Quality Control Assurance

and Reliability

BITS Pilani Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Pilani Campus
 Chapter 4
Fundamentals of statistical concepts and techniques in
quality control and improvement
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Pilani Campus
EC-1: QUIZ Exam

Component Weightage Syllabus To be administered

Syllabus online in during
Quiz – 1 5% Chapter 1-4 August 17 to Sept 1,
2013
Quiz – 2 5% Chapters 5-8 September 14-29,
2013
Quiz – 3 5% Cahpters 9-13 October 12-27, 2013

IMP: All Quizzes are Multiple –Choice Type (with 25 question each)

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Basic Terminologies

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Basic of probability

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Example

A company makes plastic storage bags for the food industry.

Out of the hourly production of 2000 bags, 40 were found to
be nonconforming. If the inspector randomly chooses a bag
from the hour’s production, what is the probability of it being
nonconforming?

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Solution

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Basics of probability

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Example

Suppose an inspector is sampling transistors from an

assembly line and identifying them as acceptable or not.
Suppose the inspector chooses two transistors.
a) What are the simple events?
b) Give an example of compound event.
c) Find the probability of finding at least one acceptable
transistor.
A1: Event that the first transistor is acceptable.
D1: Event that the first transistor is unacceptable.
A2: Event that the second transistor is acceptable.
D2: Event that the second transistor is unacceptable.

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 Solution

There are four simple events that make up the sample space S
S={A1A2, A1D2, D1A2, D1D2}
These events may be described as follows:
E1= {A1A2,}: Event that the first and second transistor is
acceptable.
E2= {A1D2,}: Event that the first transistor is acceptable and
second one is not.
E3= {D1A2,}: Event that the first transistor is unacceptable and
second one is acceptable.
E4= {D1D2,}: Event that both transistors are unacceptable.

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Solution

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Solution

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LAWS

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Contd___

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Contd__

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Example

In the production of metal plates for an assembly, it is

known from past experience that 5% of the plates do not
meet the length requirement. Also, from historical
records, 3% of the plates do not meet the width
requirement. Assume there are no dependencies
between the processes that make the length and those
that trim the width. What is the probability of producing a
plate that meets both the length and width requirements?

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Example

b) What proportion of the parts will not meet at least one of the
requirements?
c) What proportion of parts will meet neither length nor width requirements?
d) Suppose the operations that produce the length and the width are not
independent. If the length does not satisfy the requirement, it causes an
improper positioning of the part during the width trimming and thereby
increases the chances of nonconforming width. From experience, it is
estimated that if the length doesn’t conform to the requirement, the chance of
producing nonconforming widths is 60%. Find the proportion of parts that will
neither conform to the length nor the width requirements.
e) In part a, are event A and B mutually exclusive?

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

In part a, are event A and B mutually exclusive?

Solution
We have found P(A)=0.95, P(B)=0.97 and P(A∩B)= 0.9215
If A and B were mutually exclusive, P (A∩B) would have to
be zero; that is, the probability of the plate meeting both
the length and width requirements would be zero.
However, this is not the case, since P (A∩B) =0.9215. So A
and B are not mutually exclusive.

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Central tendency

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Example (mean)

A randome sample of five observations of the waiting time

of customers in a bank is taken. The time (in minutes) is
3,2,4,1 and 2.

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Solution

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Example (median)

A random sample of 10 observations of piston ring

diameter (in millimeters) yields the following values 52.3,
51.9, 52.6, 52.4, 52.1, 52.3, 52.0, 52.5, and 52.5. We
first rank the observations:

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Solution

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Example (median)

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Solution

The median number of customers is 3300, while means is

2820

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 Example (mode)

A hardware store wants to determine what size of circular saw it

should stock. From past sales data, a random sample of 30 shows
the following sizes ( in millimeters):

80 120 100 100 150 120 80 150 120 80

120 100 120 120 150 80 120 100 120 80

100 120 120 150 120 100 120 120 100 100

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Solution

A frequency plot of the number of saws of each size solid in

below fig.,

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A frequency plot of the number of saws of each size solid in
below fig.,
Note:
The mode has the highest frequency.
In this case, the mode is 120(13 is the largest number of
occurrences).
So the manager may decide to stock more size-120 saws.
A data can have more than one mode, in which case it is
said to be multimodal.

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 Example (Trimmed mean)

The time taken for car tune-ups (in minutes) is

observed for 20 randomly selected cars.
The data values are as follows:
15 10 12 20 16 18 30 14 16 15
18 40 20 19 17 15 22 20 19 22

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Solution

To find 5% trimmed mean [that is, T(0.05)], first

rank the data in increasing order:

10 12 14 15 15 15 16 16 17 18
18 19 19 20 20 20 22 22 30 40

Delete 20 x 0.05 on either side of the tail

Calculate the mean 18.22 (against 18.9)

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Measures of dispersion

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Variance

The variance measures the fluctuation of the observations

around the mean. The larger the value greater the
fluctuation
Population variance
N

 X  
2
i
2  i 1

N
The sample variance is given by
2
n
 

  i
i 1 
X  X 

s 
2

n 1
The modified version is
2
n
 n 

i 1
Xi    Xi  / n
2

 i n 
s2 
n 1

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Measures of dispersion

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IQR

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Measures of dispersion

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Skewness

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Kurtosis coefficient

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Example (range)

The following 10 observation of the time to receive

baggage after landing are randomly taken in an airport.
The data values (in minutes) are as follows:

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Solution

The range 22-12=10min

This value gives us an idea of the variability in the
observations.
Management can now decide whether this spread is
acceptable.

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Example (variance)

A random sample of 10 observations of the output voltage

of transformers is taken the value (in volts, V) are as
follows.

9.2, 8.9, 8.7, 9.5, 9.0, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.0, 9.1

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Solution
No of observation n=10
The sample mean X̅ is
X=9.2+8.9+8.7+9.5+9.0+9.3+9.4+9.5+9.0+9.110=9.16 V

Xi Xi2 Deviation from mean Squared deviation,

Xi - X̅ (Xi - X̅ )2
9.2 84.64 0.04 0.0016
8.9 79.21 -0.26 0.0676
8.7 75.69 -0.46 0.2116
9.5 90.25 0.34 0.1156
9.0 81.00 -0.16 0.0256
9.3 86.49 0.14 0.0196
9.4 8836 0.24 0.0576
9.5 90.25 0.34 0.1156
9.0 81.00 -0.16 0.0256
9.1 82.81 -0.06 0.0036

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Solution

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Example (Interquartile range)

A random sample of 20 observations on the welding time

(in minutes) of an operation gives the following values:

2.2 2.5 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.9 2.6 1.8 2.3
2.0 2.1 2.6 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.2

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Solution

First lest find location of Q1 and Q3:

Location Q1= 0.25(n+1)=0.25(21)=5.25
Location Q3= 0.75(n+1)=0.75(21)=15.25
Now let’s rank the data values
Now let’s rank the data values
Thus, linear interpolation yields a Q1 of 1.825 and a Q3 of
2.275.
The interquartile range is then
Q1’s location =5.25 Q3’s location =15.25
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Data 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2.6
valu 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 6
e
Q1=1.825 Q3=2.275

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Solution

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