EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication

and Computing

Series Editor
Imrich Chlamtac, European Alliance for Innovation, Ghent, Belgium
Editor’s Note
The impact of information technologies is creating a new world yet not fully
understood. The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes already
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driving forces behind it. This series presents contributed volumes featuring the
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that play a key role in this process.
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Indexing: This series is indexed in Scopus, Ei Compendex, and zbMATH.

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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15427

M. Kathiresh • G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Sheldon S. Williamson
Editors

E-Mobility
A New Era in Automotive Technology
Editors
M. Kathiresh G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Department of Computer Science
Engineering and Engineering
PSG College of Technology Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D
Coimbatore, India Institute of Science and Technology
Chennai, India
Sheldon S. Williamson
Electric Energy Storage Systems for
Transportation Electrification
Ontario Tech University
Oshawa, ON, Canada

ISSN 2522-8595 ISSN 2522-8609 (electronic)

EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-85423-2 ISBN 978-3-030-85424-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85424-9

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

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To students, scholars and family members
Preface

One of the major reasons for Global Warming is the emission of hazardous gases like
carbon dioxide from Internal Combustion Engines used in Automobiles. It is
anticipated that the world’s human population will reach 10 billion in the year
2050. With this trend, the number of vehicles on road is also expected to be around
2.3 billion by 2050. It is also found that 36% of the total harmful gases emitted into
the environment are due to the use of gasoline engines in automobiles. In spite of
many guidelines and laws proposed by the government to regulate the emission of
these pollutants, the increased number of vehicles with internal combustion engines
continues to be a significant factor for environmental pollution. Researchers focus on
green technologies that can prevent or reduce these adverse effects happening to the
environment. The solution to this problem is to make use of Low- or Zero-Emission
Vehicles like Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) that use
electricity as the energy to drive the wheels of the automobiles. These categories of
automobiles cause less environmental pollution, and their dependency on fossil fuels
is also less compared to conventional vehicles.
Electric vehicles make use of electric motors instead of internal combustion
engines, in order to drive the wheels of the vehicles. EV uses a large pack of batteries
that store electrical energy to power an electric motor. These batteries must be
plugged in to a charging station to get recharged. Hybrid Electric Vehicles are driven
by the combination of internal combustion engines and electric motors. HEV
combine the benefits of high fuel economy and low tailpipe emissions with the
power and range of conventional vehicles. Thus, it is very imperative to learn the
technology behind these kinds of alternative fuel vehicles so as to cope up with the
upcoming trend of vehicles.
This book starts with an introduction to EV and HEV and their impact on the
environment. The book elucidates the various electrical machines used to drive the
powertrain of EV and HEV along with the converters, inverters, and control mech-
anisms. The book elucidates the power flow mechanism in EV and HEV followed by

vii
viii Preface

a detailed study on energy storage devices, battery management system, and also
regenerative braking system which plays a vital role in the energy management of
EV. The role of artificial intelligence in the energy management of EV and HEV is
also illustrated in this book. The book further discusses Vehicle to Grid technology
and issues pertaining to the process of smart charging. Various innovative applica-
tions involving the Internet of Things are also presented in this book. This book is
intended for academicians, researchers, and industrialists.

Coimbatore, India M. Kathiresh

Chennai, India G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Oshawa, ON, Canada Sheldon S. Williamson
Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Imrich Chlamtac, the Series Editor, and Ms. Eliska, the
Managing Editor at European Alliance for Innovation, for giving us this opportunity
to edit a book in the series Innovations in Communication and Computing, Springer.
We would also like to thank Ms. Mary James for providing this opportunity to edit a
book in this series. We express our sincere thanks to the authors for their contribution
and whole hearted cooperation in the making of this book. We also thank the
reviewers for their constructive criticism and comments which enriched this work.
We are grateful to PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, and Ontario Tech
University Canada for the constant support and encouragement. Finally, we would
like to acknowledge with gratitude the support and love of our family members and
colleagues, without whom this book would not have been possible.

