Tests for the Functional Groups Present in Organic Compounds Format for unknown organic sample. write sample No., Physical property & test for that functional group which is present in your sample. Don’t write functional groups which are absent in your sample Aim. To test the presence of unsaturation in the given arganic compound. Experiment ‘Observation Inference 1, Bromine test. Dissolve 0-2 g of the Orange colour of bromine is Presence of unsaturation. ‘organic compound in 2 mL of carbon discharged. tetrachloride in a dry test tube. Add 1 mL of bromine in carbon tetrachloride dropwise into it. 2, Baeyer’s test. Take 0-5 g of organic Pink colour of KMnOs is Presence of unsaturation. ‘compound in a test tube, Add 1 mL of discharged. 0-5% aqueous KMnO4 solution dropwise into it and shake well, Result. The given organic compound contains unsaturation. ‘Theory of Tests: 1. Bromine test. Lt oo, i —=C-+8, — —C-C- ‘Alkene (Orange) ii Br Br ‘ioromie (Colours) Br ca, tt Cx C+ 2B, — > ‘Alga (Orande) ry Br Br Tetrabromide (Coloutes) 2. Baeyer’s test or KMInO, test. on 2KMinO,+ HO ——> 2KOH+ 2MnO, + 3{O] (Pink) {il on Lol, —C-C-+H0 + [0] — > —C—c- ‘Akers From Kino, Cel OH OH 1, 2 Dial (Colourtess) Similarly, alkynes gives vie-diketones 00 ‘on aU —Ca C++ HO + [) —+ —c-c-— Alkyne From KMnO,, Diketone (Golourtess) 48 DINESH Praciica! Chemistry XIIixheriment Sib), Aim. To test the presence of alcoholic group in the given organic compound. Experiment Observation Inference 4. Sodium metal test. Take 2 mL of the Brisk effervescence of hydrogen Presence of alcoholic group, Given liquid in a dry test tube. To it add a gas ocours. pinch of anhydrous CaO or CuSO, to dehydrate the liquid. Shake well end decant off the liquid to another dry tes tube. To this, add a small piece of dry sodium metal. 2. Xanthatetest. To the contents of tast tube A yellow ppt. Presence of alcoholic group. in above test 1, add a few drops of carbon cisulphide and shake wel 4. Ester test. Take about 1 mL of organic A pleasant fruity smell is Presence of alcoholic group. compound in a dry test tube. Add to it few detected. drops of glacial acetic acid and 2 drops 0 conc. HeSO4. Warm the mixture on 2 water bath. 4, Ceric ammonium nitrate test. Take i mL Appearance of pink or red Presence of alcoholic group. of ceric ammonium nitrate solution in a colour. test tube. Add to il 28 drops of the organic compound and dilute it with water Result. The given organic compound contains an alcoholic group. Theory of Tests : 1. Sodium metal test. 2ROH+ 2Na-——> “2RONa+ Hy Alcohol Sodium alkoxide 2. Xanthate test. Nat Hl RO-Nat + S=C=S —+A—O—C=S Sod, alkoxide Carbon isulphide Axenthate Yellow pet 3. Estertest. Gone. 60, R—OH + CH,COOH == CH,COOR+ H,0 ‘Acohol estic acid Ester (nity sma 4, Ceric ammonium nitrate test. CH,OH + (NH,),Ce(NO,), ——> (CH,OH),Ce(NO,), + 2NH,NOg Methyl alcohol Ceric ammonium Pink Colourtose (Colourless) —ritrate (yellows DIMESH Practical Chemistry XI 49~Experiment 810), ‘Ain. To test the presence of Phenolic Group in the given Organic Compound. Experiment Observation inference . Litmus test. Prepare the solution of the Blue litmusis tumed red. Presence of COOH and—OH given organic compound in water in a test (Phenosc} group. tube and add 2~3 drops of blue litmus solution into it. . FeCl test. To an aqueous or alcoholic A violet, blue green or red Presence of —OH (Phenolic) solution of the organic compound in a test colouration is produced, group. tube add 3—4 drops of aqueous or neutral FeCl solution. 1. Azo dye test, Dissolve 0-2 ml of aniline in Dye of orange or red colour is OH (Phenolic) group is 2 mL of dil. HCl in a test tube and coo! the formed. confirmed. test tube in ice-cold water. Add dilute NeNOz solution into it while shaking. Dissolve a pinch of the given organic compound in dilite NaOH soltition’ in another test lube. Cool it also in ice-oold water, Then add well cooled solution of the organi¢ compound in dilute NaOH to the above diazotised solution. |. Phthalein test. Heat 0-1 g of organic Intense coloured solution is —OH (Phenolic) group is compound with 0-1 g of phthalic anhydride protuced. i confirmed. and 1-2 drops of conc. H2SOs in a dry test tube. Pour the contents of the tést tubs into a beaker containing an aqueous solution of NaOH. : 5. Liebermann’s test, To 2 pinch of the A deep blue or green—OH (Phenolic) group is organic compound in a dity test tube add colouration is produced confirmed. 