HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ANCIENT PERIOD (3,500 BC-1008C) The rise of ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology. These advances during the Ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self- organization, and of living in general Potter’ wheel- a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on axis. Itis believed that the Sumerians invented the potter's wheel shortly after 3500 BC. Papyrus- a material similar to thick paper. is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. Itis lightweight, ‘Shadoof- is a hand —operated device used for lifting water. Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counter weights. It was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians. Antikythera Mechanism- used to predict astronomical position and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes, -itis similar to a mantle clock. Itis akin to a clock in the way that the case has a circular face and rotating hands. Aknob on the side makes it possible for it to be moved forward and backward. As this knob moves forward and backward, its mechanism allows it to display celestial time. - Invented by the Greeks that was discovered and retrieve from the water of Antikythera, GreeceAcolipile- is a steamed powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine «Its also known as the Hero's engine. wr MIDDLE AGES (5” Century AD-395 CE) Between the collapse of the Roma Empire in 5" century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in late 15” century AD, major advances in scientific and technological development took place. These includes steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional production, and emergence of scientific thinking and method. As such, some of humanity's most important present-day technologies could be traced back to their historical antecedents in the Middle Ages. Heavy Plough- most important technological inventions during the middle ages. Ittumed the European agriculture and economy to its head Gunpowder- around 850 AD, Chinese alchemist accidentally invented black powder or gunpowder. Multiple accounts suggest that the gunpowder might have been an unintended by product of attempts made by the Chinese to invent the elixir of life, which is why the Chinese called It huoyao which means “fire potion”. Paper Money- The first known versions of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese in 17" century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block printing, which is similar to stamping. Before the introduction of paper money, precious metals, such as gold and silver were used as currency.Mechanical Clock- The development of mechanical clock paved the way for accurately keeping track of time. The sophistication of clockwork technology of the mechanical clock drastically changed the way days were spent and work patterns were established, particularly in the more advanced Middle Age cities. Spinning Wheel- a machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom. Although no consensus could be made regarding the origin of the spinning wheel it is theorized that the Indians invented spinning wheel between 6” and 11” century AD. MODERN AGES (1590-1929) As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modem Age realized the utmost importance of increasing efficiency of transportation, communication and production Industrialization took place with greater risk in human health, food safety and environment which has to be addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed. Compound Microscope-it was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to ten times when extended to the maximum. Today, the compound microscope is an important instruments in many scientific studies, such as in the area of medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic studies and genetics. Invented by Hans and Zacharias Janssen (father and son) oyscope- this invention could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses. Galileo Galilei was the first who invented the first telescope perhaps the single, most Important technological invention in the study of astronomy during the Modern Ages. Jacquard Loom ~ is also an important antecedent of modern computer technology as it demonstrated the use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry out complex task, i making different textile patterns ~ It simplifies textile manufacturing. Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquare. Engine Powered Airplane- Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright (brothers) are credited for designing and successfully operating the first engine powered aircraft and flight scientifically. They proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil-shaped wings. Television- the Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of modern television. INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTIST Most of the inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural context of the archipelagic Ration, Throughout the Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible for developing many Scientific and technological Innovations focused on navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and techniques and even cultural inventions. ‘Some of the following are the most important inventions by the Filipino scientist Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney) ‘The e-jeepney is the inventive response to criticism to the traditional jeepney that belched smoke, directly causing air pollution which made it unsustainable and uneconomical. They are designed to be environment friendly, eliminating noise and air pollution as they run on. electricity.Erythromycin — one of the most important medicine invention. Abelardo Aguilar invented this antibiotic out of strain of bacterium called Streptomyces erythreus from which the drug derived its name. Medical Incubator-World renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del Mund, is credited for the invention of the incubator and jaundice relieving device. Her incubator was particularly outstanding as it addressed the state of Philippine rural communities that had no electricity to aid the regulation of body temperatures of newborn babies, Mole Remover- Rolando Dela Cruz is credited for the invention of a local mole remover that, made use of extract of cashew nuts. The indigenous formula easily caught on for its accessibility, affordability, and painless and scar less procedure Banana Ketchup: Filipino food technologist Maria Orosa, is credited for the invention of banana ketchup, a variety ketchup different from the commonly known tomato ketchup, Reference: Quinto, €. J. M., Ph D, LPT and Nieva, A. D. MEng, ChE, RChE (2019) Science Technology and Society C&E Publishing, Inc. 839 EDSA South Triangle Quezon City