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Internal Tubes
Author
Lee, Kang-Kun, Loo, Yew-Chaye, Guan, Hong
Published
2001
Journal Title
Journal of Structural Engineering
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:4(450)
Copyright Statement
© 2001 ASCE. This is the author-manuscript version of this paper. Reproduced in accordance
with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal website for access to the
definitive, published version.
Downloaded from
http://hdl.handle.net/10072/4026
1
Research Assistant Professor, Advanced Research Structure Station, Hanyang University, Sungdong-Ku, Seoul
133-791, Korea
2
Professor and Head, School of Engineering, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia 9726
3
Lecturer, School of Engineering, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Australia
1
INTRODUCTION
2
A number of approximate analysis methods (Coull, et al. 1975, 1978; Kwan
1994) were introduced for the analysis of single framed-tube structures (i.e. without
internal tubes) by modeling the entire structure as an assemblage of equivalent
orthotropic plate panels. Khan and Smith (1976) also developed an orthotropic
plate analogy for the simplified analysis of such single-tube structures. However,
these methods do not take into account the existence of negative shear-lag in the
tube, which has an adverse effect on the structural behaviour. Chang (1985), on the
other hand, proposed an approximate method that takes into account the overall
lateral stiffness provided by the internal tube. However, only the analysis of low-
rise structures was included in his study. In addition, the existence of the tube-tube
interaction and the negative shear-lag, as well as the analysis of the internal tubes
were not sufficiently discussed.
The occurrence of shear-lag has long been recognised in hollow box girders as
well as in tubular structures. Foutch and Chang (1982) and Chang and Zheng (1987)
observed the negative shear-lag phenomenon in box girders. Since then negative
shear-lag effects have been considered in box girder design. However little effort has
been made to understand the cause and the characteristics of such phenomenon.
Recently, Kristek and Bauer (1993) and Singh and Nagpal (1995) also observed the
existence of negative shear-lag in framed-tube structures. Yet, there is no
comprehensive study on the net shear-lag behaviour or on the tube-tube interaction.
3
where the stresses in the corner columns of the flange frame panels exceed those in
the centre columns. This leads to the warping of the floor slabs which, in turn,
causes the deformation of the interior partitions and other secondary components.
In the case of negative shear-lag, where the stresses in the centre columns exceed
those in the corner columns, local buckling on the compression side and cracking
on the tension side of the flange frame may occur. In addition, the tube-tube
interactive stresses, referred to as the additional bending stresses, would further
complicate the shear-lag prediction.
To verify the applicability and reliability of the proposed method, three other
40-storey framed-tube structures with single, two and three internal tubes are also
4
analysed. The results for lateral deflections and the axial stresses in the corner and
centre columns of the flange frame panels in each of the tubes are compared with
those given by the 3-D frame analysis program. The shear-lag phenomenon is also
discussed; so are the additional bending stresses due to the tube-tube interaction.
The following assumptions are made to simplify the modelling process and
the associated analysis:
(a) The floor slabs in the structure are considered to be rigid diaphragms within
their own plane. Thus, the relative lateral displacements between the tubes are
negligible at each level.
(b) The behaviour of the structure is linear and elastic.
(c) No local bending exists in the joint areas or in the panels.
(d) The spacings of the beams and columns are uniform throughout the building height.
(e) Both beams and columns are of uniform cross section throughout the building
height.
(f) The axial stiffnesses of the beams and columns may be represented,
respectively, by the elastic moduli in the horizontal (x or y) and vertical (z)
5
directions at each frame panel (see Fig. 3). The shear stiffness is represented by
the shear modulus.
SHAPE FUNCTIONS
Fig. 3 indicates that the framed-tube structure has two horizontal axes of
symmetry (x and y) with the vertical axis (z) passing through the centre of the cross
section of the structure. Based on this assumption, the strain distributions in the
external web frame panels 1 and 2 are identical in the 2 tubes-in-tube structure
shown in Fig. 4. Note that the strain distributions in the external flange frame
panels (3 and 4) are equal but opposite. Since the internal web frame panels 5, 6, 7
and 8 are identical in size, their deflection profiles are also the same. The strain
distributions in all these four internal web frame panels are therefore identical. It is
further assumed that the strain distributions in the flange frame panels of internal
tubes are symmetrical about the central vertical axis (z). As a result, the strain
distributions in such panels are identical in magnitude. Similar assumptions are also
applied to the framed-tube structures with different numbers of internal tubes.
6
(e) The proposed method is applicable for the analysis of framed-tube structures
with and without internal tubes.
