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آشنایی با چرخه مدیریت سیستمهای اطالعاتی
چرخه مدیریت سیستمهای اطالعاتی؛ به بیانی دیگر
برنامهریزیتوسعهسیستمهای
اطالعاتیدرسازمان
استفاده از سیستمهای
اجرای برنامه
اطالعاتی فراهم شده
نقش متخصصین سیستمهای اطالعات مدیریت
TECHNOLOGY
BUSINESS
23
اجزاء یک سیستم اطالعاتی
تمرین شماره یک
یک سیستم اطالعاتی (از اسالید اول درس) انتخاب و بررسی کنید:
کاربران این سیستم چه کسانی هستند؟ –
هر کاربر ،چه اطالعاتی وارد سیستم می کند؟ –
هر کاربر ،چه اطالعاتی از سیستم دریافت می کند؟ –
فواید وجود این سیستم کدامند؟ هزینهها و فایدههای این سیستم را با هم –
مقایسه کنید .وجود این سیستم ،چه شاخصهایی را بهبود داده است؟
محرک سازمان برای استفاده از این سیستم چه بوده است؟
مقایسه دو وضعیت بود و نبود این سیستم –
STRATEGIC LEVEL
Senior Managers
Systems
Middle Managers
Management
LEVEL Systems
Operational Operational
LEVEL Systems Managers
Management
Information Systems
(MIS)
Management
LEVEL Systems Decision Support
Systems (DSS)
Transaction
Operational Processing
LEVEL Systems
Systems
(TPS)
Production
Distribution Data
Detail level of a report – drill downs
Last 21 53
سیستمهای پشتیبانی تصمیم
)Decision Support Systems (DSS
• عمومابهمدیرانمیانیسرویسمیدهند.
• بهمدیراندرتصمیماتموردیوجوابدادنبهسواالتیازقبیل”اگر یک
شیفتبهکارخانهاضافهکنیمدرسودچهتغییریایجادمیشود؟“ کمک
میکند.
• ازدادههایداخلیوگاهاخارجی(مانندنرخقیمتمواداولیهدربازار)
استفادهمیکند.
• معموالیکسریمحاسباتریاضیبررویدادههاانجاممیدهد.
• مدیرانمعموالنیازدارندبطورمستقیمباسیستمکارکنندوازآن
سرویسبگیرند.
54
چند مثال از DSS
دانشگاهها:سیستمزمانبندیدروسدانشگاهی •
شرکتهای هواپیمایی/راهآهن:سیستمزمانبندی •
پروازها/زمانبندیحرکتقطارها
کارخانهها:سیستمزمانبندیتولید •
فروشگاهها:سیستمپیشبینیتقاضاوسفارشدهیکاالها •
شرکتهای توزیع/حملونقل/پست:مسیریابیخودروهاو •
زمانبندیحرکتآنها
سیستمهای پشتیبانی تصمیم
• Decision support systems are computer-based
information systems that provide interactive
information support to managers and business
professionals during the decision making
process.
• Decision support systems use
(1) analytical models,
(2) specialized databases,
(3) a decision maker’s own insights and judgments,
(4) an interactive, computer-based modeling process
فرایند تصمیمگیری
1. Intelligence consists of discovering, identifying,
and understanding the problems occurring in the
organization—why a problem exists, where, and
what effects it is having on the firm.
2. Design involves identifying and exploring various
solutions to the problem.
3. Choice consists of choosing among solution
alternatives.
4. Implementation involves making the chosen
alternative work and continuing to monitor how
well the solution is working.
فرایند
تصمیمگیری
نقش سیستمهای اطالعاتی در
پشتیبانی از فرایند تصمیم
• حمایت از مرحله آگاهی (:)Intelligence
• بایدبتوانمنابعاطالعاتیداخلیوخارجیرادرپییافتنفرصتها
ومشکالتپویشکردوتفسیرهایالزمراارائهداد.اینکاربا
نظارتمستمربراطالعاتداخلیوخارجی،جستجویعالئم
زودرسمشکالتوفرصتهابهانجاممیرسد.
• ( DSS،EIS،MISبخصوص دادهکاوی=)Data Miningو
سیستمهایخبرهدراینمرحلهبهکارمیآیند.
• گزارشهایمنظممیتوانندبهگونهایطراحیشوندکهبهفعالیت
کشفمسئلهکمککنند.اینکارازطریقمقایسهاهدافمورد
انتظارباوضعیتفعلیامکانپذیراست.
نقش سیستمهای اطالعاتی در
پشتیبانی از فرایند تصمیم
حمایت از مراحل طراحی و انتخاب (:)Design & Choice •
ایندومرحله،عمدتاًبهوسیله DSSوسیستمهایخبره، •
حمایتمیشوند
حمایت از مرحله اجرا ()Implementation •
دراینمرحلهبایداثربخشبودنیانبودنتصمیمرابررسی •
نمود.
سیستمهایاطالعاتیمورداستفادهدراینمرحله،مشابه •
مرحلهآگاهی است.
انواع سیستم پشتیبانی تصمیم
1. Model-driven DSS
• Primarily stand-alone
)(یعنی ایزوله از سایر سیستمهای سازمان
• Uses model to perform “what-if” and other kinds of
analysis
2. Data-driven DSS
• Allows users to extract and analyze useful
information from previous databases
Data Mining
• Finds hidden patterns and relationships in
large databases to infer rules
Major types of Analytical Modeling
DSS اجزاء
Data Component
Model Component
سيستم مقايسه فروش بليط قطار مسيرهاي مختلف ،در ماههاي گذشته ،در شعب مختلف
سيستم فروش بليط مسافري ،سيستم پرداخت جريمه تاخير يا لغو سفر
سيستم برنامه ريزي ماهانه تخصيص تعميركار ديزل به سفارشات تعميراتي واصله
HUMAN RESOURCES
سیستمهای همکاری سازمانی
Enterprise Collaboration Systems
• Enterprise Collaboration Systems : support
team, workgroup, and enterprise
communications and collaborations
• Collaboration is working with others to achieve
shared and explicit goals
• Collaboration can be short-lived, lasting a few
minutes, or longer term, depending on the nature
of the task and the relationship among
participants.