1 mL of cone. H2SO4. Shake, warm and add a few erystals of NaNOz. Pour the solution into a beaker containing red colouration is produced, large quantity of water. Now add NaOH solution to the above'An intense blue or green coloured solution. colouration is produced. Result. The given organic compound contains —OH (Phenolic) group. Theory of Tests : 1. Ferric chloride test. 8CgH{OH + FeCl, —+[(CgH,0)gFe]?- + SHC!+ 3H* Phenol ‘Complexion (Vite) 2. Azo dye test. (G)-NH, + HEI (@)-NH, He! Aniline hycrochionde 0-5C NaNO, + HCl ———> HNO, + NaCl ‘DINESH Practical Chemistry XI0-5 ‘ (O)=NH, Hol+ HNO, ——>» (Q)-N= NOT + 2,0 geod i= 9-10 (O)-N= NECI+ HE on ES —N=N{O)-OH + H,0 Benzeneciazonium chloride Phenol ‘p-Hydronyazovenzene (A ed aye) 8.Liebermann's test 2NaNO, + H,S0, ——> 2HNO, + Na,SO, Nitrous ac OH oH a + HNO, ——> O +H, NO o=N{O)-0} == HO-N={ =o -N=<_= 0 ——+ HO-{0)-N X= 0+ 1,0 Phenol p—Nitrosopheno! Ingophenol (Quinoid form) (Red) Blue or green Colouration sExnediment.Ald), Aim. To test the presence of an Aldehydic Group in the given Organic Compound. LL Experiment = Oervation ference 1, 2, 4-DNP test. Dissolve a pinch of the An orange or red ppt. is formed. Aldehydic or ketonic group is ‘organic compound in 2 mL of alcohol and present. add to it about 2 mL of 2, 4-dinitropheny! hydrazine solution and shake well. Allow to stand the test tube for 5-10 minutes. 2, NaHSOstest. Take about 2 mL of a Auwhite precipitate is formed. Aldehyde or ketonic group is saturated solution of sodium bisulphite in a present. test tube and add to it small amount of organic compound. Shake and allow to stand for 5-10 minutes. 3. Schiff’s reagent test. Shake a pinch of A deep red or purple Aldehydic group is confirmed. the organic compound with about 2 mL of colouration is produced. the Schiffs reagent, 4, Tollen’s reagent test. Add a pinch of the A metallic silver mirror is Aldehydie group is confirmed. organic compound to 2 mL of Tolien’s obtained. teagent in a test tube, warm it by keeping ina water bath. DIMESH Practical Chemistry XI 515. 52 wa Fehling’s solution test. Mix 1 mL each o Ared precipitate is formed. _Aldehydic group is confirmed. Fehling solution A and Fehling solution B so that the blue ppl. initially formed redissolve to form a clear deep blue solution. Now add a pinch of the organic ‘compound to this freshly prepared Fehling solution and warm it. ° i Result. The given organic compound contains CH (aldehydic) group. ‘Theory of Tests: 1.2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2, 4-DNP) or Brady's test. NO, NO, -{6)-H0, + HO I \ =O= 0 + HN-NH—-{G)-NO, —>—0= No Aohyds Oe 1 orketone 2, 4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine H 2, 4~ Dintrophenyinydrazone (Yellow or orange ppt.) 2. Sodium bisulphite test. _- OH ~ so,Na Bisuiphite addition compound (Cryealline white ppt) > C= 0+ NaHSO, ——s >c: 3, Tollen’s reagent test. FCHO + 2[Ag(NHG),]" + SOH——>RCOO™ + 4NH, + 2.Ag 1 + 240 I catarytate Silver reagent 4,Fehling’s solution test. O + 2cu+ 50H ——>RC0O" + Cu,0+ 3H,0 ——__-—_— Fehling’s solution ced ey =Exheriment.s/e).., Alm. To test the presence of a Carboxyl Group in the given Organic Compound. Experiment Observation Inference Litmus test. Dissolve a pinch of the Blue litmus solution is turned Carboxyl group or phenolic ‘organic compound in 2 mL of water ina red. ‘group present. test tube and add to it 2-3 drops of blue litmus solution, ‘Sodium bicarbonate test. Add a pinch of A brisk effervescence due to Carboxyl group is confirmed. the given organic compound to 3 mL of evolution of COs takes place. saturated sodium bicarbonate solution taken in a test tube. DINESE Practical Chemistry XII— 3. Ester formation test. Take a small A pleasant fruity smell is Carboxyl group is confirmed. quantity of organic substance in a dry produced, test tube. Add 2 mL. of ethyl aleohol and 2-3 drops of concentrated HeSOs to it. Heat the contents. 