To estimate the positive and negative shear-lags in the orthotropic plate panels, the
distribution of vertical displacement in the flange frame panel is considered to
closely follow the Reissner’s function (Reissner 1945). However, certain
modification is necessary to replace the parabolic variation by a cubic one. A cubic
function is chosen for its greater flexibility and versatility with negligible increase
in computational effort. The vertical displacement distribution in the web frame
panel is also assumed to be cubic. Figs. 5(a) and 5(b) show, respectively, the
general shapes for the displacement distributions in the flange and web frame
panels. The general expressions for the displacement distributions are assumed as
⎡ dw ⎛ ⎛ y ⎞ 3 ⎞ ⎤
U1 ( z , y ) = c ⎢ ⎜ ⎟
+ 1 − ⎜ ⎟ u1 ( z )⎥ for flange frame panel (1a)
⎢⎣ dz ⎜⎝ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ dw ⎛ x ⎛ x ⎞3 ⎞ ⎤
and U 2 ( z , x) = ⎢ x + ⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟u 2 ( z )⎥ for web frame panel (1b)
⎢⎣ dz ⎜c ⎝c⎠ ⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
7
Vertical Displacements in Internal Tube
The general expressions, Eqs. (1a) and (1b), for the displacement
distributions in the external tube can also be applied to those in the flange and web
frame panels of the multiple internal tubes. Fig. 6 shows a typical plan of
equivalent tube structure with multiple internal tubes. When the number of internal
tubes, N, is an even number (N = 2, 4, 6 or 8, etc), the displacement distribution in
the flange frame, U i1 ( z, y ) , can be expressed as
⎡ ⎛ ⎛ y − n1 1 ⎞ ⎞⎟
3 ⎤
=
U i1 ( z , y ) ci ⎢ dw
+ ⎜ + ⎜
1 8⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
⎢ dz ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ u i1 ( z ) ⎥ (2a)
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 2 bi 2 ⎠ ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
dw ⎛⎜ ⎛ y − n1 1 ⎞ ⎞⎟
3
U i1 ( z , y ) = c i ⎢ + 1 − 8⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ u i1 ( z ) ⎥ (2b)
⎢ dz ⎜ ⎝ 2 bi 2⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
8
⎡ dw ⎛ ⎛ y ⎞ 3 ⎞ ⎤
U i1 ( z , y ) = ci ⎢ ⎜ ⎟
+ 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ui1 ( z )⎥ for 0≤ y≤ bi (3)
⎢⎣ dz ⎜⎝ ⎝ bi ⎠ ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ dw ⎛ x ⎛ x ⎞3 ⎞ ⎤
U i 2 ( z, x) = ⎢ x+ ⎜ ⎟
− ⎜ ⎟ ui 2 ( z ) ⎥ (4)
⎢⎣ ⎜ c ⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ i ⎝ i⎠ ⎠
dz c
SOLUTION METHOD
9
b c
M (z) =2 ∫ E ε zf t c dy + 2 ∫ E ε zw t x dx + 4 Ac c Eεc +
2
−b −c
(5)
N bi ci
∑ [ 2 m ∫ E ε zif t i c i dy + 2 m ∫ E ε ziw t i x dx + 4 mA c c i 2 E ε c ]
i i
m =1 − bi − ci
frame panels, respectively; ε zif and ε ziw are the strains in the internal flange and
Substituting Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4) into Eq. (5) and integrating with respect
to z yields
15b
u 2′ ( z ) = − u1′ ( z ) for the external tube (6a)
2
15bi
ui′2 ( z ) = − ui′1 ( z ) for single internal tube (6b)
2
45bi
and ui′2 ( z ) = − ui′1 ( z ) for more than two internal tubes (6c)
8
10
As a result of Eq. (6), the vertical strain distributions can be simply expressed in
terms of the two undetermined strain functions, u1′ ( z ) and ui′1 ( z ) .
