Arey Public School. iy Clement Town > CHEMISTRY PROJECT _. Foaming capacity 4 of soap e 4 Secs % Submitted by- Kritika Yadav oy Class:- XII A2 Dias Session:- 2022-23 * -! Submitted to- Manju Rawat ‘ 2 % £ - (PGT chemistry) ¢ +. ‘/~ a " —_ ty a <ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ! will treasure the knowledge imparted to me by Mrs. Manju Rawat .My grateful thanks to her for providing a hand in this project. Her valuable guidance , support and supervision all through this project titled "Foaming capacity of soap" Are responsible for attaining it's present form. Kritika Yadav XIl A2CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the contents of this project file submitted by "Kritika Yadav" of class "XIIA2" for the subject of chemistry is her bonafide work submitted to "Army Public School Clement Town" for partial fulfilment of the requirements for CBSE examinations of class XII. The project has been completed under the guidance and supervision of "Mrs. Manju Rawat" ( PGT, chemistry). Kritika has been working on the completion of the project sincerely from start to finish. | certify that the project is up to my expectations and can be submitted for evaluation. Teacher's signaturea CL a “Se WS a one : & @~ se @ CONTENTS- 1. Introduction 2. About the experiment 3. Theory 4. Apparatus and materials required 5. Procedure 6. Observation 7. Result 8. Conclusion 9. BibliographyINTRODUCTION Soaps and detergents remove dirt and grease from skin and clothes. But all soaps are not equally effective in their cleaning action. Soaps are the Na and K salts of higher fatty acids such as Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Oleic acid. Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid. Soap consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and is obtained by reacting common oils or fats with a strong alkaline in a process known as saponification. The fats are hydrolyzed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol The general formula of soap is Fatty end water soluble end CH3-(CH2) n - COONaSoaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as a hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve non polar grease molecules. Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively holds particles in colloidal suspension so it can be rinsed off with clean water. The hydrophobic portion (made up of a_ long hydrocarbon chain) dissolves dirt and oils, while the ionic end dissolves in water. The resultant forms a round structure called micelle. Therefore, it allows water to remove normally-insoluble matter by emulsification. The cleansing action of soaps depends on the solubility of the long alkyl chain in grease and that of the -COONa or the -COOK part in water. Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non polar alkyl group dissolves in grease while the polar -COONa part dissolves in water. In this manner, an emulsion is formed between grease and water which appears as foam.Aim of the experiments finding the foaming capacity of various soaps and the action of Ca and Mg salts on their foaming capacityEXPERIMENT: Soap samples of various brands are taken and their foaming capacity is noticed. Various soap samples are taken separately and their foaming capacity is observed. The soap with the maximum foaming capacity is thus, said to be having the best cleaning capacity.The test requires to be done with distilled water as well as with tap water. The test of soap on distilled water gives the actual strength of the soaps cleaning capacity. The second test with tap water tests the effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts on their foaming capacities. Objective: To compare the foaming capacity of various soaps.THEORY: The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its concentration. This may be compared by shaking equal volumes of solutions of different samples having the same concentration with same force for the same amount of time. The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam produced during shaking disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to disappear in each sample is determined. The longer the time taken for the disappearance of the foam for the given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing action.Saponification, or the interaction of common oils or fats with strong alkalis, produces sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids, which are used in soap. The lipids are hydrolyzed by the base, which produces alkali fatty acid salts (crude soap) and glycerol. Soap molecules have a hydrophilic end that dissolves in water and a hydrophobic end that dissolves non-polar grease molecules, making them ideal cleaning agents.APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED: e Five 100ml conical flasks, e Five test tubes, ¢ 100ml measuring cylinder, — e Test tube stand, 7 _ ¢ Weighing machine, = e Stop watch. ¢ Chemical Requirements: Five different soap samples, distilled water, tap water.PROCEDURE: 1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them 1,2,3,4,5. Put 16ml of water in each flask and add 8 Gms of soap. 2. Warm the contents to get a solution. 3. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of water. 4. Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test tubes. 5. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a minute. Do the same for all test tubes and with equal force. 6. The foam would be formed in the empty space above the container. Stop watch is started immediately and the time taken for the disappearance of foam is noted. 7. Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of disappearance of 2mm of froth. 8. The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of foam, the lower is the foaming capacity.OBSERVATION: The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the experiment Vol. of Test Tube soap no . solution 1. Dove 8ml 2. Lux 8ml 8ml Tetmosol 4, 8ml Santoor 5 ml Cinthol Vol. of water added 16m 16mlL 16ml 16mlL 16mlL Time taken for disappearance of 2mm 11°42” 3'28” 5°10” 15°32” 9°40”RESULT: The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order: Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux From this experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the highest foaming capacity, in other words, highest cleaning capacity. Lux, on the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for the disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity. Test for hardness in water Test for Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts in the water supplied: Test for Ca2+ in water H20 +NH4CI + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No precipitate Test for Mg2+ in water H20 +NH4Cl + NH40H + (NH4)3P04 No precipitateThe tests show negative results for the presence of the salts causing hardness in water. The water used does not contain salts of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The tap water provided is soft and thus, the experimental results and values hold good for distilled water and tap water. CONCLUSION: The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam is highest has maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality soap among the soaps tested.BIBLIOGRAPHY: Books: Together _With Lab _ Manual Chemistry-XIl Comprehensive Chemistry - 12 Internet sources: www. wikipedia.org www.google.com