42 reinforcement is fairly straightforward, successful posttensioning design requires a designer’ exper: nee and input beyond commonly availabe textbook formulas. Veteran posttensioning designers often refer tothe “art” of post-tensioning “design” a5 op- posed strictly to its underlying mechanteal theories Posttensioning design requires experience-based judgment from the designer before the mumber~ “Erunching ean start. This books intended to help the post tensioning engineer to develop or strengthen the required knowhow and experionce that Is pre- requisite of a good design. ‘This Chapter offers brief review of historical de ‘velopment of post tensioning in building construc: tion Chapter 2 describes the technique of post tensioning, with foous on the commonly available Systems and hardware, as well a the economics of ‘ost-tensioning and estimate of quantities, ‘Chapter 3 outines the design concepts and proce: tires for post-tensioned floor systems. Ie explains the steps for breaking athree-dimensional model of floor system into design strips forthe purpose of Its structural design or fs compliance with the go: trang building codes Te cavers both the in-service {Serviceabty Limit state—SLS)and/safety require: ments (Ultimate Limit tate—ULS),to determine the hhecessary reinforcement and the associated. deta Ing The outlined procedure is valid for both conven tionally reinforced and prestressed oor systems. "The procedure forms the bass of contemporary a tomated algorithins implemented in major design soltware chapter 4 reviews the items that you need to fully understand and master in order to achieve a good design [e's 4 compilation of diferent topic, each ‘hdressing one aspect of prestressing concept and design, The explanations unravel te ambit that eneraly surrounds the postTensioning desig. ‘Chapter 5 sts the 10 steps that you would follow, when you manually design a post-ensioned oor system ora beam frame. In Chapter 6, the basic concpts and procedures presented in Chapter 4 and the 10 steps for the Utsign « post-tensioned floor system suggested in ‘Chapter are brought together to elp you manually sign a column-supporeed two-way floor system. Unlike mose textbook, where simple examples are presente, the floor system selected for Chapter 6 Post-Tensioned Buildings {strtended to reflect the realistic conditions of com Sraction, where design parameters are oftentimes nether regular nor simple. The onghand calculation presented navigates through scenarios that you are Tie to encounter in design of rel structures, The Us ection ofthe bool follows the ACL 318/98¢ codes aswell asthe European code EC2, with the empha Sis an American system of units The international feito ofthe book includes additional design steps {sing TR, with emphasis on System of wits. White we recognize that today tew engineers are Tikal to design a floor system using longhand eal atin, the Information in Chapter 6 is essential to theunderstanding of design process. Ithelpsto bull up the necessary design skills as well as validation bf design obtained through automated procedures. In adaltion it provides a reference point for com parson of design outcomes using diferent building In Chapter 7 we design a beam frame, applying the procedure outed in Chapter 6 for design of two- ‘Way columneaupported floor system and, using the TO'steps outlined m Chapter 4 We fllow the same building codes used in Chapter 6 tn Chapter 7, we focus on erysaliing the differences between design ffs beam frame and tha ofa two-way floor system. Few engineers today are likely to engage in hand ‘akulaton for design of routine foor systems inthe vironments of consulting offices. Computer pro: ‘grams have universally replaced the hand calcul thos that use tobe common. Chapter B covers the Automated design of post-tensioned floors through presentation of the modeling and design of a post fensioned floor sytem, using leading commercially svillable softwares More and more often around the world, commer- lal and residential mutstory buildings are con Structed with pos-tensioned flor systems. In most tases, design engineers perform the post-tensoning ‘nalts by extracting each oor level ofa mult-sto- Fy building and testing the extracted flor in isola- tHon-The inpact of post-tensioningon the frame ofa ‘huli-story bllding is reviewed in Chapter 9. This Chapter addresses the changes in column and wall TRETIHBI1 14; temaioel Bung Coe CIBC 2012) 2 Bea ENION2 200 3 Fee, 208 ‘puller ADAPT Foc Pro worwadepsof.com Introduction reactions resulting fom the application of post-ten ‘Soning in the floors and diversion of precompres- ‘on into walls alang with a brie reference to effects bof flor shortening de to posttensiolng* Suess losses in prestressing tendons and allowance for them in design are base in design of postten- soned members, Chapter 10 offers lear outline of the sources of prestressing losses, long with a well fextabliched procedure for thir calculation. Several ‘numerical examples lustrate the aplication of the ‘The treatment of pos tcnsioning tendons for struc tural analysis has evolved extensively. From the Simple load-balancing procedure introduced in ‘arly 1960s to analytical modeling of tendons as ds- ‘rtized finite elements, there has been a signifcant leap inthe modeling and analysis of posttensioning tendons. apter 11 walks you through each stage fof development and presens te state ofthe art in tendon modeling and analysis. Design of a member for bending fs routine step in practically every posttensioning design. For completeness and bulding code-based protocols Chapter 12 Is devoted to design of post tensioned ‘membersin bending It covers the design aspects en ‘countered in practial structures, 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF POST-TENSIONING IN [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Prestressing simply the application of forces tend ‘ngto bend and compress a concrete element Typ! cel, prestressing is applied in order to counteract the bending and tensile stresses which result fom ‘other Toads, The principle of prestressing is simple, ‘and is brifiy outlined in Seetion 21. A short out. Tin of the historical development of prestressing in building construction is piven in reference (Aslam, 2007) A. Barly Attempts: In 1872, PH. Jackson [Bilington, 2004}, a San Francisco enginer, obtained a patent for postensioning. He Inserted steel rods into ma- sonty unis and stressed them witha threaded de ice, He applied the counteracting forces corecty bu because of the properties of stelsavalable It 5 Spoeing oc nl the mitigation of hi adver im ctr ae eed in det nADAPTTNOS| and ADAPT Nea 13 1806, these forces did not remain effective for very long. is effor ors followed 18B8 by CW. Doeh- ring who obtained a patent in Germany for pre ‘trestng labs with metal wires. Because early stool hha a relatively low yeld stress (Fig. 122-1), none ofthese early attempts were successful Low intial Jacking stres, combined with high ereep and shrink age ofthe coneets, eroded the bulk ofthe prestess- Ing fore applied to the structure, leaving the see! practically ineffective ‘Adrwmate increase in the effective strose inthe pre Stressing strands afterall stress losses was the st ceiteal malestae in making prestressing a practical ‘proposition, Figure 124-1 illustrates the sigaficant fain in the efectvestrese of today’s most commonly tused strands in comparison teary steel. The same figure incudes higher strength strands that are _advally replacing the curent popular prestressing ‘Stalin bulldng construction, FIGURE 1.24-1 Stel Strength and Prestress Losses Practical Hardware: From 1926 to 1928, Fugene Freyssinetrecognined the eects of long-term stress losses in presresing and used anew high-strength steel to suecessfily construct prestressed members InFranceIn 1940, he introduced the well-known and vwelhaccepted Freyssnet system, comprised of con ‘al wedge anchors for 12 wire tendons (Fig, 128-1). Developments in high-strength sto, coupled with the invention of prestressng hardware, proved to be another eral breakthrough in the effective ap plication of prestressing, Although maay prominent