The numerical analysis of the stress distributions is carried out using the
principle of minimum potential energy in conjunction with the variational approach
(Ketter, Lee, and Prawel 1979). The total potential energy (V) of a framed-tube
structure with multiple internal tubes is obtained by summing up the total strain
energy of the external and internal tubes (Vs and Vis) and the potential energy of the
loading system as applied to the external and internal tubes (VL and ViL). Or,
where (Vs −VL ) and (Vis −ViL ) are, respectively, the total potential energies of the
external and internal tubes. Note that Vs, Vis, VL and ViL are functions of z and their
expressions may be found elsewhere (Lee, 1999). The total potential energy given
in Eq. (7) may be rewritten symbolically in a functional form with respect to
H
V = ∫ F ( z ,w′′, u1, u1′ , ui1 , ui′1 )dz (8)
0
11
w ( H ) = u 1 ( H ) = u i1 ( H ) = 0 at z = H ;
where H is the structural height. Subject to the boundary conditions given in Eq. (9),
the governing differential equations can be expressed as
u1′′ − u1 X 2
= Pe ( z )Y
The general solutions for the two non-homogeneous equations in Eq. (10) are
12
DEFLECTION AND STRESSES
Deflections
The deflection of the structure, w , can be derived from the shear strain, γ x z ,
∂w ∂U 2 ( z , x ) τ xz ∂U 2 ( z , x )
= γ xz − = − (12)
∂z ∂x G ∂x
∂U 2 ( z, x) ∂ w
where γ xz = + , τ xz is the shear stress in the web frame panel of the
∂x ∂z
external tube and G is the shear modulus of the equivalent tube. The expressions of
∂U 2 ( z , x)
τ xz and are available elsewhere (Lee, 1999). Integrating Eq. (12) with
∂x
respect to z and considering the boundary conditions given in Eq. (9) yield the
horizontal deflection of the structure subjected to a lateral load.
Stress Distributions
1
w′′=− (M − (u1′α1 + ui′1 β1 )) = − 1 (M + M s ) (13)
EI EI
13
tubes-in-tube system. Substituting Eq. (13) into the vertical strains of the external and
internal tubes and multiplying by E yield the bending stresses in the external tube. Or,
⎡ M ( z) ⎛ y 3 I N ⎞⎟ I ⎤
σ zf = −E ⎢ ⎜
c − 1− 3 + cu1′ ( z ) − iN cui′1 ( z )⎥ = Ew" c + σ fs (14a)
⎜ b I ⎟⎠
⎣⎢ EI ⎝ I ⎦⎥
⎡ M ( z) ⎛ 15 b 15b ⎛ x ⎞
3
IN ⎞ I iN ⎤
σ zw = −E ⎢ x− ⎜ x− ⎜ ⎟ − ⎟
x u1′ ( z ) − xui′1 ( z )⎥ = Ew" x + σ ws
⎢⎣ EI ⎜2 c 2 ⎝c⎠ I ⎟ I ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
(14b)
for the external web frame panel. In Eq. (14), σ fs and σ ws are, respectively, the
additional bending stresses in the flange and web frame panels due to the tube-tube
interaction. IN and IiN are the second moments of area of the flange panels in the
external and internal tubes, respectively;
The same procedure can be applied to evaluate the bending stresses in the
flange and web frame panels of the internal tubes. This gives, for the internal flange
frame panels,
⎡ M i ( z) ⎛ y3 I ⎞ ⎤
σ zif = − E ⎢ ci − ⎜1 − 3 + iN ⎟ci ui′1 ( z )⎥ = Ew" ci + σ fis (15a)
⎜ b I i ⎟⎠
⎢⎣ EI i ⎝ i ⎥⎦
14
⎡ M ( z) ⎛ ⎛ y − n1 1 ⎞
3 ⎞ ⎤
σ zif = −E ⎢ i ⎜
ci − 1 ± 8⎜
I
− ⎟ + iN ⎟ci ui′1 ( z )⎥ = Ew" ci + σ fis (15b)
⎢⎣ EI i ⎜ ⎝ 2bi 2⎠ Ii ⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
for a structure with more than two internal tubes. In Eq. (15), Ii is the second
moment of area of the internal tube. Note that the "±" sign in Eq. (15b) indicates
that "+" is used when n1 ≤ y ≤ n2 and "−" is used when n2 ≤ y ≤ n3 . Note also that
n1 , n2 and n3 take different values for even and odd numbers of internal tubes.
⎡ M ( z) ⎛ 15 bi 15bi ⎛ x ⎞
3
I iN ⎞ ⎤
σ ziw = −E ⎢ i
x− ⎜ x− ⎜ ⎟ − x ⎟ui′1 ( z )⎥ = Ew" x + σ wis (16)
⎢⎣ EI i ⎜ 2 ci 2 ⎝c⎠ Ii ⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
In Eqs. (15) and (16), σ fis and σ wis are, respectively, the additional bending
stresses in the internal flange and web frame panels due to the tube-tube
interaction; M(z) and Mi(z) are the total bending moment of the entire system and
that of the internal tubes, respectively. Note that the behaviour of the tubes-in-tube
structure, when subjected to the lateral load, is similar to that of a frame-shear wall
structure (Schueller 1992). The moment of the internal tubes, Mi(z), can therefore
be derived from the analysis of the frame-shear wall structure (Smith and Coull
1991).
