.156e - 5.907e - 6.883e - 1.095e -
25 70 26 107 24 64 40 101 23 64 75 102
60 4.251e - 3.914e - 1.676e - 1.227e - 7.034e - 2.450e - 6.110e - 9.722e - 1.637e - 9.475e - 4.252e - 2.388e -
18 85 18 37 18 81 37 38 16 76 60 39
80 6.665e - 5.029e - 4.248e - 2.662e - 1.006e - 7.281e - 2.395e - 2.038e - 1.328e - 4.142e - 7.728e - 8.253e -
14 88 09 08 13 89 15 08 12 85 22 09

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 Performance Analysis of Ultra-Wideband WDM-RoF Technique

Fiber 5 dBm 10 dBm

length Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4 Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.3 Ch.4
(km) (1355 nm) (1427 nm) (1595 nm) (1665 nm) (1355 nm) (1427 nm) (1595 nm) (1665 nm)
20 1.384e -26 1.423e -40 6.767e -56 1.910e -63 9.484e -16 2.673e -23 5.029e -35 1.647e -36
40 5.145e -18 6.748e -48 6.445e -73 3.759e -89 4.645e -10 1.421e -23 4.045e -47 2.861e -61
60 6.925e -13 4.483e -56 2.113e -80 1.516e -42 3.732e -07 6.302e -26 4.859e -87 8.496e -52
80 7.999e -10 2.521e -64 4.285e -29 4.902e -10 1.401e -05 3.226e -30 6.601e -47 2.183e -14
Table 3 shows that at 20 km, the BER is 1.427e -35, 8.267e -57,1.404e -27, 6.743e -87, and
at 80 km and -10 dBm laser power, the BER is 6.665e -14, 5.029e -88, 5.029e -88, and 2.662e
-08. As a result, channel 2 has increased performance at 80 kilometres since it has a low BER.
Similarly, the BER of the four channels at 20 km and 80 km with 10dbm laser power is 9.484e
-16, 2.673e -23, 5.029e -35, 8.496e -52 and 1.401e -05,3.226e -30, 6.601e -47, 2.183e -14.

Figure 2 Optical spectrum of ultra wideband WDM at 0 dBm - Channel 1 (1355 nm); Channel 2
(1427 nm); Channel 3 (1590 nm) and Channel 4 (1665 nm)
The optical spectrum of the four-channel WDM system is shown in Figure 2. The
frequencies for channels 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 221.40 THz, 210.23 THz, 188.08 THz, and 180.18
THz, respectively. The red hue represents signal power in the optical spectrum, whereas the
green color represents noise power. The maximum optical power in figure 1 is 2.647dbm by
operating the system at 0 dBm laser power.

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 Deepak Jain and Brijesh Iyer

Figure 3 Eye diagram of broadband WDM at -10dBm and 80 km (a) Channel 1 (1355 nm) (b)
Channel 2 (1427 nm) (c) Channel 3 (1590 nm) (d) Channel 4 (1665 nm)
Figure 3 - (a), (b), (c), and (d) shows an eye diagram of a wideband WDM system at -10
dBm of the four channels, respectively. The eye heights of the four channels are 0.015 au, 0.024
au, 0.016 au, and 0.014 au. The eye diagram of channel 2 (1427 nm) is wide open and has less
distortion than the rest of the three channels; it indicates that the bit error rate of channel 2 is
less. The eye diagram of channel three is badly distorted.
Figures 2,3,4,5 depict the proposed system's eye diagram at 80 km fiber length for laser
powers of -10 dBm, -5 dBm, 5 dBm, and 10 dBm, respectively. The eye height indicates the
level of noise in the received signal. The eye should be open as wide as possible.
Figure 4 depicts the eye diagram at -5 dBm laser power. From figure 3, it is observed that
channel 4 (1665 nm) has the lowest eye height and is distorted. Therefore, the received signal
of the channel has a higher bit error rate. On the other hand, the diagram of channel 2 is clear
and has low jitter. The eye heights of the four channels are 0.049, 0.078, 0.069, and 0.045,
respectively.

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Figure 4 Eye diagram of broadband WDM at -5dBm and 80 km (a) Channel 1 (1355 nm) (b) Channel
2 (1427 nm) (c) Channel 3 (1590 nm) (d) Channel 4 (1665 nm)

Figure 5 Eye diagram of broadband WDM at 5dBm and 80 km (a) Channel 1 (1355 nm)(b) Channel 2
(1427 nm) (c) Channel 3 (1590 nm) (d) Channel 4 (1665 nm)

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 Deepak Jain and Brijesh Iyer

Figure 5 depicts the diagram with a laser power of 5 dBm. The eye heights for channels 1,
2, 3, and 4 are 0.404, 0.746, 0.828, and 0.520, respectively. The eye diagram shows that the eye
height has risen due to a strong input signal. Channels 1 and 2 have a lower eye height and
greater distortion. As a result, the bit error rate for these two channels increases while the Q
factor lowers.