4. Sodium hydroxide test. Dissolve a small White precipitate is formed. Aromatic carboxylic acid is quantity of organic substance in 2-3 mL : confirmed. ‘of aq. NaOH solution and shake well. Acidify the solution with dil HCI. Result, The given organic compound contains —COOH (Carboxy!) group and the carboxylic acid is aromatic. Theory of Tests : 1. Sodium bicarbonate test. CsH_COOH + NaHCO, ——>G,H,COONa + H,0.+ CO, 7 Benzoio acid ‘Sodium benzoate 2. Ester formation test. coesoys 7 RCOOH + HOCjH, —————> R-C-OC,H, + H,0 a“ Ethyl alcohot Ester (rity odour) 3. Sodium hydroxide test. ArCOOH + NaQH ——+ArCOONa + H,0 Aromatic acid ‘Sodium salt ArCOONa + HCl ——+ArCOOHL + NaCl ‘Sodium salt ‘Aromatic acid =Experiment.alf, ‘Aim, To test the presence of an Aromatic Primary Amine in the given Organic Compound. Experiment Observation Inference 4, Solubility test. Take 1 mL of the organic Organic compound dissolves. Some amine may be present. compound in a clean test tube and add to it 1-2 mL of il. HCl and shake well. 2. Nitrous acid test. Dissolve about 0-2 g A brisk effervescence due to the Primary aromatic amino group is ‘of the organic compound in § mL of evolution of nitrogen gas. confirmed. dilule HCI in a test tube. Cool the solution in ice water and then add nearly 2 mL of ice cold sodium nitrite solution. 3. Carbylamine test. Boll a mixture of 2 An offensive smell of carbyiamine Aliphatic or aromatic 1 amine drops of compound, 2 drops ofisproduced. Present. chloroform and 2 mL of alcoholic caustic potash in a dry test tube. 4, Azodye test. Take 0-29 or 0-2 mL of the A brilliant orange is produced, Primary aromatic amino group is organic substance in a dry test tube. To it confirmed. add 1 mL of conc. HC! cool the solution in ice and to this add 3 mL of ice cold aqueous solution of sodium nitrite with constant shaking. Now add about 2 mL of alkaline solution of phenol. DINESH Practical Chemistry XII 53Result The given organic compound contains primary aromatic amino group. ‘Theory of Tests: 1. Nitrous acid test. NH, + HNO, > ROH + Ny + H,O 2. Carbylamine test. . RNH, + CHCl, + 3KOH ———+RNC + 3KCI + 3H, Yamine 3. Azo-dye test. c NaNO, + HCl———+ HNO, + HCI <5 (O)-NH,+ Hel HNO,——> ()-N=N-Cl + HO Axiline Benzene diazorium chloride ON- MEEEO)-o1 AE", ©) n-G)-on Ha a <5 p- Hydrozyazobenzene ‘An orenge dye Note. Dye test is given by aromatic primary amines only. Specimen Record of Organic Analysis Aim : To identify the functional group present in the Organic Compound. Experiment “Obeefvation (hil) ative “Aaévenee 1. Litmus solution test. Prepared the Blue litmus paper tumed red. Presence of —COOH and solution of the given organic compound —OH (Phenolic group) in water and dipped a blue litmus paper into it 2. Sodium bicarbonate solution test. An effervescence took place. Presence of COOH group. Added a pinch of the organic compound to a2 mL of sodium bicarbonate solution taken in atest tube. Confirmatorytests () Sodium hydroxide test, Take a pinch of A white ppt. is produced. Aromatic —COOH group is the substance in a test tube, added 2 mL confirmed. of NaOH solution, shook and warmed to _get clear solution. Added few drops of aILHCl.. ' (i) Fruity smell test. Heated a pinch of the Fruity smell —COOH group is substance with the ethyl alcohol and confirmed. conc. HeSOs in a test tube. Cooled and diluted the reaction mixture with water. Result Given organic compound contains —COOH group. (LEW OvEsTIoNs AND ANSWERS Q.4. What is functional group ? Ans. A particular atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the properties of an organic compound is called a functional group. 0.2, Whatis Baeyer’s reagent? ‘Ans. It is an alkaline solution of KMInO, and is used for the detection of unsaturation in organic compound. 64 DINESH Practical Chemistry XII