15
NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS
The plan and sectional views of the three structures are shown in Fig. 7. Each
of the three structures is 30m×30m in plan and has a 3.0m storey height. The
centre-to-centre column spacing is 2.5m. A uniformly distributed lateral load of
88.24 kN/m is applied along the entire height of the structure. The cross-sectional
area of all the columns and beams is taken to be 0.64m2, and the Young’s modulus
E and the shear modulus G are 2.06×1010 N/m2 and 0.2×1010 N/m2, respectively.
Figs. 8 and 9 illustrate, respectively, the lateral deflections of the three framed-
tube structures and the corresponding axial stresses in the centre and corner columns
of the flange frame panels. Compared to the 3-D frame analysis results, the proposed
method yields good correlations in both deflection and axial stresses for all three
structures. On the other hand, the two existing approximate methods give rather poor
results in deflection, especially at higher storeys. Some discrepancies are also found
between the existing methods and the 3-D frame analysis in predicting the column
axial stresses. This is particularly true for Kwan's method (1994) in predicting the
16
centre-column axial stress in the flange frame panel. It may be further observed from
Fig. 8 that the proposed analysis is more accurate for structures with over 30 storeys.
In addition, it is found from the comparisons that the proposed method requires
minimal data preparation effort, and for each analysis, the personal computer running
time is absolutely negligible when compared with the 3-D frame analysis.
The deflections of the three tube(s)-in-tube structures and the axial stress
distributions, along z/H, in the centre and corner columns of the flange frame
panels are obtained using the proposed method and the 3-D frame analysis program.
They are presented in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively. It can be seen in Fig. 11 that
the discrepancy between the deflection curves is more pronounced in the lower
storeys. This phenomenon is due to the effects of the additional lateral stiffness
provided by the internal tubes, which is not considered in the 3-D frame analysis
17
program. The column axial stress distributions in the flange frame panels shown in
Fig. 12 indicate that the stress reversals for the internal tubes take place at two level
points (near the middle level and top level); for the external tube, the stress reversal
takes place at near-top level only. It is further observed that all three structures
having the same second moment of area of the internal tubes, show similar
characteristics in deflection and axial stresses. This implies that increasing the
number of internal tubes has little effect on the structural behaviour of the framed-
tube structures. However, when the second moment of area of the internal tubes
increases, the structural behaviour would vary significantly between structures with
different numbers of internal tubes.
18
CONCLUSION
The accuracy, simplicity and reliability of the proposed method are verified
through the comparisons with the two existing simplified methods and a 3-D frame
analysis program. The comparative study is carried out based on the analysis of
various types of framed-tube and tube(s)-in-tube structures. The accuracy and
economy of the proposed method is confirmed.
19
The additional lateral stiffness due to the tube-tube interaction is also
accounted for in the analysis. The additional bending stresses are observed to have
significant effect on the shear-lag phenomenon. In comparison with the 3-D frame
analysis program, the only other approach available for the tubes-in-tube system,
the proposed method provides similarly accurate results in predicting the deflection
response and the column axial stress distributions.
20
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES
21
Schueller, W. (1992). Highrise Building Structures. Robert E. Krieger Publishing
Co., New York.
Singh, Y., and Nagpal, A. K. (1995). “Negative shear lag in framed-tube
buildings.” J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 120(11), 3105-3121.
Smith, B. S., and Coull, A. (1991). Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design.
A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Toronto, Canada.