ix
Contents

1 Introduction to Electric Vehicles and Hybrid

Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
K. Latha Maheswari, S. Kavitha, and M. Kathiresh
2 Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
P. Sweety Jose, P. Subha Hency Jose, G. Jims John Wessley,
and P. Rajalakshmy
3 Analysis of the Different Types of Electric Motors Used
in Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
K. C. Ramya, J. Geetha Ramani, A. Sridevi, Rajakumar S. Rai,
and D. Ruth Anita Shirley
4 A Comprehensive Study on DC–DC and DC–AC Converters
in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Sumukh Surya, P. Supriya, and Sheldon S. Williamson
5 Control Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B. Sathya, R. Neelaveni, and M. Kathiresh
6 Power Flow in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Battery
Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
S. Madhu, A. Ashwini, and Karanam Vasudha
7 Energy Storage Devices and Front-End Converter
Topologies for Electric Vehicle Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Sumukh Surya and Sheldon S. Williamson
8 Overview of Battery Management Systems
in Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
K. Vishnu Murthy, K. Sabareeshwaran, S. Abirami,
and T. Bharani Prakash

xi
xii Contents

9 Review on Regenerative Braking System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

A. Sathishkumar, R. Soundararajan, T. J. Muthu Vel
M. B. S. Arjith, and G. Sakthivel
10 Vehicle to Grid Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
R. N. Ravikumar and S. Madhu
11 Smart Charging in Electric Vehicles and Its Impact
on the Evolution of Travelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
D. Ruth Anita Shirley, B. Siva Sankari, Rajakumar S. Rai,
D. A. Janeera, and P. Anantha Christu Raj
12 Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management
and Real-Time Optimization in Electric and Hybrid
Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
D. Pritima, S. Sheeba Rani, P. Rajalakshmy, K. Vinoth Kumar,
and Sujatha Krishnamoorthy
13 A Novel Sensing Technique for Continuous Monitoring
of Volume in an Automobile Fuel Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
P. Rajalakshmy, P. Subha Hency Jose, K. Rajasekaran
R. Varun, and P. Sweety Jose
14 Internet of Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
G. Santhakumar and Ruban Whenish

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
About the Editors

M. Kathiresh is a Faculty in the Department of Elec-

trical and Electronics Engineering, PSG College of
Technology, Coimbatore, India. He has completed his
undergraduate degree in the stream of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, postgraduate degree in
Embedded and Real-Time Systems and Doctorate in
the area of Automotive Embedded Systems at Anna
University, Chennai. He has done several innovative
projects which are now published in reputed journals,
international conferences, and books, and some are pat-
ented. He has also carried out many consultancy projects
for various leading industries, to help the industries to
adapt Industry 4.0. He is currently working in a research
project funded by the Department of Science and Tech-
nology, India. His research areas include Automotive
Embedded Systems, Internet of Things, and Real-Time
Embedded Systems. He is a life member of the Institu-
tion of Engineers (India) and Indian Society of Techni-
cal Education. He is a recipient of the Young Achiever
Award from IEI in the year 2020.

G. R. Kanagachidambaresan is an Associate Profes-

sor in the Department of Computer Science and Engi-
neering in Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and technology. He completed his
BE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and ME in
Pervasive Computing Technologies in 2010 and 2012.
He completed his Ph.D. in 2017 from PSG College of
Technology, Anna University, on Wireless Body Area

xiii
xiv About the Editors

Networks domain. His research interest includes Inter-

net of things, wireless sensor network, real-time embed-
ded systems and single-board computers, and Industry
4.0. He is experienced in developing tailor-made IoT
solutions for industries and other client applications. He
has edited several books published by Springer; he is an
associate editor of Wireless Networks, a journal from
Springer. He is also an editor in chief of the Next-
Generation Computing and Communication Engineer-
ing series from Wiley. He has published more than 20+
SCI journals, edited 8+ books, published 10+ patents,
developed 10+ software, and copyrighted the same. He
has more than 8 years of teaching experience. Presently
he is working on ISRO, DBT, and NSTL-funded pro-
jects worth 1,20,000 USD. He has also made consul-
tancy for companies like AMCO WABCO on Industry
4.0. He is presently managing director for Eazythings
Technology Private Limited, Chennai.

Sheldon S. Williamson is Professor and Canada

Research Chair in Electric Energy Storage Systems for
Transportation Electrification at Ontario Tech Univer-
sity, Canada. His research interests include novel
research to shift Canada’s transportation industry to
smart electric energy storage systems and fast-charging
infrastructures. He has authored and co-authored several
books. He is a member of the IEEE and the Association
of Professional Engineers Ontario. He holds a PhD
Degree in Electrical Engineering from the Illinois Insti-
tute of Technology, USA.