Figure 6 Eye diagram of broadband WDM at 10dBm and 80 km (a) Channel 1 (1355 nm) (b) Channel
2 (1427 nm) (c) Channel 3 (1590 nm) (d) Channel 4 (1665 nm)
The heights of the four channels are 0.661, 2.048, 2.925, and 2.050 of the proposed method
shown in figure 5. From figure 6, the eye diagram of channel 1 is distorted and has low eye
height. It indicates that noise corrupted the received data, leading to an increased bit error rate.

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 Performance Analysis of Ultra-Wideband WDM-RoF Technique

(a)

(b)

Figure 7 The Q factor curve for lasing power of (a) -10 dBm (b) 10 dBm
The Q factor is used to evaluate the system's performance. The Q factor contours are shown
in Figure 7 at (a) -10 dBm and (b) 10 dBm. As shown in figure 6a, the Q factors for the four
channels are 12.390, 15.838, 10.827, as well as 19.722 at 20 km and 7.400, 19.852, 5.755, and
5.439 at 80 km. The Q factors of the four channels (at 10 dBm) are 7.945, 9.873, 12.289, 12.562
at 20 km, and 4.186, 11.360, 14.334, 7.549 at 80 km fiber length, according to figure 6b. Figure
6a shows that at -10 dBm, channels 1 and 2 operate satisfactorily at 80 km. Figure 6b shows
that channels 2, 3, and 4 operate satisfactorily over 80 kilometers of optical fiber.

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 Deepak Jain and Brijesh Iyer

Figure 8 The Q BER curve for lasing power of (a) -5 dBm (b) 5 dBm
Figure 8 shows the BER curve (a) for -5dBm and (b) for 5 dBm of laser power. The BER
and communication system performance is inversely proportional to each other. In figure 7A at
-5 dBm/80 km BER the proposed system is 1.006e -13, 7.281e -89, 2.395e -15 and 2.038e -08.
Similarly, at 5 dBm/80 km laser power, the BER of the system is 7.999e -10, 2.521e -64, and
4.285e -29 of the four channels, respectively. Thus, all the channels are working satisfactorily
by considering BER at 80 km.
The comparison of the present work with previous references is summarized in table 5.

Table 5 Comparison of different ultra-wideband WDM system

Reference Modulation Operating Wavelength Bandwidth Name of Length of Application
band (nm) (nm) amplifier fiber
[10] - S, C, L 1525 – 1597 72 FRA 10 km - 50 In CATV
band km
[11] NRZ S+C band 1512-1563 51 FRA 25km – The S+C band
C+ L band 1530 - 1580.3 50.3 50km primarily used for
fiber
communication.
[13] NRZ S , C, L 1476.81 – 163.25 GS-TDFA 117 km Ultra-wideband
band 1610.06 WDM high data
rate optical fiber
communication
[14] 64 QAM S, C, L 1508 – 1611 103 SOA 100 km Ultra-wideband
band WDM high data
rate optical fiber
communication
Present NRZ O, E, L,U 1355 - 1665 310 FRA 80 km Novel ultra-
work band wideband
communication
over a band of 310
nm
DRA- Distributed Raman amplifier, SOA - Semiconductor optical amplifier, FRA - Fiber Raman
amplifier, NRZ - Non-return to zero, QAM - Quadrature amplitude modulation, QPSK - Quadrature
phase-shift keying
Table 5 contrasts existing broadband RoF approaches with the proposed RoF strategy.
According to this table, the proposed method is a real ultra-band RoF method that can be utilised
for long-distance millimeter-wave communication up to 80 km. Its design is simpler and less

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 Performance Analysis of Ultra-Wideband WDM-RoF Technique

expensive than that of any other existing wideband RoF system. Thus, the proposed technique
works adequately for ultra-wideband of 310 nm from O band to U band by evaluating quality
factor, BER, and eye diagram. Table 5 shows that the large bandwidth of 310 nm was
successfully employed as ultra-wideband in the suggested method.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The suggested broadband WDM system is successfully planned and implemented using the
optisystem 13 modelling program. The system's main purpose is to investigate the performance
of the WDM system for the ultra-wideband of 1355 nm to 1665 nm, which is stretched from
the O band to the U band over a bandwidth of 310 nm. The proposed method's performance
was validated using the quality factor, BER, and eye diagram. The suggested approach includes
four channels with wavelengths of 1355 nm, 1427 nm, 1590 nm, and 1665 nm. The data rate of
the WDM system was 40 Gbps. In the proposed system, optical power was varied from -10
dBm to 10 dBm, and the length of the fiber is varied from 20 km to 80 km. In addition, the
quality factor and BER at low power of -10 dBm/80 km is 7.400, 19.852, 5.755 and 5.439;
6.665e -14, 5.029e -88, 4.248e -09 and 2.662e -08 for the four-channel respectively. Similarly,
the quality factor and BER at medium power of 0 dBm/80 km is 6.992, 19.513, 9.531 and 5.644;
1.328e -12, 4.142e -85, 7.728e -22 and 8.253e -09 respectively. Thus, by studying quality
factor, BER, and eye diagram, the proposed method works successfully for ultra-wideband of
310 nm from O band to U band. Because EDFA and SOA amplifiers provide minimal signal
distortion, hybrid amplifier combinations such as Raman-EDFA and Raman-SOA can be
deployed in the future to produce superior quality factors and low BER for long-distance
communication.

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