22
APPENDIX II. NOTATION
E = modulus of elasticity
H = structural height
IN, IiN = second moments of area of the flange panel in the external
and internal tubes, respectively
MS = additional moment
23
t, ti = equivalent orthotropic panel thicknesses of the external
and internal tubes, respectively
ViS(z), ViL(z) = strain and potential energies of the load system in the
internal tubes, respectively
VS(z), VL(z) = strain and potential energies of the load system in the
external tube, respectively
w(z) = deflection
24
x, y, z = coordinates of three rectangular axes
ε zif , ε ziw = strains in the internal flange and web frame panels,
respectively
γxz = shear strains in the web frame panel of the external tube
σ fis , σ wis = additional bending stresses in the internal flange and web
frame panels, respectively
σ zif , σ ziw = bending stresses in the flange and web frame panels of
internal tubes, respectively
τxz = shear stress in the web frame panel of the external tube
25
List of figure captions
26
Table 1. Comparison of the proposed method and two approximate methods
Consideration of Yes No No
negative shear-lag
Consideration of Yes No No
lateral stiffness
Consideration of Yes No No
additional bending stress
27
Table 2. Geometry of three tube(s)-in-tube structures
tube (cm×cm)
Size of external
30 × 15
tube (m×m)
Size of internal
15 × 5 2@7.5 × 5 3@5 × 5
tube (m×m)
28
2b
Closely spaced 3
columns y
Web 2bi a 2bi
Short deep 4
spandrel girders Flange
x
Load
Web frame
panel Fig. 4
Fig. 1
U1 (z, y) Negative
shear lag
Bending stress in Negative shear lag dw U1 (z, y)
external flange c
frame dz
Positive shear lag Positive
Compression
2b shear lag
Bending stress
in internal web External flange
frame Internal flange Internal web
2c dw
c
dz
External
web
Bending stress in
Bending stress in
internal flange frame
external web frame U2 (z, x)
Lateral load
Stress without shear lag Fig. 5
Stress with shear lag
Tube-tube interactive force
2b
y
Web 2bi a 2bi 2bi
Fig. 2
2ci 2c
Flange
x Load
• x
H Fig. 6
σ zf
a
x
Lateral load
σ zw z σy 30m z
σx τ yz
Web frame τ xz 2b
Load
panel 30m
Flange frame
panel
2c y
a
x
Fig. 3
Fig. 7
1 1
1
0.8 0.8
0.8
0.6 0.6
0.6
z/H
z/H
z/H
0.4 0.4
0.4 ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989]
ETABS [1989]
Proposed method Proposed method
Proposed method 0.2
0.2 0.2 Coul & Ahmed [1978] Coul & Ahmed [1978]
Coul & Ahmed [1978]
Kwan [1994] Kwan [1994]
Kwan [1994]
0 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Fig. 8
1 1
ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989]
Proposed method Proposed method
0.8 Coul & Ahmed [1978] 0.8 Coul & Ahmed [1978]
Kwan [1994] Kwan [1994]
(Centre column) (Corner column)
0.6 0.6
z/H
z/H
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 -500 500 1500 2500 3500
Stress(KN/m 2) Stress(KN/m 2)
(a) 30-storey
1 1
ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989]
Proposed method Proposed method
0.8 Coul & Ahmed [1978] 0.8 Coul & Ahmed [1978]
Kwan [1994] Kwan [1994]
(Centre column) (Corner column)
0.6 0.6
z/H
z/H
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 -1000 1000 3000 5000 7000
2
Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m 2)
(b) 50-storey
1 1
ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989]
Proposed method Proposed method
0.8 Coul & Ahmed [1978] 0.8 Coul & Ahmed [1978]
Kwan [1994] Kwan [1994]
(Centre column) (Corner column)
0.6 0.6
z/H
z/H
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 -2000 1000 4000 7000 10000 13000
Stress(KN/m 2) Stress(KN/m 2)
(c) 70-storey
Fig. 9
y y y
15m 15m 15m
Load
15m
30m
30m
30m
7.5m
5m
5m
5m 5m
x x x
Fig. 10
1 1 1
ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989]
Proposed Proposed Proposed
0.8 0.8 0.8 method
method method
z/H
z/H
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Deflection(cm) Deflection(cm) Deflection(cm)
Fig. 11
1 1 1 1
ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989]
Proposed method Proposed method Proposed method Proposed method
0.8 (Centre column) 0.8 (Corner column) 0.8 (Centre column) 0.8 (Corner column)
z/H
z/H
z/H
z/H
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 -2000 1000 4000 7000 10000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 -2000 1000 4000 7000 10000
2 2 2 2
Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m )
z/H
z/H
z/H
z/H
0 0 0 0
-2000 1000 4000 7000 10000 -2000 1000 4000 7000 10000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
2 2 2 2
Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m )
1 1 Fig. 12
ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989]
Proposed method Proposed method
0.8 (Centre column) 0.8 (Corner column)
0.6 0.6
z/H
z/H
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 -2000 1000 4000 7000 10000
2 2
Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m )
External Tube
1 1
ETABS [1989] ETABS [1989]
Proposed method Proposed method
0.8 (Centre column) 0.8 (Corner column)
0.6 0.6
z/H
z/H
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-2000 1000 4000 7000 10000 -2000 2000 6000 10000
2 2
Stress(KN/m ) Stress(KN/m )
Internal Tube
(b) 2 tubes-in-tube structure
1 1 1
Centre column Centre column Centre column
Corner column Corner column Corner column
0.8 0.8 0.8
z/H
z/H
z/H
0 0 0
-1000 -600 -200 200 600 1000 -1000 -600 -200 200 600 1000 -1000 -600 -200 200 600 1000
z/H
z/H
z/H
0 0 0
-1000 -600 -200 200 600 1000 -1200 -900 -600 -300 0 300 -1000 -700 -400 -100 200 500
Fig. 13