FOUNDAMENTALS IN AI and ML

School of Computing Science and Engineering

Dr. Pradeep Mishra

LECTURE-1
 Today’s Agenda

• Prerequisites Of The Course

• What Is AI And Why It Is So Important ?

• AI V/s ML

• Examples Of AI And Algorithm In Real Life

• Course Outline
 What is AI
Artificial + Intelligence
 Course Outline

INTRODUCTION
Introduction–Definition - Future of Artificial
Intelligence

Characteristics of Intelligent Agents

Typical Intelligent Agents

Problem Solving Approach to Typical AI problems

 Course Outline

PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS

Problem solving Methods
Search Strategies- Uninformed - Informed

Heuristics - Local Search Algorithms and Optimization Problems -

Searching with Partial Observations
Constraint Satisfaction Problems – Constraint Propagation -
Backtracking Search - Game Playing
Optimal Decisions in Games – Alpha - Beta Pruning - Stochastic Games
 Course Outline

KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
First Order Predicate Logic – Prolog Programming

Unification Forward Chaining-Backward Chaining –

Resolution –
– Knowledge Representation - Ontological Engineering

Categories and Objects – Events - Mental Events and

Mental Objects -
Reasoning Systems for Categories - Reasoning with Default
Information
 Course Outline

SOFTWARE AGENTS and PROLOG

Architecture for Intelligent Agents – Agent communication
– Negotiation and Bargaining – Argumentation among
Agents – Trust and Reputation in Multi-agent systems

Facts and predicates, data types, goal finding, backtracking,

simple object, compound objects, use of cut and fail
predicates, recursion, lists, simple input/output, dynamic
database.
 Course Outline

INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

Learning – Types of Machine Learning – Supervised
Learning – Reinforcement Learning
The Brain and the Neuron – Design a Learning System –
Perspectives and Issues in Machine Learning – Concept
Learning Task
Concept Learning as Search – Finding a Maximally Specific
Hypothesis
–Version Spaces and the Candidate Elimination Algorithm
– Linear Discriminants – Perceptron – Linear Separability –
Linear Regression.
 What is AI
Artificial + Intelligence
 Computer Game(State Space Search)
1. Initial state

2. Final state

3. Set of Operator
 Water – Jug Problem

You are given two jugs, a 4 – Liter one and a 3 – Liter.

Neither has any measuring markers on it. There is a pump
that can be used to fill the jugs with water . How can you
get exactly 2 Liter of water . How can you get exactly 2
Liter water into the 4- Liter Jug?
State space
1. Initial condition (0,0)
2. Set of operators
3. Goal state (2,0)

X = 4 L JUG, Y= 3L JUG
SET OF RULES
SET OF RULES
SET OF RULES

4L 3L
0 0
0 3L ( Production rule -2)
3L 0L (9)
3L 3L (2)
4L 2L (7)
0L 2L (5)
2L 0L (11)
0L 0L (12)
 Missionaries and cannibals Problem
Three missionaries and three cannibals must cross a river
using a boat which can carry at most two people, under
the constraint that, for both banks, that the missionaries
present on the bank cannot be outnumbered by cannibals.
The boat cannot cross the river by itself with no people on
board
 8-Queen Problem
The eight queens puzzle is the problem of placing eight
chess queens on an 8×8 chessboard so that no two queens
threaten each other; thus, a solution requires that no two
queens share the same row, column, or diagonal.
8-Queen Problem