• Collaboration can be one-to-one or many-to-many
دالیل اهمیت روزافزون همکاری و کار تیمی
1. Changing nature of work
• the kinds of jobs we have require much closer
coordination and interaction among the parties involved
in producing the service or product
• Increasing the jobs where interaction (talking, e-mailing,
presenting, and persuading) is the primary value-adding
activity
2. Growth of professional work
• Professional jobs require substantial education, and the
sharing of information and opinions to get work done.
• Each actor on the job brings specialized expertise to the
problem, and all the actors need to take one another into
account in order to accomplish the job
دالیل اهمیت روزافزون همکاری و کار تیمی
5. Emphasis on innovation
• Innovation is a group and social process, and
most innovations derive from collaboration
among individuals in a lab, a business, or
government agencies
6. Changing culture of work and business
• Most research on collaboration supports the
notion that diverse teams produce better
outputs, faster, than individuals working on
their own
نمونههایی از سیستمهای همکاری و کار تیمی
Business Pressures,
Organizational Responses,
and IT Support
پاسخهای سازمانی به این،فشارهای وارده بر کسبوکارها
و نقش فناوری اطالعات،فشارها
• Modern organizations must compete in a
challenging environment.
• The business environment is the combination of
social, legal, economic, physical, and political factors
that affect business activities.
• Significant changes in any of these factors are likely
to create business pressures on organizations.
• Companies must react rapidly to problems and
opportunities arising from extremely dynamic
conditions.
• Organizations typically respond to these pressures
with activities supported by IT.
فشارهای وارده بر کسب و کارها
• Global Economy and Strong Competition
o reduction of trade barriers has allowed products
and services to flow more freely around the globe
o a global strategy requires extensive communication
and collaboration, frequently in several languages
and under several cultural, ethical, and legal
conditions. This can be greatly facilitated with IT
• The Changing Nature of the Workforce
o more and more workers are becoming knowledge
workers
o Work from home
فشارهای وارده بر کسب و کارها
• Powerful Customers
o customers become more knowledgeable about the
availability and quality of products and services.
o On the Web, consumers can now easily find detailed
information about products and services, compare
prices, and buy at electronic auctions
o Companies need to be able to deliver information
quickly to satisfy these customers
o Customers today also want customized products
and services, with high quality and low prices.
Vendors must respond, or lose business.
o The importance of customers has created
“competition over customers.”
فشارهای وارده بر کسب و کارها
• Technological Innovation and Obsolescence
o Technology is playing an increased role in both
manufacturing and services. New and improved
technologies create or support substitutes for
products, alternative service options, and superb
quality.
o In addition, some of today’s state-of-the-art
products may be obsolete tomorrow.
o However, probably the technology with the greatest
impact is Web-based information technology
فشارهای وارده بر کسب و کارها
• Information Overload
o The information and knowledge generated
and stored inside organizations is also
increasing exponentially. The world is facing a
flood of information.
o Thus, the accessibility, navigation, and
management of data, information, and
knowledge, which are necessary for
managerial decision making, become critical.
پاسخهای سازمانی به این فشارها
• Make-to-Order and Mass Customization
o A major response area is the trend to produce
customized products and services. This strategy is
referred to as build-to-order. As today’s customers
demand customized products and services, the
business problem is how to provide customization
and do it efficiently.
o In mass customization, items are produced in a large
quantity but are customized to fit the desires of each
customer. IT and EC are ideal facilitators of mass
customization, for example, by enabling interactive
communication between buyers and designers so
that customers can quickly and correctly configure
the products they want. Also, electronic ordering
reaches the production facility in minutes.
پاسخهای سازمانی به این فشارها
• Continuous Improvement
o Many companies continuously conduct programs that
attempt to improve their productivity and quality,
and they frequently do so with the facilitation of IT.
o Examples of such programs include total quality
management (TQM) and Six Sigma, knowledge
management, productivity and creativity
improvements, just-in-time (JIT) processing,
improvements in decision-making processes, change
management, and customer service improvements.
o The underlying purpose of IT support in continuous
improvement is (1) to monitor and analyze
performance and productivity and (2) to gather,
share, and better use organizational knowledge.
پاسخهای سازمانی به این فشارها
• Restructuring Business Processes
o Organizations may discover that continuous improvement
efforts have limited effectiveness in an environment full of
strong business pressures. Therefore, a relatively new
approach may be needed. This approach, initially called
business process reengineering (BPR), refers to a situation
in which an organization fundamentally and radically
redesigns its business process to achieve dramatic
improvements
o Information technology plays a major role in
restructuring. It provides automation; it allows business to
be conducted in different locations; it permits quicker
delivery to customers; it creates or facilitates new business
models; and it supports rapid and paperless transactions
among suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers.
پاسخهای سازمانی به این فشارها
• Business Alliances
o Many companies realize that alliances with other
companies, even competitors, can be very
beneficial.
o There are several types of alliances: sharing
resources, doing procurement jointly, establishing
a permanent supplier-company relationship, and
creating joint research efforts.
o Any of these might be undertaken in response to
business pressures and usually is supported by IT.
پاسخهای سازمانی به این فشارها